Detachment Stage Research Articles

The Influence of Vortex Flow in the Dispersed Phase on Droplet Formation Dynamics

Abstract This work explores the characteristics of a two-phase system&s dispersed phase flow that interacts inside the microfluidic channel at the junction. Direct visualization and µ-particle image velocimetry measurements are performed on the interaction of two immiscible fluids in different stepped flow-focusing (S.F.F.) channels for droplet formation. The capillary instabilities produce the counter-rotating vortex flow in dispersed phase fluid at the interface, which plays a significant role in droplet formation. The vortex flow has been analyzed using various data processing techniques. The effect of flow rate and step channel dimensions on the evolution of the vortices generated during droplet thread propagation is studied. The strength of the vortex and momentum flux led to the development of more bulging shapes in the droplet thread. Also, this study exhibits transient flow characteristics during the detachment stage and contributes to understanding its influences on mass transfer at the micro-level dimensions.

Uncovering Hidden Patterns: Macrophage-like Cell Distribution Across Different Stages of Posterior Vitreous Detachment.

To investigate the distribution of macrophage-like cells (MLCs) across different stages of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). A total of 168 eyes from 168 subjects were included. MLCs were imaged by acquiring en face OCT images at depths of 5 to 10 µm on the inner limiting membrane, as well as using B-scan OCT. Participants were categorized into three groups according to the degree of PVD: Group A for stage 1a PVD, Group B for stages 1b and 2 PVD, and Group C for stages 3 and 4 PVD. Localized vitreoretinal relationships were categorized into vitreoretinal adhesions, type 1a PVD, where the vitreous and retina are not clearly separated, and type 1b PVD, where there is clear separation. MLC density was sequentially lower in Groups A, B, and C. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that MLC density was correlated with both the PVD group and age (both P < 0.001). In Group A, MLC density was significantly higher in type 1a PVD than in the vitreoretinal adhesion area. In Group B, the distribution of MLCs in the vitreoretinal adhesion region was significantly less than in type 1a PVD and type 1b PVD. MLCs were more sparsely distributed in Group C. MLCs exhibit distinct distribution patterns in various stages of PVD.

Microseismicity Around Loki's Castle Hydrothermal Vent Field Reveals the Early Stages of Detachment Faulting at the Mohns‐Knipovich Ridge Intersection

AbstractAt slow to ultraslow spreading ridges, the limited melt supply results in tectonic accretion and the exhumation of mantle rocks. Melt supply is focused toward volcanic centers where magmatic accretion dominates. In areas where the ridges reorientate, both types of accretion can occur across the ridge axis with detachment faults developing on the inside corners and hydrothermal vent fields located in close proximity. Microseismicity studies improve the understanding of the tectonic processes at detachment faults and their interplay with hydrothermal vent systems, but are mostly limited to mature detachment faults or short deployment times. This study presents results from a ∼11 months ocean bottom seismometer deployment around the Loki's Castle hydrothermal vent field at the intersection of the slow to ultraslow spreading Mohns and Knipovich Ridge. We observe seismicity to be highly asymmetric with the majority of the plate divergence being accommodated by an emerging detachment fault at the inside corner of the intersection west of Loki's Castle. Seismic activity related to the detachment fault displays a distinct contrast, with continuous low‐magnitude events occurring at depth and episodic large‐magnitude events concentrated in clusters within the footwall. The detachment fault shows no significant roll‐over at shallow depths and the locus of spreading is located east of the detachment. These results suggest that the detachment fault west of Loki’s Castle is at an early development stage.

Wire arc additive manufacturing of ZL205A: Heat input effect on the forming quality, pore defects and mechanical properties

The magnitude of heat input (HI) plays a pivotal role in determining the deposition quality of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) components. This article studies the effects of high and low HI on the forming quality, microstructure, pore defects, and mechanical properties of ZL205A parts, providing a theoretical foundation for choosing optimal HI parameters in the utilization of WAAM technology to fabricate ZL205A structural components. In this study, four thin-walled walls, SP1, SP2, SP3, and SP4, were manufactured with HI of 300.12, 200.08, 163.70, and 138.51 J/mm, respectively. The findings show that the SP4 has the least side forming error, and the maximum deposition efficiency, resulting in the best forming quality. From microstructural studies，SP4 has the lowest average grain size, 72μm. The quantity of θ phases (Al2Cu) on the grain boundary and the quantity and size of θ' phases in the middle and bottom grains both diminish with decreasing HI. As the HI decreases, the porosity of the four samples shows a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, with the highest being 1.41 % of the SP1. This change is explained from the four stages of bubble nucleation, growth, detachment, and escape. Reducing HI can significantly improve the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and yield strength (YS) of the specimen. The SP4 has the highest UTS and YS, which are 232.99 MPa and 101.20 MPa, respectively.

Bubbles Management for Enhanced Catalytic Water Splitting Performance

Water splitting is widely acknowledged as an efficient method for hydrogen production. In recent years, significant research efforts have been directed towards developing cost-effective electrocatalysts. However, the management of bubbles formed on the electrode surface during electrolysis has been largely overlooked. These bubbles can impede the active sites, resulting in decreased catalytic performance and stability, especially at high current densities. Consequently, this impediment affects the energy conversion efficiency of water splitting. To address these challenges, this review offers a comprehensive overview of advanced strategies aimed at improving catalytic performance and mitigating the obstructive effects of bubbles in water splitting. These strategies primarily involve the utilization of experimental apparatus to observe bubble-growth behavior, encompassing nucleation, growth, and detachment stages. Moreover, the review examines factors influencing bubble formation, considering both mechanical behaviors and internal factors. Additionally, the design of efficient water-splitting catalysts is discussed, focusing on modifying electrode-surface characteristics. Finally, the review concludes by summarizing the potential of bubble management in large-scale industrial hydrogen production and identifying future directions for achieving efficient hydrogen production.

Effect of electrolyte concentration on bubble evolution and mass transfer characteristics on surface of photoelectrode

In the photoelectrochemical water splitting reaction system, bubbles will cover the reaction area on the photoelectrode surface, affecting the reaction impedance and gas-liquid mass transfer. A laser irradiation system is built and it is coupled with an electrochemical workstation and high-speed microscopic imaging system. The evolution behavior and mass transfer characteristics of single O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; bubble on the TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; photoelectrode are studied at different electrolyte concentrations (Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, 0.1–2.0 mol/L). With the increase of electrolyte concentration from 0.1 mol/L to 2.0 mol/L, the solution resistance and bubble additional resistance decrease, and the overpotential in the stable growth stage of bubble decreases from 0.113 V to –0.089 V. The bubble will cause the fluctuation of overpotential in the nucleation, growth and detachment stages, which is consistent with the impedance change caused by the change of dissolved oxygen concentration in the liquid phase. By analyzing the correlation between gas evolution efficiency and bubble coverage, it is found that the increase of electrolyte concentration will lead the bubble coverage and gas evolution efficiency to decrease simultaneously. By calculating the Sherwood dimensionless number, the results show that the total convective mass transfer coefficient increases with the electrolyte concentration increasing. Single-phase natural convection plays a dominant role in the process of gas product transfer, and its mass transfer coefficient is one order of magnitude larger than that of bubble-induced convection. In summary, by adjusting the electrolyte concentration, the bubble on the gas evolution photoelectrode surface can be effectively removed and the mass transfer of the system can be optimized, which is of great significance in improving the efficiency of photoelectrochemical water splitting.

Evaluation of Liposuction as a Part of Abdominoplasty and Simultaneous Hernioabdominoplasty

Introduction. According to the estimates of many countries, liposuction comprises a sought-after aesthetic surgery, achieving a leading position among popular surgical interventions in recent decades. For instance, the records of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons show, that liposuction occupied the 4th place in 2020, 3rd — in 2019, and 2nd — in 2000. Liposuction is frequently included in other aesthetic surgeries. In 2019–2023 the Plastic Surgery Unit of the Mother and Child Clinical Hospital, Ufa, performed this surgical intervention an isolated operation, and as part of abdominoplasty, mammoplasty, brachioplasty, and face-lifting. Aim. To analyze the clinical data of the Plastic Surgery Unit of the Mother and Child Clinical Hospital, Ufa, on the experience of performing liposuction as a stage of the anterior abdominal wall correction in isolated abdominoplasty and simultaneous hernioabdominoplasty. Materials and methods. The study involved 56 patients: women with overweight or obesity, suffering from aesthetic and functional problems in the anterior abdominal wall associated with pregnancy and childbirth. Surgical treatment and outpatient follow-up were performed in the Plastic Surgery Unit of the Mother and Child Clinical Hospital, Ufa from 2019 to 2023. Group 1 of patients included 33 people who underwent abdominoplasty combined with liposuction, group 2 comprised 23 patients, who had hernioabdominoplasty with liposuction. Results and discussion. Liposuction refers to a technique for removing excess fat deposits and improving the contours of the anterior abdominal wall. Liposuction stands as the main component of surgical intervention on the anterior abdominal wall, simplifying the stages of detachment of the anterior abdominal wall and redistribution of the skin-fat flap. The complication rates in abdominoplasty with liposuction and hernioabdominoplasty with liposuction differ insignificantly. Conclusion. Liposuction as a part of abdominoplasty or hernioabdominoplasty contributes to the improvement of surgical treatment outcomes.

MURA: a Multipurpose Underwater Robotic Arm mounted on Kalypso UUV in aquaculture

Underwater vehicles utilized in net cages at aquaculture facilities are commonly utilized for the purpose of examining the deterioration of nets and the accumulation of biofouling. The implementation of a robotic system for repairing damages has the potential to decrease the expenses associated with employing divers while reducing the risk of their injury. This study details the development, fabrication, and simulation of a cost-effective subaquatic manipulator, denoted as MURA, which can be seamlessly incorporated into submersible vehicles. The Kalypso unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) is utilized in this study. MURA exhibits a high degree of modularity, enabling seamless alteration of the end-effector tool. Additionally, its low-cost nature renders it a viable option for integration with any underwater vehicle. Three end-effectors were subjected to testing, one designed for the purpose of disposing fish morts, another intended for removing litters from net cages in fisheries, and a third for repairing net tears. This study outlines the MURA design, including the arm’s fabrication and constituent components. In addition, the modeling of the manipulator is presented accompanied by a water flow simulation of the three manipulators. Ultimately, the experimental findings are analyzed and evaluated. These include the field experiments performed at Kefalonia fisheries, along with the duration to complete each task. For instance, the capture of fish morts typically necessitates approximately 30 s, encompassing the entire process from initial targeting to actual capture. In a similar vein, the procedure of mending tears in a net necessitates an approximate duration of 70 s on average, encompassing the stages of initial identification and subsequent detachment. The suggested design exhibits adaptability and durability while upholding affordability when utilized in aquaculture.

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of bubble dynamics and design optimization of microchannel in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis is considered as a promising and sustainable solution for energy storage and hydrogen production. The dynamic behaviors of gas bubble in microchannels have an important impact on the gas/liquid two-phase transport process during electrochemical reaction, consequently affect the performance and efficiency of PEM water electrolyzers. This paper aims to investigate and understand the phenomena of bubble detachment in microchannels during the operation of PEM water electrolyzers. The detachment process is captured in-situ/operando, and the four stages of bubble detachment are qualitatively analyzed. Three-dimensional numerical simulation is conducted to study the dynamics of bubble detachment in a Poiseuille flow of microchannel. A strategy of determine the critical flow velocity, pressure drop, and power consumption of bubble detachment in a microchannel with consideration of main forces acting on a bubble during detaching process is developed. The simulation results reveal that various factors, including the contact angle, microchannel size, and the shape and parameters of the upper wavy wall, significantly influence the behavior of bubble detachment and the associated power consumption. Based on these findings, a design strategy is proposed to enhance bubble detachment efficiency in microchannels. The suggested approach involves the implementation of a rectangular upper wavy wall with appropriate wavelength and amplitude, resulting in the lowest power consumption during the bubble detachment process. The present analysis results provide a better understanding of bubble dynamics behaviors and offer practical insights for optimizing the design of microchannels in PEM water electrolyzers.

Effect of roots on the soil detachment process in grassland and shrubland

AbstractPlant roots play an important role in reducing soil detachment and increasing soil erosion resistance. Current studies have mainly focused on the quantification of the soil detachment rate (SDR). However, few studies have been conducted to explore the variation in the SDR and root effects during the soil detachment process. In this study, undisturbed soil samples were collected from four shrublands (with the main species Caragana korshinskii, C. korshinskii mixed with Agropyron cristatum, C. korshinskii mixed with Bothriochloa ischaemum, and C. korshinskii mixed with Artemisia gmelinii) and three grasslands (with the main species B. ischaemum, B. ischaemum mixed with A. cristatum, and B. ischaemum mixed with A. gmelinii) on the Loess Plateau, China. The samples were subjected to flow scouring through hydraulic flume experiments under six different shear stresses. The duration of this experiment was 6 min, and the SDR of each minute was estimated. The results showed that the SDR of shrubland was higher than that of grassland in each detachment process. The dominant factors affecting SDR gradually changed from the root–soil composite properties to the hydrodynamic parameters in this process. The effect of roots on the SDR was stronger than that of soil properties in the root–soil composite. In the early detachment stage, the 0–2 mm fine roots had the strongest effect on the SDR, while it was affected by the combined effect of fine roots and coarse roots in the later stage. When the fibrous roots were mixed with the tap roots, the fibrous roots had a significant negative effect on the SDR and mainly affected the early detachment stage. However, the tap roots had a weak effect in all stages. With the detachment process, the soil erosion resistance first increased and then stabilized, and the variations were mainly concentrated from 0 to 3 min. The roots mainly affected the SDR and soil erosion resistance by influencing rill erodibility parameters.

Experimental study on pressure oscillation phenomenon of vertical upward bubble submerged jet under heave conditions

With the vigorous progress of nuclear industry under marine environment, the ocean motion will exacerbate the pressure oscillation phenomenon caused by the change of the steam-liquid interface during the jet, causing great harm and challenges to the security and steady operation of device related to steam submerged jets. Therefore, the effects of heave motion on the steam bubble morphology and pressure oscillation phenomenon of jets with vertically upward low mass fluxes were experimentally investigated. The experimental results show that when the heave motion is upward, the steam bubble will be stretched obviously in the necking and detachment stages; while when the heave motion is downward, the steam bubble will accumulate at the nozzle outlet during the growth initial stage. Compared with the land environment, the heave motion increases the dominant frequency and pressure pulses average amplitude, and the dominant frequency and pressure pulses average amplitude have a positive correlation with the heave amplitude and a negative correlation with the heave period. In addition, there is a positive correlation between the Strouhal number and the heave maximum acceleration amplitude. An experimental correlation is proposed to predict the dominant frequency in heave motion, and the error is basically within ±30%.

IMAGING THE VITREOUS WITH A NOVEL BOOSTED OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE: Posterior Vitreous Detachment.

To evaluate the anatomic changes in the vitreous associated with evolving posterior vitreous detachment over the macula. A novel scanning method by which four A-scans at each position were averaged before the Fourier transform that boosted the image quality sufficiently such that frame averaging could occur. B-scans and volume rendered images of eyes with evidence of any partial separation of the vitreous in the macular regions were evaluated. There were 43 eyes of 23 subjects with particular attention paid to the findings of seven eyes with various stages of posterior vitreous detachment occurring over the macula. In eyes from young subjects with no vitreous degeneration, the outer vitreous showed a diffuse, poorly defined increase in reflectivity in the region where the vitreous cortex was expected to be. In eyes with vitreous degeneration, there was a hyperreflective zone, called the cortical vitreous condensation, that coursed parallel to the curvature of the retina. The posterior vitreous face elevated from the retina with either a well-defined, smooth outer surface, consistent with the posterior vitreous membrane, or a poorly defined flocculent outer border. The cortical vitreous near the fovea was thin and in eyes in the process of posterior vitreous detachment had visible tears. In more advanced eyes, a circular dehiscence of the cortical vitreous in the central macula occurred with herniation of the vitreous gel through the hole. The methodology produced images of unprecedented clarity that highlighted several newly described details concerning the vitreous changes associated with posterior vitreous detachment over the macula.

The destination attachment cycle. The case of academic tourism

ABSTRACT Tourist satisfaction is a crucial issue for managers of tourism destinations. Scholars have analysed the motivations for academic tourism, but there is a lack of research on the emotional bonds with the destination. This study confirms the existence of a cycle with different stages of attachment and detachment with regard to destination, based on four phases: enchantment, coexistence, fatigue and nostalgia. These phases are analysed in relation to the cultural values of tourists and the time spent at the destination. A mixed-methods approach is used based on primary data collected by means of a focus group and a survey of 200 foreign students in Barcelona to validate the aforesaid phases. The results confirm this destination attachment cycle and show that when academic tourists come from a culturally similar society to the destination, this positively influences the stages of enchantment, coexistence and nostalgia, but not fatigue.

Experimental Research on the Adhesion Characteristics of Clay to Structures with Different Materials

When the shield machine passes through the clay layer, the clay debris cut by the cutter head usually adheres to the surface of the cutter head and is easy to form mud cakes after extrusion, which affects the safety and efficiency of construction. For the structure made of different materials, due to the different surface properties, the adhesion characteristics of clay are also different. So, selecting proper materials for the soil contacting parts in the shield machine can effectively reduce the adhesion between the structure and soil, decrease the clay adhering to the surface of the shield cutter, and reduce the possibility of further productions of mud cake. Therefore, studying the adhesion properties of clay to different materials and understanding the adhesion rule of clay to soil contacting structures are of guiding significance when selecting the materials of soil contacting parts. In this paper, the adhesion properties of cohesive soil to commonly used construction materials were studied by a self-made adhesion test device, including steel, iron, copper, aluminum, and engineering plastics (polyamide). According to the findings, the separation process of adhesion between soil and the structure by an external force can be divided into four stages, which are the adhesive elastic development stage, adhesive plastic development stage, failure stage, and detachment stage. The adhesion forces and the amount of soil adhered to the structures made of the selected materials are found to vary from each other. The adhesion forces ranked from high to low are, respectively, found on the iron, plastic, aluminum, steel, and copper surfaces. The material with the most amount of adherent soil is aluminum, followed by iron, steel, copper, and plastic.

A mathematical estimation of the physical forces driving podocyte detachment

Loss of podocytes, possibly through the detachment of viable cells, is a hallmark of progressive glomerular disease. Podocytes are exposed to considerable physical forces due to pressure and flow resulting in circumferential wall stress and tangential shear stress exerted on the podocyte cell body, which have been proposed to contribute to podocyte depletion. However, estimations of invivo alterations of physical forces in glomerular disease have been hampered by a lack of quantitative functional and morphological data. Here, we used ultra-resolution data and computational analyses in a mouse model of human disease, hereditary late-onset focal segmental glomerular sclerosis, to calculate increased mechanical stress upon podocyte injury. Transversal shear stress on the lateral walls of the foot processes was prominently increased during the initial stages of podocyte detachment. Thus, our study highlights the importance of targeting glomerular hemodynamics to treat glomerular disease.

PROGRESSION OF PARTIAL POSTERIOR VITREOUS DETACHMENT OVER TIME.

We investigated interindividual differences in the rate of change of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) stage and vitreomacular adhesion area (VMAA). Crosssectional studies demonstrated increasing PVD stage and decreasing VMAA with age, but population-level means may mask interindividual variation in the rate of change. We retrospectively evaluated PVD stage and VMAA in asymptomatic eyes of subjects who underwent repeated optical coherence tomography screening for high-risk medication use or isolated retinal disease in the fellow eye. A Turnbull estimator modeled changes in the PVD stage, and linear mixed models evaluated VMAA change. We evaluated 101 eyes of 101 subjects. Seventy-six eyes remained in the same stage. Twenty-three eyes progressed to a higher stage. Modeling of longitudinal data predicts that at age 30, time to convert to Stage 4 is 26 years; at age 40, it is 16 years; at age 50, it is 9 years; and at age 60, it is 8 years. In 37 eyes with Stage 1 partial PVD, VMAA decreased at a similar rate. The average population level decline in VMAA was 0.13 mm2/year. Individuals vary in age at which they progress to complete PVD. In early partial PVD, VMAA decreases at a similar rate across individuals.

Tree-Ring Sign: Progression of Retinal Detachment Secondary to Persistent Fetal Vasculature

A baby boy was diagnosed with right persistent fetal vasculature stalk tethering to cataractous lens (Fig A). He developed glaucoma, and the resulting eye growth caused traction on the stalk and progressive tractional retinal detachment (Fig B). He was treated with goniotomy followed by lensectomy, pars plana vitrectomy, and amputation of the stalk (Fig C). The tree-ring pattern of pigmentation documenting the stages of retinal detachment was easily visible postoperatively (Fig D). (Magnified version of Fig A-D is available online at www.aaojournal.org).

Identification and Characterization of Epivascular Glia Using En Face Optical Coherence Tomography

The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical features of epivascular glia (EVG) using en face optical coherence tomography (OCT). Retrospective cross-sectional study. Single-institution en face OCT images were reviewed. Eyes displaying EVG were captured with manual internal limiting membrane (ILM) segmentation and analyzed with customized segmentation . A random age- and sex-matched control group was selected to determine relative epiretinal membrane (ERM) prevalence. Characteristic hyper-reflective ILM plaques with dendrite-like radiations were identified using en face OCT and displayed vascular predilection. A total of 161 eyes with EVG (the EVG group) and 2,315 eyes without EVG (control group) were identified from a total cohort of 1,298 patients (or 2,476 eyes). The prevalence of EVG was 161 of 2,476 eyes (6.5%) and 119 of 1,298 patients (9.2%) in the cohort. Mean age was 79.3 ± 10.7 years old in the EVG group and 55.9 ± 24.6 years old in the control group (P <.001). An advanced posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) stage was more common in the EVG group (grade 3: 41.7%; grade 4: 48.6%) than in the control group (grade 3: 18.5%; grade 4: 26.9%; P <.001). Contractile ERM was present in 71 of 161 eyes (44.1%) with EVG compared to 30 of 161 eyes (18.6%) in a random age- and sex-matched control cohort without EVG (P <.001). EVG previously described with histopathology and scanning electron microscopy can be identified using en face OCT. In this study, these lesions were associated with older age, pseudophakia, and advanced PVD, supporting the role of Müller cell activation through ILM breaks triggered by PVD, a pathogenic mechanism proposed by previous studies.

Two types of somatic spines provide sites for intercellular signaling during calyx of Held growth and maturation.

Dendritic spines have been described in developing and mature systems, but similar extensions from cell bodies are less studied. We utilized electron microscopy image volumes, uniquely collected across a range of early postnatal and month-old mice, to characterize and describe two types of somatic processes that extended into and under the developing calyx of Held (CH), which we named type 1 and type 2 spines. Type 1 spines occurred singly, were mostly vermiform in shape, and formed regularly spaced indentations into the CH. Type 1 spines appeared in concert with the earliest expansion of the CH by P3, peaked at P6 and returned to low density at P30. Type 2 spines were intertwined into a secondary structure called a spine mat, which has not previously been described in the CNS, and were more complex geometrically. Type 2 spines formed after the CH crossed a size threshold, reached maximum density at P9, and were absent from most CHs at P30. Both spine types, but a higher density of type 1 spines, were sites for synapse formation. Spine mats brought pre- and postsynaptic neurons and glial cells into contact, and were captured in stages of partial detachment and engulfment by the presynaptic terminal, suggesting trans-endocytosis as a mode of removal ahead of maturity. In conglomerate, these observations reveal somatic spines to be sites for chemical neurotransmission and chemical sampling among synaptic partners and glia as tissue structure transforms into mature neural circuits.

Inhibition of Virulence Factors and Biofilm Formation of Acinetobacter Baumannii by Naturally-derived and Synthetic Drugs.

Acinetobacter baumannii is a gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, and pleomorphic bacillus. A. baumannii is also a highly-infectious pathogen causing high mortality and morbidity rates in intensive care units. The discovery of novel agents against A. baumannii infections is urgently needed due to the emergence of drug-resistant A. baumannii strains and the limited number of efficacious antibiotics available for treatment. In addition to the production of several virulence factors, A. baumannii forms biofilms on the host cell surface as well. Formation of biofilms occurs through initial surface attachment, microcolony formation, biofilm maturation, and detachment stages, and is one of the major drug resistance mechanisms employed by A. baumannii. Several studies have previously reported the efficacy of naturally-derived and synthetic compounds as anti- biofilm and anti-virulence agents against A. baumannii. Here, inhibition of biofilm formation and virulence factors of A. baumannii using naturally-derived and synthetic compounds are reviewed.