Cognitive Stages Research Articles

PHYSICS LEARNING MODELS BASED ON SYNECTIC TO IMPROVE PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS: A NEED ANALYSIS

This study aims to describe the development needs of physics learning models based on Synectic in improving problem-solving abilities.
 Formulation of the problem. The design of physics learning models based on Synectic directs students in getting used to processing creative thinking to achieve higher-order thinking skills, one of which is problem-solving ability. The Synectic learning model implementations are identical to analogy and metaphoric thinking. Analogies and metaphor thinking will help students understand abstract concepts to become more contextual, making it easier for students to solve the problem.
 Materials and methods. This research type is research and development with the ADDIE design. The learning model needs an analysis description performed during the analysis stage by determining the gap between the real conditions and the desired ideal conditions in learning physics, especially in college. The needs analysis research was carried out at the Muhammadiyah University of Makassar with two lecturers and twelve students as research respondents for three months in the even semester of the 2021/2022 academic year. The needs analysis data collection using interview guidelines, literature reviews, and questionnaires. The data collection results will be analyzed with a qualitative descriptive analysis.
 Results. The reality and ideal conditions description obtained from the results of curriculum analysis, student characteristics, and lecturer abilities in implementing physics learning in college. The needs analysis results show a gap between reality and the desired ideal conditions in learning physics.
 Conclusions. Even though the ability to solve problems is one of the expected learning outcomes based on curriculum achievement indicators and skills needed at this time based on a person's cognitive stage at the age of college students. Therefore, a physics learning model based on Synectic development is very needed and indicated by the student’s tendency ability to solve physics problems to be low. It means synergizing between teachers and students for creative thinking is needed in learning physics as an important basis for improving problem-solving skills.

God and Child: Children’s God Concept and Deadlock of Cognitive Stage Theories

God and Child: Children’s God Concept and Deadlock of Cognitive Stage Theories

Multimorbidity patterns and 18-years transitions from normal cognition to dementia and death: A population-based study.

Several chronic diseases accelerate cognitive decline; however, it is still unknown how different patterns of multimorbidity influence individuals' trajectories across the cognitive continuum. We aimed to investigate the impact of multimorbidity and of specific multimorbidity patterns on the transitions across cognitive stages (normal cognition, cognitive impairment, no dementia[CIND], dementia) and death. We included 3122 dementia-free individuals from the Swedish National study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K). Using fuzzy c-means cluster analysis, multimorbid participants were classified into mutually exclusive groups characterized by commonly coexisting chronic diseases. Participants were followed up to 18 years to detect incident CIND, dementia or death. Transition hazard ratios, life expectancies and time spent in different cognitive stages were estimated using multistate Markov models. At baseline, five multimorbidity patterns were identified: neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular, sensory impairment/cancer, respiratory/metabolic/musculoskeletal and unspecific. Compared to the unspecific pattern, the neuropsychiatric and sensory impairment/cancer ones showed reduced hazards of reverting from CIND to normal cognition (HR 0.53, 95%CI 0.33-0.85 and HR 0.60, 95%CI 0.39-0.91). Participants in the cardiovascular pattern exhibited an increased hazard of progression from CIND to dementia (HR 1.70, 95%CI 1.15-2.52) and for all transitions to death. Subjects with the neuropsychiatric and cardiovascular patterns showed reduced life expectancy at age 75, with an anticipation of CIND (up to 1.6 and 2.2 years, respectively) and dementia onset (up to 1.8 and 3.3 years, respectively). Multimorbidity patterns differentially steer individual trajectories across the cognitive continuum of older adults and may be used as a risk stratification tool. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Creative Thinking and its Relationship to Achievement Motivation among High School Students (A Field Study in the Schools of Al-Qadarif Municipality, Al-Qadarif State - Sudan 2023)

The aim of this study is the recognition of the stages of creative cognition, achievement motivation of the third-class secondary students in Gadarif Municipality, the recognition of the relationship between the creative cognition and achievement motivation. About three hundred students in third class at secondary level are included in the study and they are selected in a simple random way. To achieve the aims of the study, the researcher used a questionnaire of creative cognition prepared by the researcher and the measuring of achievement motivation prepared by (Mohyd Mohammed). The researcher used the connected descriptive method. After the statistical processing with the programme of statistical package for social science (SPSS), the following results are reached. First, the level of creative cognition of the secondary students in Gadarif Municipality is high. Secondly, the level of achievement motivation of the students is also high. Fourth, there is positive connected relation with statistical imply between the creative cognition and the achievement motivation of the students studied. Also, there are no differences with statistical imply that due to the following factors: gender, type of education, father's education and mother's education.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLECTUAL ABILITIES OF YOUNGER SCHOOLCHILDREN

In this article, as we will see, intellectual development should not develop in every lesson, but in a comprehensive, systematic way. Thinking, reflecting things and phenomena of reality, is the highest stage of human cognition. At the same time, it has its own unique source of sensation that expands the boundaries of direct reflection, which allows you to gain knowledge about such properties and phenomena that a person cannot directly perceive

Changes of basal forebrain volume along the Alzheimer’s disease continuum in Down syndrome

AbstractBackgroundAtrophy of basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons is an early event in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and is associated with cognitive impairment. Down syndrome (DS) is now recognized as a genetically determined form of AD. Therefore, people with DS represent a priority population to study biomarkers of AD pathology and neurodegeneration. Degeneration of BF neurons occurs both in sporadic AD and in DS brains with advanced AD pathology. However, the dynamics of BF atrophy and its changes with age and AT(N) biomarkers have not been studied in DS.MethodWe included 246 adults with DS (mean age 43.2 ±11.0 years; 43% female). Volumes of antero‐medial and posterior areas of the BF (amBF and pBF, respectively) were extracted from T1‐weighted 3T MR images using voxel‐based morphometry in SPM12 in combination with a stereotactic atlas of BF functional subdivisions (Figure 1). Differences in amBF and pBF volume in each AD clinical stage (Asymptomatic, Prodromal and Demented) were assessed with Kruskall‐Wallis and pairwise Wilcoxon tests. The relationship of BF volumes with age and AT(N) biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (amyloid‐β 42/40 ratio [aβ ratio], phosphorylated Tau 181 [pTau], total Tau [tTau] and neurofilament light [NFL]) was assessed in a subset of subjects (n = 161 [aβ ratio, pTau and tTau] and n = 95 [NFL]) with locally estimated scatterplot smoothing (LOESS) and linear regression in R, respectively.ResultVolumes of amBF and pBF decreased significantly with age (Figure 2), with a steeper decline during the fifth decade of life. BF volumes also declined with AD clinical stage (Figure 3), and had significant correlations with CSF aβ ratio (p<0.001 r2 = 0.22), pTau (p<0.001 r2 = 0.20), tTau (p<0.001 r2 = 0.20) and NFL (p<0.001 r2 = 0.33) (Figure 4).ConclusionIn DS, BF volume decreases with age, AT(N) biomarkers and along the cognitive stages of the AD continuum.

Development of a basketball game concept for 5th grader 3rd elementary school Margomulyo

<p>Movement learning in physical education is divided into cognitive stages, associative stages, and automatic stages. The cognitive stage is the main capital in learning student motion to understand the concept of motion we want. The concept map in this basketball game aims to supplement teaching materials for student basketball games. This study uses a descriptive-quantitative design referring to the Lee Owens development model. The research data is the result of expert validation, small group trials, and large group trials. In the results of the small group trial, a percentage of 82% was obtained, meaning that concept maps could be used. In the large group trial, a percentage result of 84.1% was obtained, meaning that the basketball game concept map was declared fit for use. The suggestions in developing this concept map are that it is hoped that this research will go in a further direction as follows: (1) The research subjects are broader and more in-depth (2) The research is not only carried out at the elementary school level, class V, but all upper classes with big ball learning especially basketball.</p>

Classification of Traditional Play by Allen Cognitive Stage Using Modified Delphi Techniques: Based on DPA Activity Analysis

연구목적: 본 연구는 활동 분석을 통해 전통 놀이를 세부적으로 분석한 뒤 인지 단계별로 분류하고자 한다. 이를 통해 차후 노인의 인지 저하 예방 및 인지 훈련을 위한 전통 놀이의 활용에 기여하고자 한다. 연구방법: 전통 놀이를 인지⋅감각⋅운동학적으로 분류한 선행 연구의 결과에 따라 13가지의 전통 놀이를 선정하고, 전통 놀이의 활동 분석을 위해 DPA를 사용했다. 이후 Allen 인지 단계에 따라 전통 놀이를 분류하고자 14명의 전문가 집단을 대상으로 수정 델파이 기법을 사용했다. 또한, 자료를 분석하기 위해 SPSS Statistics ver.25.0 프로그램의 기술통계, 빈도분석, 켄달의 일치계수를 사용했다. 연구결과: 1차 델파이 조사 결과 전통 놀이별 Allen 인지 단계는 실뜨기(5.21), 공기놀이(5.29), 숨바꼭질(8.93) 순이었고, 2차 델파이 조사 결과 공기놀이(6), 실뜨기(5.92), 낙화놀이(5.62) 순이었다. 또한, 켄달의 일치도 계수 W는 1차 델파이 조사에서 0.439, 2차 델파이 조사에서 0.887로 통계적으로 유의한 결과가 나타났다. 더불어, 2차 델파이 조사를 통해 Allen 인지 단계의 결정 요인을 조사⋅분석함으로써 단계 분류에 대한 근거를 확보했다. 결론: 본 연구는 대상자의 범위를 확대하고 기존에 미비했던 전통 놀이 분석 및 분류화에 대한 주제를 선정했다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 차후에는 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 노인을 위한 인지 기능 저하 예방 및 증진 프로그램을 개발하거나 인지 이외의 분류를 하여 전통 놀이의 활성화에 기여할 것을 기대한다.Objective : The purpose of this study was to analyze traditional games in detail through activity analysis and then classify them by cognitive stage. Through this, we intend to contribute to the use of traditional games for the prevention of cognitive decline and cognitive training of the elderly in the future. Methods : According to the results of previous studies that classified traditional games into cognitive, sensory, and kinematic categories, 13 traditional games were selected, and DPA was used to analyze the activities of traditional games. Afterwards, the modified Delphi technique was used for a group of 14 experts to classify traditional games according to the Allen cognitive stage. In addition, descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, and Kendall's matching coefficients of the SPSS Statistics ver.25.0 program were used to analyze the data. Results : As a result of the first Delphi survey, the Allen cognitive stage by traditional play was in the order of thread play (5.21), jacksones play (5.29), and hide and seek (8.93), and a result of the second Delphi survey was in order of jacksones play (6), thread play (5.92), and nakhwa play (5.62). In addition, Kendall's consistency coefficient W was statistically significant. In addition, the basis for step classification was secured by investigating and analyzing the determinants of the Allen cognitive group through the second Delphi survey. Conclusion : This study is meaningful in that it expanded the scope of subjects and selected analysis and classification topics that were previously insufficient. In the future, based on the results of this study, it is expected to contribute to the revitalization of traditional play by developing programs to prevent and promote cognitive decline for the elderly or classifying them other than cognition.

0086 Good quality sleep facilitates psychomotor learning via fast spindles among older adults

Abstract Introduction Sleep spindles are neural oscillations of frequency between 11 to 16 Hz during non rapid eye movement sleep. They are coordinated with hippocampal ripples and slow oscillations to facilitate memory consolidation by modulating synaptic plasticity. Fast spindles, predominant in central and parietal derivations of EEG during Stage 2 NREM sleep, are associated with overnight visuomotor skills enhancement, especially in the later part of the night. The relationship between fast and slow spindles during sleep and psychomotor ability has not been characterized well, particularly in older adults. The objective of this study was to study the relationship between sleep microstructure during various stages of sleep and cognition in good and poor sleepers. Methods This is a cross sectional observational study conducted on 16 male participants (age 63.6 ± 5.22 years). Good (n=9) and poor sleepers (n=7) were classified on the basis of PSQI score (<=5 is good). Overnight polysomnography was done and ICMR-NCTB battery was administered for assessment of cognition. In DOMINO software, after visual artifact removal, spindles were analyzed by selecting 11 - 12.99 Hz (slow) in F4, and 13 -16 Hz (fast) in C2. Statistical analysis was done using GraphPad prism (v 9.4.1). Results Fast spindle index in N2 (good sleeper: r = -0.850, p = 0.006; poor sleeper: r = 0.398, p = 0.466), fast spindle density in N2 (good sleeper: r = -0.870, p = 0.004; poor sleeper: r = -0.331, p = 0.468), total fast spindle number during deep sleep (good sleeper: r = -0.600, p = 0.031; poor sleeper: r = -0.244, p = 0.599), and total slow spindle density (good sleeper: r = -0.833, p = 0.025; poor sleeper: r = -0.080, p = 0.865) were found to be negatively correlated with psychomotor ability assessed by trail making test. Conclusion Among older adults, good sleepers, as compared to poor sleepers overall have a higher fast spindle index and density during N2 sleep and there is significant correlation with better psychomotor ability. Support (if any) All India Institute of Medical Sciences and University College of London Collaborative Grant (AIIMS-UCL 12)

Roles of attitudinal factors on the adoption stages of carsharing

ABSTRACT This study aims to understand how attitudinal factors influence individuals’ choices for further developing carsharing. To address the gap, a household survey was carried out to obtain the individual’s attitudes toward carsharing. The Transtheoretical Model is used to divide the adoption process of carsharing into five stages, including precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. Two Integrated Choice and Latent Variable Models with or without the attitudinal features are evaluated for the effects of latent attitudes on the above five stages. Additionally, the attitudinal factors at each stage are analyzed and compared, and the effects of the flexible and hard measures on the adoption process are discussed. The results indicate that the proposed attitudinal factors well reflect individuals’ adoption stage of carsharing and show different effects on the five adoption stages. The policy implications for facilitating carsharing require coordinating flexible and hard measures in different cognitive stages.

Clinical Effect of Early vs Late Amyloid Positron Emission Tomography in Memory Clinic Patients

Amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) allows the direct assessment of amyloid deposition, one of the main hallmarks of Alzheimer disease. However, this technique is currently not widely reimbursed because of the lack of appropriately designed studies demonstrating its clinical effect. To assess the clinical effect of amyloid PET in memory clinic patients. The AMYPAD-DPMS is a prospective randomized clinical trial in 8 European memory clinics. Participants were allocated (using a minimization method) to 3 study groups based on the performance of amyloid PET: arm 1, early in the diagnostic workup (within 1 month); arm 2, late in the diagnostic workup (after a mean [SD] 8 [2] months); or arm 3, if and when the managing physician chose. Participants were patients with subjective cognitive decline plus (SCD+; SCD plus clinical features increasing the likelihood of preclinical Alzheimer disease), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or dementia; they were assessed at baseline and after 3 months. Recruitment took place between April 16, 2018, and October 30, 2020. Data analysis was performed from July 2022 to January 2023. Amyloid PET. The main outcome was the difference between arm 1 and arm 2 in the proportion of participants receiving an etiological diagnosis with a very high confidence (ie, ≥90% on a 50%-100% visual numeric scale) after 3 months. A total of 844 participants were screened, and 840 were enrolled (291 in arm 1, 271 in arm 2, 278 in arm 3). Baseline and 3-month visit data were available for 272 participants in arm 1 and 260 in arm 2 (median [IQR] age: 71 [65-77] and 71 [65-77] years; 150/272 male [55%] and 135/260 male [52%]; 122/272 female [45%] and 125/260 female [48%]; median [IQR] education: 12 [10-15] and 13 [10-16] years, respectively). After 3 months, 109 of 272 participants (40%) in arm 1 had a diagnosis with very high confidence vs 30 of 260 (11%) in arm 2 (P < .001). This was consistent across cognitive stages (SCD+: 25/84 [30%] vs 5/78 [6%]; P < .001; MCI: 45/108 [42%] vs 9/102 [9%]; P < .001; dementia: 39/80 [49%] vs 16/80 [20%]; P < .001). In this study, early amyloid PET allowed memory clinic patients to receive an etiological diagnosis with very high confidence after only 3 months compared with patients who had not undergone amyloid PET. These findings support the implementation of amyloid PET early in the diagnostic workup of memory clinic patients. EudraCT Number: 2017-002527-21.

Choosing optimal means of knowledge visualization based on eye tracking for online education.

In online education, the appropriate choice of means of knowledge visualization can reduce cognitive load and improve cognitive efficiency. However, no universal basis for selection can cause confusion in the pedagogical context. This study used the revised Bloom's taxonomy to combine the types of knowledge with cognitive goals. We used a course on marketing research as an example to summarize the choices for visualizing factual knowledge (FK), conceptual knowledge (CK), procedural knowledge (PK), and metacognitive knowledge (MK) through four experiments. Visualized cognitive stages were used to determine the cognitive efficiencies of visualization for different knowledge types. In this stage, eye tracking is used for collecting eye movement indicators to measure cognitive load. The cognitive goals stage is used to get cognitive goals of the means of knowledge visualization. Combining the two stages, we get the conclusions as follows: Teachers and students can mostly benefit from presenting FK and CK points via mind maps. Using mind maps to teach FK online could be indirectly beneficial for improving students' creativity. Concept maps may be chosen for this point if the linked knowledge points are PK and the achievement of the analytical objective is emphasized in the student's knowledge points. The flowchart can be used to display PK, while timelines could be utilized if the PK point is to be presented in a temporal dimension. Teachers should choose the curve area chart to display MK. A pie chart might be chosen and added more instructions. The findings suggest that mind maps are very effectiveas a means of knowledgevisualization in online education. In the meantime, it suggests that overly simplistic graphs increase cognitive load, while it also raises the possibility that redundant information in the text may increase cognitive load.

The Cognitive Aspect of the Genesis of Intellectual Metaphors

This article identifies and interprets the genesis of the “sensory perception of an object – understanding an object” cognitive metaphor, which is a key means of conceptualising intellectual activity. This object is considered from the point of view of the interaction of mental and linguistic units. The reflection of the process of understanding in consciousness is interpreted using the concept of a scenario-type concept, which is gestalt. The study uses a complex methodology such as methods of conceptological modeling, component, and contextual analysis. The complex methodology makes it possible to comprehend the origin of the cognitive metaphor considering the role of perception reflected in the structure of the scenario-type gestalt and the selection of linguistic means to denote the process of cognition in speech. The author demonstrates that two mental models are widely represented as ways of designating the process and the result of cognition: the metonymic model of sensory perception of an object – understanding of the object and the metaphorical model of sensory perception of an object – understanding of the object. The metonymic model reflects the relationship of contiguity between sensory perception as the initial stage of cognition and the cognitive process as a whole and is a scenario type of lexical metonymy. The author establishes that the formation of a cognitive metaphor is preceded by the metonymic identification of the sensory stage of cognition and the entire process of cognition including the intellectual act of understanding the object. Consequently, the metonymic identification of the sensory and intellectual stages of cognition provides conditions for their comparison, “creating” similarities between them as a result of the comparison and thereby predetermines the emergence of the cognitive metaphor of sensory perception of an object – understanding of an object. The author reveals a specific feature of the cognitive metaphor that distinguishes it from other metaphorical types, i. e. a regular correlation with the metonymic model of the same name, which is also widespread in this denotative sphere. The discursive aspect of considering the metonymic and metaphorical mental models of the same name that combine the same components (sensory perception of the object and understanding of the object) makes it possible to establish the presence of a transition zone between metonymic and metaphorical expressions, in which metonymy and metaphor cannot be told apart unambiguously.

Analysis (Hans Morgenthau) to the concept of power and applied to the units of the international system

Theoretical curricula in all disciplines are a basic requirement that feeds the minds of the recipients intellectually and cognitively in the various scientific and cognitive stages, and it is the framework that distinguishes academic understanding from the chaotic, and it is one of the most important and prominent keys to thinking and success in that specialization or field, no matter how traditional and classic it is in proposition and application. Because it is unreasonable and logical to delve into the core of any topic without inspecting and searching for its intellectual and historical foundations to find out the reasons and causes that surrounded that idea, which was subsequently approved as an important science that constitutes a contribution to the field of humanities of our competence or other applied sciences from the other side

Predicting cognitive stage transition using p-tau181, Centiloid, and other measures.

A combination of plasma phospho-tau (p-tau), amyloid beta (Aβ)-positron emission tomography (PET), brain magnetic resonance imaging, cognitive function tests, and other biomarkers might predict future cognitive decline. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of combining these biomarkers in predicting future cognitive stage transitions within 3 years. Among the participants in the Korean Brain Aging Study for the Early Diagnosis and Prediction of Alzheimer's Disease (KBASE-V) study, 49 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 113 cognitively unimpaired (CU) participants with Aβ-PET and brain imaging data were analyzed. Older age, increased plasma p-tau181, Aβ-PET positivity, and decreased semantic fluency were independently associated with cognitive stage transitions. Combining age, p-tau181, the Centiloid scale, semantic fluency, and hippocampal volume produced high predictive value in predicting future cognitive stage transition (area under the curve=0.879). Plasma p-tau181 and Centiloid scale alone or in combination with other biomarkers, might predict future cognitive stage transition in non-dementia patients. -Plasma p-tau181 and Centiloid scale might predict future cognitive stage transition. -Combining them or adding other biomarkers increased the predictive value. -Factors that independently associated with cognitive stage transition were demonstrated.

Contribution of clinical information to the predictive performance of plasma β-amyloid levels for amyloid positron emission tomography positivity.

Early detection of β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, a major biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD), has become important. As fluid biomarkers, the accuracy of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ for predicting Aβ deposition on positron emission tomography (PET) has been extensively studied, and the development of plasma Aβ is beginning to receive increased attention recently. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether APOE genotypes, age, and cognitive status increase the predictive performance of plasma Aβ and CSF Aβ levels for Aβ PET positivity. We recruited 488 participants who underwent both plasma Aβ and Aβ PET studies (Cohort 1) and 217 participants who underwent both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ and Aβ PET studies (Cohort 2). Plasma and CSF samples were analyzed using ABtest-MS, an antibody-free liquid chromatography-differential mobility spectrometry-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method and INNOTEST enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, respectively. To evaluate the predictive performance of plasma Aβ and CSF Aβ, respectively, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed. When predicting Aβ PET status, both plasma Aβ42/40 ratio and CSF Aβ42 showed high accuracy (plasma Aβ area under the curve (AUC) 0.814; CSF Aβ AUC 0.848). In the plasma Aβ models, the AUC values were higher than plasma Aβ alone model, when the models were combined with either cognitive stage (p < 0.001) or APOE genotype (p = 0.011). On the other hand, there was no difference between the CSF Aβ models, when these variables were added. Plasma Aβ might be a useful predictor of Aβ deposition on PET status as much as CSF Aβ, particularly when considered with clinical information such as APOE genotype and cognitive stage.

Preliminary Validation Study of the French-Quebec Version of the Mild Behavioral Impairment Checklist.

Alzheimer disease dementia may be preceded by cognitive stages during which behavioral and psychological changes can occur. More precisely, behavioral symptoms may be observed during the subjective cognitive decline (SCD) or the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stages; these symptoms can be measured using the Mild Behavioral Impairment Checklist (MBI-C). To validate the French-Quebec version of the MBI-C in individuals ages 60-85 years. The sample included 60 participants (20 MCI, 20 SCD, 20 cognitively healthy) and their informants. To assess the discriminant validity of the MBI-C, a Kruskal-Wallis analysis with a multiple comparisons test was performed on the MBI-C Total score. To determine convergent validity, Spearman correlations were calculated between the MBI-C subscales and a set of validation tools. Finally, test-retest reliability was assessed with Spearman correlations of MBI-C scores between two test sessions. All of the analyses indicated satisfactory psychometric properties for the French-Quebec version of the MBI-C. This validation study reveals that the MBI-C can be used successfully in dementia risk assessments. From now on, the use of a validated MBI-C will be possible in the French-Quebec population.

First Organoid Intelligence (OI) workshop to form an OI community.

The brain is arguably the most powerful computation system known. It is extremely efficient in processing large amounts of information and can discern signals from noise, adapt, and filter faulty information all while running on only 20 watts of power. The human brain's processing efficiency, progressive learning, and plasticity are unmatched by any computer system. Recent advances in stem cell technology have elevated the field of cell culture to higher levels of complexity, such as the development of three-dimensional (3D) brain organoids that recapitulate human brain functionality better than traditional monolayer cell systems. Organoid Intelligence (OI) aims to harness the innate biological capabilities of brain organoids for biocomputing and synthetic intelligence by interfacing them with computer technology. With the latest strides in stem cell technology, bioengineering, and machine learning, we can explore the ability of brain organoids to compute, and store given information (input), execute a task (output), and study how this affects the structural and functional connections in the organoids themselves. Furthermore, understanding how learning generates and changes patterns of connectivity in organoids can shed light on the early stages of cognition in the human brain. Investigating and understanding these concepts is an enormous, multidisciplinary endeavor that necessitates the engagement of both the scientific community and the public. Thus, on Feb 22-24 of 2022, the Johns Hopkins University held the first Organoid Intelligence Workshop to form an OI Community and to lay out the groundwork for the establishment of OI as a new scientific discipline. The potential of OI to revolutionize computing, neurological research, and drug development was discussed, along with a vision and roadmap for its development over the coming decade.

Food word processing in Chinese reading: A study of restrained eaters.

Food-related attentional bias refers that individuals typically prioritize rewarding food-related cues (e.g. food words and food images) compared with non-food stimuli; however, the findings are inconsistent for restrained eaters. Traditional paradigms used to test food-related attentional bias, such as visual probe tasks and visual search tasks, may not directly and accurately enough to reflect individuals' food-word processing at different cognitive stages. In this study, we introduced the boundary paradigm to investigate food-word attentional bias for both restrained and unrestrained eaters. Eye movements were recorded when they performed a naturalistic sentence-reading task. The results of later-stage analyses showed that food words were fixated on for less time than non-food words, which indicated a superiority of foveal food-word processing for both restrained and unrestrained eaters. The results of early-stage analyses showed that restrained eaters spent more time on pre-target regions in the food-word valid preview conditions, which indicated a parafoveal food-word processing superiority for restrained eaters (i.e. the parafoveal-on-foveal effect). The superiority of foveal food-word processing provides new insights into explaining food-related attentional bias in general groups. Additionally, the enhanced food-word attentional bias in parafoveal processing for restrained eaters illustrates the importance of individual characteristics in studying word recognition.

Promising research studies between mathematics literacy and financial literacy through project-based learning

Financial literacy is a knowledge and attitude about finance and is a 21st-century skill. As a knowledge, a cognitive factor of a person will impact their financial literacy skill. Through a bibliometric analysis study of 274 documents published from 1994 to 2022 in the Scopus database, we found that mathematics literacy is the cognitive factor of one's financial literacy skill. The OECD and several studies offer intertwined concepts, financial literacy and mathematics, to be presented in the mathematics curriculum in primary and secondary schools. After we got the bibliometric results, we surveyed several junior high schools in Yogyakarta to learn more about this issue. A total of 15 mathematics teachers participated in this survey, randomly chosen in junior high school. We got information stating that mathematics teachers used financial terms as a social arithmetic context, did not teach financial knowledge and attitudes, and never heard 13 from 17 financial terms in the survey. Furthermore, we present a framework for implementing financial literacy in mathematics through three dimensions, content, context, and process. The dimension content consists of mathematics' and financial content. On the other hand, the dimension context is related to education and work, home and family, and individual and societal. As a cognitive process, the dimensions of the process are based on Bloom's Cognitive stages. The potential for future research is developing learning activities and implementing them in the independent curriculum, which impacts schools' ability to use project-based learning, which is the most approach to implementing financial literacy in mathematics classes.