Children In Stage Research Articles

Impact of Parental Cancer on Children: Differences by Child's Age and Parent's Disease Stage.

(1) Receiving an oncological diagnosis involves countless physical and mental challenges for those who become ill. In addition to this, developmental activities are put on hold when a parent becomes ill, significantly impairing children's normal growth and development. The purpose of this review is to highlight the psychological impact of cancer on children, with particular attention to differences based on the age of the child and the stage of the parent's disease. (2) Articles published on PubMed up until October 2023 were searched. Qualitative and quantitative studies were included in this review after an evaluation of the full text. The study selection process was undertaken by two researchers, and articles for which there was unanimous agreement between researchers were included in the review. (3) Children's psycho-emotional responses differ based on their age and the disease stage. In general, good communication and a supportive family environment that understands everyone's needs seem to constitute important protective factors that favor the adaptation of the entire family to the disease. (4) The family, as an evolutionary system, finds itself facing phases typical of development. Knowing the variables that intervene in the process of adaptation to the disease will allow us to design specific and differentiated clinical interventions based on the needs of not only the patient but also the entire family.

Pelatihan Cara Deteksi Dini Gigi Berlubang, Gigi Berjejal, dan Kelainan dalam Mulut pada Komunitas Orang Tua dan Guru Playgoup dan TK Al-Alaq di Jatibening

The first 5 years of a child's development stage is a golden period in a child's growth and development period. Children's dental and oral health is very important, because the mouth is the first gate in the human digestive system. Parents' knowledge regarding dental and oral hygiene and health is the basis for forming children's behavior in maintaining children's oral and dental hygiene. Parents need to be provided with adequate knowledge on how to do an early detection of cavities, crowding of teeth, and abnormalities in the mouth as a form of prevention against tooth decay in children in the home environment. Community Service (PkM) was carried out online via Zoom Meeting on Friday 1 July 2022, and was attended by 37 people including teachers, staff and parents of students from Playgoup School and Kindergarten Al-Alaq Jatibening. The material provided is in the form of early detection of tooth decay, how to check oral health at home, how to detect crowding of teeth early, soft tissue disorders in the form of ppt, e-flyer and video. Measure success by completing a pre-test and post-test consisting of 17 knowledge questions related to the topic presented. It was found that participants' knowledge increased by 31%. The results obtained from this activity are very good with partners who are willing to carry out PkM activities on an ongoing basis.

Perceptions of parental involvement in youth handball players, the effects of sport participation stage and sports injury.

Globally, from the age of 14, the dropout rate of young athletes is high in all sports games in Hungary. The reasons for dropping out are complex, however parental support is critical to succeed or continue, especially after failure or injury. The present study explored the main effects of sports injury and sport participation stage on parental involvement in sports. 1,174 parents and 690 athletes completed our questionnaire, which contains questions on young players' sport participation, injury background and Parental Involvement in Sport Questionnaire. Parents' self-perceived level of involvement differed from the parental involvement perceived by their children. The significant predictors were the person who completed, the parent/athlete, the athlete's previous sports injury and the child's current stage of sport participation. In Directive Behavior, the main effect of stages is only seen in parents whose child has been injured. In the sample of injured athletes, the rate of perceived parental Praise and Understanding tends to be lower in the specializing stage. Our findings suggest that these two behaviors could be part of the same parenting style, which requires further investigation. The results expand the existing knowledge of the complexity of parents' involvement in children's sports careers. These findings have implications beyond parental psychoeducation impacting the work of coaches, sports physicians and rehabilitation experts.

The Importance of Counseling Interventions for Early Childhood in Improving Emotional and Social Well-Being: A Literature Review

This study looks at how important counseling is for improving the emotional and social health of young children. We evaluated previous research in this area through a review of the literature, highlighting the benefits of counseling in the child's early developmental stages. This study found that timely and targeted counseling interventions in early childhood can improve emotional well-being, social development, and academic achievement. The focus of such interventions is often a counseling approach that is play-based, involves the family, and supports the child's independence. Counseling has also been shown to help young children avoid more serious behavioral or emotional problems in the future. The practical implications of these findings highlight the importance of a holistic approach to supporting early childhood development and highlight the need for investment in mentoring resources at the early childhood education level.

Adaptación y validación de una versión abreviada de la escala SIPAT de riesgo psicosocial integrado en pacientes con cirrosis hepática candidatos a trasplante hepático (SIPAT-11)

IntroductionPatients with liver cirrhosis who are candidates for liver transplantation must be evaluated both clinically and socially in order to obtain the optimal outcomes and avoid futile therapeutic measures. For the evaluation of the social aspects in these patients, no validated scale in Spanish is available. The SIPAT (Stanford Integrated Psychosocial Assessment for Transplantation) scale is an instrument that measures the social, family and psychological aspects in candidates for solid organ transplantation. The objective of this study is to adapt and validate an abbreviated version of the SIPAT scale in Spanish for patients with liver cirrhosis. Material and methodsProspective observational study carried out in the Hepatology Unit of the La Fe Unversity Hospital in Valencia, by questionnaire validation methodology. To analyze the reliability of the questionnaire, the internal consistency of all variables was calculated, for variability an exploratory factor analysis, and for stability the test-retest test was carried out. Results96 patients who were admitted for decompensated cirrhosis to the Hepatology Unit of the La Fe Hospital in Valencia between November 1, 2017 and January 31, 2017 were selected. 84% were men, the mean age was 60.01 (SD 10.12) years. In 73.2% of those admitted, the etiology of cirrhosis was alcoholic. 14.4% had a Child's stage A, 57.7% B and 27.8% C. The internal consistency of all variables reached a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.766. In the exploratory factor analysis, 6 dimensions of the questionnaire were identified that explain 84.27% of the total variability. To see the stability of the instrument, the measurement was repeated at 2 and 6 months of follow-up, obtaining in the test-retest a kappa agreement of 0.612 and 0.565 respectively. ConclusionThe SIPAT-11 questionnaire has good psychometric characteristics in cirrhotic patients who are candidates for liver transplantation. It is easy to complete and can be administered by professionals who are not specialists in the area of Mental Health.

Retinal Image Analysis for Simultaneous Classification and Severity Grading of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder using Deep Learning

Over the last 20 years, the number of children born with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has significantly increased. According to the U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the number of children with ASD in the United States had increased from 1 in 150 in 2000 to 1 in 36 in 2020, which is an increase of 316.7% and the number of children with ADHD has been around 10% of Population. As the number of children with ASD and ADHD is increasing rapidly, an early diagnosis of both mental disorders is essential, which can contribute to the improvement of the condition of children significantly. By employing retinal images, the early detection of ASD and ADHD in the developmental stages of childhood becomes feasible. Consequently, the development of a diagnostic system that identifies the presence of ASD and ADHD is essential for healthcare interventions and the enhancement of children's well-being when potential remediation is attainable. This research aims to develop a system for early diagnosis of ASD and ADHD utilizing retinal images and deep learning through convolutional neural networks. The proposed approach classifies the retinal images into disorder categories and severity levels. Experimental results demonstrate the viability of the proposed approach as a biometric for the early diagnosis of ASD and ADHD.

Human milk proteins differentiate over the sex of newborns and across stages of lactation

Background & AimsHuman milk (HM) is a complete food that meets the nutritional and energy demands of the newborns. It contains numerous bioactive components, including functional proteins. Variations in HM energy and lipid content have already been reported related to the newborn's sex, but differences between protein profiles are still scarce. This work aimed to identify differences between HM proteins produced by mothers of female and male newborns, in the lactation stages of colostrum and mature milk, and the metabolic pathways involved. MethodsA total of 98 HM samples were collected from 39 lactating women and classified according to the newborn's sex, stages of lactation, and three mothers' age groups, and evaluated about protein concentration and one-dimensional electrophoretic profile. Next, to assess samples with the greatest differences, the HM proteins regarding the newborn's sex and the stages of lactation were compared using nano-LC-MS/MS, in 24 HM samples randomly rearranged into four groups: female and male infants, and colostrum and mature milk. Functional classification, metabolic pathways, and protein interaction networks were analyzed by Gene Ontology, KEGG, and STRING, respectively. ResultsThe soluble protein content of HM decreased throughout lactation, with differences regarding isolated factors, such as mothers' age group, child's sex and stages of lactation, and also in terms of their interactions. A total of 146 proteins were identified, 42 of which showed different abundances over the sexes of newborns and 53 between the stages of lactation. In general, proteins related to metabolic processes were up-regulated for mothers of male infants and in the mature stage of lactation, while proteins related to defense were up-regulated in mothers of female infants and in the colostrum phase. ConclusionThis study indicated that there are differentiated and specific nutritional and defense needs of newborns, by sex and by lactation phase, which is highly relevant for a more appropriate supply of food to infants receiving HM from donor mothers.

Early-life exposures and long-term health: adverse gestational environments and the programming of offspring renal and vascular disease.

According to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis, exposure to certain environmental influences during early life may be a key determinant of fetal development and short- and long-term offspring health. Indeed, adverse conditions encountered during the fetal, perinatal, and early childhood stages can alter normal development and growth, as well as put the offspring at elevated risk of developing long-term health conditions in adulthood, including chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular diseases. Of relevance in understanding the mechanistic basis of these long-term health conditions are previous findings showing low glomerular number in human intrauterine growth restriction and low birth weight-indicators of a suboptimal intrauterine environment. In different animal models, the main suboptimal intrauterine conditions studied relate to maternal dietary manipulations, poor micronutrient intake, prenatal ethanol exposure, maternal diabetes, glucocorticoid and chemical exposure, hypoxia, and placental insufficiency. These studies have demonstrated changes in kidney structure, glomerular endowment, and expression of key genes and signaling pathways controlling endocrine, excretion, and filtration function of the offspring. This review aims to summarize those studies to uncover the effects and mechanisms by which adverse gestational environments impact offspring renal and vascular health in adulthood. This is important for identifying agents and interventions that can prevent and mitigate the long-term consequences of an adverse intrauterine environment on the subsequent generation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Human data and experimental animal data show that suboptimal environments during fetal development increase the risk of renal and vascular diseases in adult-life. This is related to permanent changes in kidney structure, function, and expression of genes and signaling pathways controlling filtration, excretion, and endocrine function. Uncovering the mechanisms by which offspring renal development and function is impacted is important for identifying ways to mitigate the development of diseases that strain health care services worldwide.

Typology of Parent-to-Child Emotions: A Study of Japanese Parents of a Foetus up to a 12-Year-Old Child.

Background: Emotions are the fundamental origin of parent-child bonding, which is measurable by the Scale for Parent-to-Child Emotions (SPCE) based on the theories of basic and self-conscious emotions. Methods: This study is based on the data from a cross-sectional study that we previously reported. The data consist of fathers and mothers who had a child/children, whose eldest child's age was at the foetal stage up to 12 years old, and were recruited via the Internet (N = 4600). A series of cluster analyses using factor scores (theta[Ө]s) of all domains of the SPCE were conducted. After the clusters emerged, the fathers and mothers allocated to each cluster were compared by the child's age stage. The validation of the classifications was also conducted using ANOVAs and chi-squared tests. A discriminant function analysis was conducted. Results: The participant mothers and fathers were classified into Cluster 1 (Lack of Bonding Emotions, n = 509), Cluster 2 (Bonding Disorder, n = 1471), Cluster 3 (Ambivalent Bonding Emotions, n = 1211), and Cluster 4 (Positive Bonding, n = 1409). Across the four clusters, there were no differences in the age of the parents or the gender of the child. During the second trimester, mothers made up the majority of Cluster 4 (Positive Bonding), totalling 81 cases (37.5%), whereas fathers made up the majority of Cluster 2 (Bonding Disorder), totalling 126 cases (60.0%). The three linear discriminants (LDs) well predicted the four clusters, and their functions showed cross validation. Conclusions: The typology of the SPCE is helpful to understand individual differences in terms of parental emotional bonding.

The Impact of Psychological Health on Childhood Obesity: A Cross-Developmental Stage Analysis

This research ventures into the critical public health challenge of childhood obesity by exploring the dynamic interplay between psychological well-being and Body Mass Index (BMI) throughout various developmental stages of childhood. It delves into how emotional regulation, attachment dynamics, and social relationships correlate with obesity from early childhood to adolescence. Highlighting key findings, such as the negative correlation between psychological resilience and higher BMI in young children, the impact of social relationships on obesity risk during pre-adolescence, and the link between adaptive emotional strategies and higher BMI in adolescents, this study brings to the fore the nuanced relationship between psychological factors and obesity. Psychological metrics in this study were obtained via referenced questionnaires, leading up to the utilization of the interdisciplinary process of bioinformatics. Utilizing the interdisciplinary process of bioinformatics, this research synergizes psychometric and biomedical data to unearth psychological markers critical for crafting targeted, age-appropriate interventions. This study advocates for a holistic healthcare approach, emphasizing the integration of psychological support within obesity prevention and management strategies, thereby underscoring the indispensable role of psychological factors in the fight against childhood obesity. The application of bioinformatics methods to analyze complex datasets demonstrates how collaboration across medical specialties can enrich our understanding and response to childhood obesity, contributing significantly to the development of comprehensive, bioinformatics-enhanced healthcare solutions.

Parents’ Assessment of Their Children’s Use of Technology

IntroductionThe use of technology in many areas of daily life is widespread among both children and adults. Excessive and inappropriate use of technological aids causes significant problems in physical, psychomotor, psychological and social stages of development, especially in childhood. One of the reasons for some problems that arise in adulthood, such as communication problems, anxiety disorders, obesity, musculoskeletal disorders and tendency to violence is the excessive and inappropriate use of technology in childhood. For this reason, it is of great importance to complete the developmental stages in childhood in a healthy way.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to qualitatively assess the technology use habits of 48-72 month old preschool children and their parents.MethodsThe study is a qualitative research conducted among the parents of children in Eskişehir and Bolu between March and June 2023. A semi-structured form was used for the personal interviews with the 25 parents who constituted the study group. The interviews were recorded. The audio recordings were then transcribed and a thematic content analysis was conducted. The main themes of the interviews concerned the habits of parents’ and children’s in the use of technology at home, the content used on technological devices and how it is controlled, and the arrangements for technology use at home.ResultsIn the interviews, parents reported that when they needed to use technological devices, they most often chose a time and place when the children were not present or asleep. When children spent more time at home, this was the most common reason for increased technology use, while the most common reason for decreased use was that children spent more time outside the home. Most parents limited the amount of time their children’s daily technology using time. It was found that children generally complied with these restrictions, and when they did not, they often expressed themselves with reactions such as sulking/angry/crying.ConclusionsThis study emphasizes that the most important factor determining children’s attitudes towards technology use is their parents’ attitudes towards technology use In order for children to develop a positive attitude towards technology use, it can be beneficial for parents to regulate and control their children’s technology use as well as their own.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

The varied effects of protein intake during infancy, childhood, and adolescence: Associations with growth metrics, body composition, and pubertal development timelines

Introduction: Protein plays a crucial role in the growth and development of children, impacting various physiological functions and long-term health outcomes. Understanding the optimal protein intake during the dynamic stages of childhood is essential due to its significant implications for metabolic and hormonal pathways, as well as its association with childhood obesity and malnutrition. Review Methods: The review involved a systematic examination of existing literature, focusing on studies that explored the relationship between protein intake and children's growth, development, and health outcomes. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched using specific keywords, with the selection criteria emphasizing peer-reviewed articles, clinical trials, and observational studies in English, excluding non-human studies. Results: The analysis indicates that protein intake has a pivotal influence on children's growth patterns, body composition, and metabolic health. Findings suggest that both excessive and insufficient protein consumption can have adverse effects, highlighting the importance of balanced protein intake. The review also points out the critical impact of maternal dietary quality on infant growth and underscores the significance of protein source and quantity during complementary feeding in determining health outcomes. Conclusions: Optimal protein intake is vital for supporting children's growth and long-term health, necessitating tailored dietary strategies that accommodate the changing needs of growing children. Healthcare professionals and caregivers must be informed about the nuanced effects of protein to maintain normal growth and development while mitigating risks like obesity. Future dietary guidelines should consider these findings to ensure balanced nutrition for children at various developmental stages.

"Therapeutic potential of licorice extract in a prenatal valproic acid model of autism spectrum disorder in Wistar rats: Neurobehavioral and neurobiochemical insights"

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), impose significant burdens on society due to their genetic and clinical complexity. We explored the therapeutic potential of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) extract in a prenatal valproic acid (VPA) model of ASD. Neurobehavioral parameters encompassing social interaction, locomotor activity, repetitive behaviour, anxiety-related behaviour, and learning and memory were assessed in Wistar rat offspring. Licorice extract administration at 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg was initiated from postnatal day 21, emulating the developmental stage of early childhood. The study incorporated a controlled group, a VPA-induced ASD group, and groups treated with two different doses of licorice extract and Risperidone.Results revealed that licorice extract, particularly at 300 mg/kg, exhibited remarkable potential in restoring social interaction deficits, enhancing locomotor activity, attenuating repetitive behaviour, and mitigating anxiety-related behaviour-like behaviours. Furthermore, licorice extract displayed cognitive benefits, as evidenced by the discrimination index enhancement in object recognition memory. Importantly, licorice extract demonstrated modulatory effects on neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, evident through suppressed interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, as well as reduced thiobarbaturic acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the brain.These findings underscore the promising neuroprotective properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract against prenatal VPA-induced ASD-like behaviours. The elucidation of licorice's multifaceted impact on behaviour, cognition, and neurobiochemical markers offers a potential avenue for future therapeutic interventions for ASD, meriting further investigation in clinical contexts. This study contributes to the expanding knowledge of natural compounds in ameliorating complex neurodevelopmental disorders and highlights the necessity of multi-faceted approaches to address their intricate etiology and manifestation.

Artificial Intelligence and teachers' sustainability :Preschool teachers' perceptions of conditions and level of support for Professional Development in Early Childhood Special Education

هدف البحث الكشف عن اتجاهات معلمات التربية الخاصة في مرحلة الطفولة المبكرة السعوديات نحو برامج التنمية المهنية في مرحلة الطفولة المبكرة . تم الحصول على بيانات استطلاع الرأي من 30 معلمة سعودية في مرحلة الطفولة المبكرة ، وتم إجراء مقابلة مع خمسة منهن لمعرفة احتياجاتهن التدريبية والتحديات التي تواجهها كل منهن. استخدم الباحثون المدخل النوعي الذي اشتمل على استطلاع رأى مسبق ومقابلات. تم تقديم استبيان عبر الإنترنت للمشاركات من أجل الكشف عن اتجاهات بخصوص برامج التنمية المهنية وتقييم أحكامهم على نجاح هذه البرامج. أشارت النتائج إلى الاتجاهات الإيجابية عن هذه البرامج ، حيث تعتبرها المعلمات أدوات مفيدة يمكن أن تساعدهن في الحصول على رخصة التدريس. لذلك ، رأت المشاركات أن برامج التنمية المهنية ذات قيمة وتساعدهن على تحسن مهاراتهن التعليمية. تشير هذه النتائج إلى إعطاء الأولوية لبرامج التنمية المهنية لمعلمات الطفولة المبكرة في المملكة العربية السعودية قد يؤدي إلى زيادة الكفاءة والقدرة والحصول على رخصة التدريس المطلوبة. ينتهي البحث بتوصيات لمزيد من البحث حول كيفية تحسين برامج التنمية المهنية لتلبية احتياجات المعلمات بشكل أفضل

Information Needs among Parents of Cancer Children: A Systematic Review

Background: When a child is diagnosed with cancer, parents are affected, especially if they are unprepared and do not understand the illness. Parents' informational needs are frequently expressed and vary, so identifying parent needs is critical before providing health or nursing interventions. Aims: This review aimed to identify the information needs of parents of children with cancer. Method: PubMed, Medline, and CINAHL were applied to conduct electronic searches. The terms “information needs”, “parent”, “cancer”, and “child” were combined using Boolean expressions “OR” and “AND”. The inclusion criteria were non-experimental studies published in English within the last 10 years (2011-2021). A risk of bias assessment was conducted for each included study using the Joanna Bridge Institute critical appraisal tools. After identification and screening, the articles were filtered according to the criteria with a total of 15 articles included in this study. Furthermore, data extraction and synthesis were carried out. Narrative synthesis is used by collecting information on the findings of the article to be grouped into themes of finding problems. Results: Four themes emerged based on the results of the analysis: types of information needed; information formats; provision of information; and sources of information. Conclusion: This study concluded that parents require accurate information that addresses their specific information needs and is appropriate for their child's cancer stage. The provision of balanced written and verbal information, as well as information that is complete, accurate, and reliable, makes it easier for parents to increase their knowledge about caring for their children.

Relationship between FEV1/FVC and age in children with asthma.

Forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) normally decreases through childhood, increases briefly during early adolescence, and then declines throughout life. The physiology behind this temporary increase during early adolescence is not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine if this pattern occurs in children with asthma. Single-center, cross-sectional, retrospective analysis of pulmonary function tests obtained over a 5-year period in children 5-18 years of age with persistent asthma. A total of 1793 patients satisfied all inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mean age (±SD) was 10.4 ± 3.8 years. Forty-eight percent were female. Mean FEV1/FVC was 0.83 ± 0.09. FEV1/FVC was lower at 5 years of age than in healthy children, declined from age 5 to 11 by 5.7% compared to 7.3% in healthy girls, and 5.8% compared to 9.4% in healthy boys. FEV1/FVC increased in early adolescence, but at age 16, was 5.6% lower in male children compared to healthy children, and 5.4% lower in females. The ratio was lower in obese children at all ages but demonstrated the same curvilinear shape as healthy children. In absolute terms, FEV1 grew proportionately more than FVC during early adolescence, so the ratio of FEV1/FVC increased during that period. The curvilinear shape of the curve remained in postbronchodilator testing, though significantly blunted. FEV1/FVC is lower in children with persistent asthma than healthy children, but the "Shepherd's Hook" pattern is preserved. This was true in obese patients with asthma, although their FEV1/FVC ratios were lower throughout all stages of childhood and adolescence.

Senescence-associated ß-galactosidase staining over the lifespan differs in a short- and a long-lived fish species.

During the aging process, cells can enter cellular senescence, a state in which cells leave the cell cycle but remain viable. This mechanism is thought to protect tissues from propagation of damaged cells and the number of senescent cells has been shown to increase with age. The speed of aging determines the lifespan of a species and it varies significantly in different species. To assess the progress of cellular senescence during lifetime, we performed a comparative longitudinal study using histochemical detection of the senescence-associated beta-galactosidase as senescence marker to map the staining patterns in organs of the long-lived zebrafish and the short-lived turquoise killifish using light- and electron microscopy. We compared age stages corresponding to human stages of newborn, childhood, adolescence, adult and old age. We found tissue-specific but conserved signal patterns with respect to organ distribution. However, we found dramatic differences in the onset of tissue staining. The stained zebrafish organs show little to no signal at newborn age followed by a gradual increase in signal intensity, whereas the organs of the short-lived killifish show an early onset of staining already at newborn stage, which remains conspicuous at all age stages. The most prominent signal was found in liver, intestine, kidney and heart, with the latter showing the most prominent interspecies divergence in onset of staining and in staining intensity. In addition, we found staining predominantly in epithelial cells, some of which are post-mitotic, such as the intestinal epithelial lining. We hypothesize that the association of the strong and early-onset signal pattern in the short-lived killifish is consistent with a protective mechanism in a fast growing species. Furthermore, we believe that staining in post-mitotic cells may play a role in maintaining tissue integrity, suggesting different roles for cellular senescence during life.

Theoretical Basis and Realization Path of Early Childhood Ecological Education

In today's ecological crisis, raising ecological awareness and shaping ecological civilization should be started from childhood, and the ecological education in early childhood stage focuses on enlightening young children to establish the ecological consciousness of harmonious coexistence between human and nature. The physical and mental development of young children's characteristics determine the ecological education of young children should follow the principle of organic whole, Whitehead's philosophy of organism also presents the ecological implications of organic whole, that is, the ecological implications of the harmonious coexistence of man and nature, as well as a kind of organic educational ideas, that is, pay attention to the process of education, organic, holistic. This is inherently compatible with the ecological education of young children, and brings value inspiration to the ecological education of young children. To realize an organic ecological education for young children, it is necessary to establish an organic ecological concept of harmonious symbiosis; to construct an organic ecological education content for young children that puts equal emphasis on knowledge, emotion, intention and action; to form an educational process that focuses on young children's life and practice; and to integrate the resources of kindergartens, families and the society to improve the synergistic mechanism of ecological education for young children.

Critical Analysis of Social Cognitive Learning Theory and Its Implementation in Elementary Schools

This article aims to provide a critical analysis of Social Cognitive Learning Theory, explore its relevance in the elementary school context, and explore the challenges and potential for its implementation in the basic education environment. This research uses a literature study method with a focus on critical analysis of social cognitive learning theory and its implementation in elementary schools. Identification of library sources is carried out through literature searches in academic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and digital libraries. The search results show that the main concepts of social cognitive learning theory, such as observational learning and modeling, can be applied effectively in elementary schools. Adaptation of Concepts to Children's Learning Stages Based on literature searches, it shows that the main concepts of social cognitive learning theory can be adapted well to children's learning stages in elementary school. The use of peer modeling has also proven effective in creating an inclusive learning environment. Search results related to the main challenges in implementing social cognitive learning theory in elementary schools found resistance to change and limited teacher resources. From the results of literature searches and comparisons with related research, it can be concluded that social cognitive learning theory has great potential to be applied effectively in elementary schools. Key concepts can be adapted well, and their implementation provides both challenges and opportunities. To overcome these challenges, it is important to consider individual student differences, overcome resistance to change, and ensure adequate use of resources

Correlation Between Gaze Behaviors and Social Communication Skills of Young Autistic Children: A Meta-Analysis of Eye-Tracking Studies.

This meta-analysis examined correlations between eye-tracking measures of gaze behaviors manifested during dynamic salient social stimuli and behavioral assessment measures of social communication skills of young autistic children. We employed a multilevel model with random effects to perform three separate meta-analyses for correlation between social communication skills and (a) all gaze behaviors, (b) gaze duration, and (c) gaze transition. Subsequently, we performed meta-regression to assess the role of four moderators, including age, continuum of naturalness of stimuli, gaze metric, and area of interest, on correlation effect sizes that were heterogeneous at the population level. A total of 111 correlation coefficients from 17 studies for 1132 young autistic children or children with high-likelihood for autism (Mage range = 6-95months) were included in this meta-analysis. The correlation effect sizes for all three meta-analyses were significant, supporting the relation between improved gaze behaviors and better social communication skills. In addition, age, gaze metric, and area of interest were significant moderators. This suggests the importance of identifying meaningful gaze behaviors related to social communication skills and the increasingly influential role of gaze behaviors in shaping social communication skills as young autistic children progress through the early childhood stage. The continuum of naturalness of stimuli, however, was revealed to trend towards having a significant moderating effect. Lastly, it is important to note the evidence of potential publication bias. Our findings are discussed in the context of early identification and intervention and unraveling the complex nature of autism.