Career Stages Research Articles

Effective Clinical Externships for International Medical Students: A Qualitative Study.

International student exchanges are a significant part of medical education, and experiences of North American and European medical students abroad have been extensively examined. By contrast, knowledge of visiting medical students in the United States (US) is limited largely to surveys of administrators and course directors. To understand US attending physicians' thoughts on visiting international student clinical externships. Three clinician-educator physician focus groups were conducted across two US medical schools with broad representation of training backgrounds, clinical disciplines, and career stages. Focus groups and constant comparison analysis of transcripts were performed iteratively to identify emerging themes. Qualitative themes and subthemes. Two main themes emerged from the data: (1) administrative requirements for success: hosting international students requires careful planning and coordination, which is daunting amidst demanding faculty responsibilities. Externships must address experiences of the people directly involved in the clinical setting, leadership, communication, and institutional, financial, physical, and personnel resources. (2) Impact of student qualities: When working with international students, the importance of administrative details and student characteristics increases due to higher student variability overall, inconsistent language and cultural fluency, and the consequent recognition of the student as an ambassador for their home institution and country. Amidst already busy schedules, clinician educators identify the hosting of international medical students as a commitment resembling that for their own trainees. Linguistic and cultural distances, and the overall variability of international students amplify the importance of effective administration. The findings have influenced related processes at the University of Pittsburgh.

Perception of job security and professional self‐esteem of teachers: A mixed method research

AbstractProfessional self‐esteem and job security perceptions of teachers are considered to be factors that increase their teaching performance and overall teaching quality. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between teachers' professional self‐esteem and job security perceptions in Turkey and to determine the impact of demographic characteristics on this relationship. In the study, the nested embedded mixed research method was preferred. For quantitative data, the professional self‐esteem and job security level of 660 respondent teachers were compared in terms of demographic characteristics (gender, marital status, education level, union membership, staff type, age, and years of service). For qualitative data, a structured interview form was utilized to examine the views of 54 participants about their profession. Our study reveals the intricate dynamics between teachers' professional self‐esteem and job security, emphasizing the role of gender, union membership, and career stage. The findings of the study revealed that female teachers demonstrated higher professional self‐esteem, likely due to their emotional intelligence and communication skills. Un‐ionized teachers reported greater professional self‐esteem, suggesting the positive influence of unions in safeguarding teachers' rights. Contract teachers, aware of job insecurity, exhibited elevated professional self‐esteem, indicating a drive for continuous skill development. Younger teachers (aged 21–30) displayed higher professional self‐esteem, emphasizing their enthusiasm and adaptability. These findings underscore the complex interplay between self‐esteem, job security, and external factors, with significant implications for teacher support and policymaking.

A-183 Examination of the Roles and Responsibilities of Clinical Chemists as Determined by an International Peer Response-Based Survey

Abstract Background Doctoral-level clinical chemists (also termed clinical biochemists) have unique, broad roles in laboratory medicine spanning numerous clinical specialties. However, the full scope of responsibilities for a clinical chemist is not well understood, and institutional recognition and support varies. We sought to better understand the roles and responsibilities of practicing clinical chemists through distribution of an online survey designed to examine work-related responsibilities and other key factors related to job satisfaction. Survey results demonstrate the value of clinical chemists and can be used to promote parity within the profession. Methods Survey data was collected for 5 weeks from 10/10/2022-11/14/2022. The survey was targeted towards individuals holding doctoral level degrees (MD, PhD or MD/PhD), and consisted of 41 questions related to demographics, compensation, duties/responsibilities, and institutional support. Data analysis focused on responses from full-time clinical chemists located in the US and Canada (n=223/298 total respondents). Results Survey responses included male (n=109) and female (n=109) clinicians from all career stages (early <10y, n=101; mid 10-20y, n=63; late >20y, n=59). Clinical chemistry was the primary specialty reported (69%), followed by clinical pathology (16%), with 55% of responses reporting more than one specialty of practice, most often toxicology (21%). Multiple institution types (academic, community, reference laboratory, other) and academic career tracks (clinical, education, research, other) were represented; Most respondents were based in an academic hospital laboratory (n=131/223). Self-reported daily working hours varied by gender, years in practice, job duties and institutional setting; Females reported working more hours than males, working hours increased with years in practice, and the academic hospital setting reported the longest working hours, as did those on an ‘Education’ track. Responsibilities were quantified based on time spent per week; Clinical service represented the greatest time spent per week (majority result, 20-40h/week), followed by administrative (1-20h/week), research (<1-10h/week), teaching (<1-10h/week) and CE (<1-10h/week) duties. Support for clinical responsibilities was assessed further; 69% of respondents felt they had adequate time to perform clinical responsibilities, 55% reported access to adequate resources to perform clinical responsibilities and 51% reported feeling ‘Moderately’ or ‘Very’ stressed by clinical workload assignment. Top reasons for feeling overwhelmed included ‘Understaffing or inadequate support staff’ (n=113 responses), ‘Increased volume of work or caseload’ (n=73 responses) and ‘Lack of IT support to make necessary changes/improvements’ (n=70 responses). Resource quality was individually rated; Medical technologists, research technologists/scientists, LIS support and research support received a ‘Less than adequate’ rating by the majority of respondents, while compensation, administrative support and equipment received majority ‘Adequate’ ratings. Conclusions Clinical chemists work in a wide range of healthcare settings with unique career tracks, although the majority of work hours are devoted to provision of clinical service regardless of role definition. Most or all prioritize clinical work due to limited resources, which can limit research time and academic contributions. Clinical responsibilities are tied to feelings of stress and overwhelm in more than half of the survey population and could be reduced with improved quality and/or quantity of staff support.

How has scientific performance of distinguished young scholars in China changed compared to their early careers?

PurposeThis paper aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the scientific performance of distinguished young scholars in China during the pre-award and early stages of their research careers, aiming to provide insights into their growth pattern.Design/methodology/approachSpearman correlation was used to analyse the correlation between various academic ages and awarding age of the distinguished young scholars. The Wilcoxon matched pairs test was used to analyse variations in their scientific performance across different research stages.FindingsThe findings showed that: a) early successful research experiences significantly impact their emergence as outstanding scientists. While a low correlation exists between publication ages and awards, perseverance proves crucial for later-stage academic achievements; b) productivity increases before awards, with notable variations between first-author and non-first-authored publications; c) collaboration intensifies before awards, particularly in non-first author roles. However, discipline-specific variations highlight the importance of smaller teams and first-author roles, especially in the early career stage; d) the correlation between collaboration and productivity depends on research roles, emphasizing the evolving nature of collaboration dynamics as scholars progress in their careers.Originality/valueThis study could offer a reference for formulating well-founded talent training programs and reward mechanisms.

Generative artificial intelligence usage by researchers at work: Effects of gender, career stage, type of workplace, and perceived barriers

The integration of generative artificial intelligence technology into research environments has become increasingly common in recent years, representing a significant shift in the way researchers approach their work. This paper seeks to explore the factors underlying the frequency of use of generative AI amongst researchers in their professional environments. As survey data may be influenced by a bias towards scientists interested in AI, potentially skewing the results towards the perspectives of these researchers, this study uses a regression model to isolate the impact of specific factors such as gender, career stage, type of workplace, and perceived barriers to using AI technology on the frequency of use of generative AI. It also controls for other relevant variables such as direct involvement in AI research or development, collaboration with AI companies, geographic location, and scientific discipline. Our results show that researchers who face barriers to AI adoption experience an 11 % increase in tool use, while those who cite insufficient training resources experience an 8 % decrease. Female researchers experience a 7 % decrease in AI tool usage compared to men, while advanced career researchers experience a significant 19 % decrease. Researchers associated with government advisory groups are 45 % more likely to use AI tools frequently than those in government roles. Researchers in for-profit companies show an increase of 19 %, while those in medical research institutions and hospitals show an increase of 16 % and 15 %, respectively. This paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving the use of generative AI tools amongst researchers, with valuable implications for both academia and industry.

12555 Stress Fractures In A Military Population Across Different Career Stages

12555 Stress Fractures In A Military Population Across Different Career Stages

What leads to a professorship in German economics? A longitudinal analysis of tenure determinants (1984–2021)

ABSTRACT This study uses event history analysis to show what promotes tenure in German economics, utilizing a unique and virtually complete national dataset that includes 70,657 publications from 3955 economists, of which 1196 received tenure between 1984 and 2021. While existing theories emphasize that gender discrimination, parenthood, human capital, academic prestige, and social capital explain who is tenured, no study has thus far evaluated these factors concurrently across an entire national population of economists. Our findings reveal that fewer women receive tenure than would be expected based on their representation in the candidate pool. However, gender, parenthood, and non-reviewed publications do not significantly influence tenure attainment after controlling for covariates. Instead, mobility, accessing advanced career stages, and peer-reviewed journal articles are most strongly related to receiving tenure. Independently of productivity, academic prestige, such as receiving grants and awards, also impacts tenure prospects significantly, as does social capital, measured through research mobility, interim professorships and co-authorships. Being affiliated with prestigious universities shows minimal effects on receiving tenure, however. These findings imply that mobility, moving up career stages and being productive by publishing peer-reviewed journal articles are the strongest determinants of becoming a tenured economics professor in Germany.

ChatGPT is likely reducing opportunity for support, friendship and learned kindness in research

Abstract Large language models (LLM) have proved to be highly popular since the release of ChatGPT, leading many researchers to explore their potential across multiple fields of scientific research. In a recent Perspective, Cooper et al. (2024) highlight a set of benefits and challenges for the use of LLMs in ecology, emphasising their value to coding in research and education. While we agree that the ability of LLMs to assist in the coding process is remarkable, researchers should be conscious that this capability is likely changing the lived experience of primarily computational researchers, especially early career ecologists between Masters and Postdoctoral career stages. In particular, since the release of ChatGPT, the authors of this paper have noticed a marked reduction in the frequency of social interactions emergent from coding and statistics queries. These questions are highly likely still being asked, but now often exclusively to a LLM. Further research is needed to fully understand the effect of LLMs on the lived‐experience of researchers and students. For primarily computational researchers, ChatGPT is likely reducing emergent opportunity for support, friendship and learned kindness. Group leaders should recognise this and foster deliberate within‐group communication and collaboration.

We Don't Talk About X(Twitter): A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Social Media Utilization Among Neurologists.

Medical professionals use social media for career development, education, clinical outreach, or advocacy. Prior studies estimate that 25% to 65% of health care providers use social media professionally; however, the number of users and platforms are rapidly changing. Therefore, as part of a broader study, we set out to assess platform preferences and social media usage among neurologists. This was a multisite cross-sectional analysis consisting of a REDCap survey of clinicians, residents, and medical students. Faculty, trainees, or clinical year medical students interested in child neurology or adult neurology residency or fellowship programs within the United States were eligible to participate. Recruitment methods were broad to encompass as diverse and extensive participation as possible. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Data are presented according to the STROBE guidelines. Of the 226 neurology respondents, 55% (n = 124) were child neurology and 45% (n = 102) were adult neurology across all career stages, including students. Of the 70% who reported using social media in a professional capacity, the most commonly reported reasons were for networking and collaboration (n = 95, 60%), self-directed medical learning (n = 90, 57%), and brand building and reputation (n = 62, 39%). Twitter and Facebook were the most common and versatile platforms used by neurologists. Medical students had the highest documentation of social media scholarships on their curriculum vitae (37%, P = .016) and the most interest (33%, P = .016) in learning how to document social media scholarships if they were not already. Early faculty shared this interest more than residents, fellows, or mid-late career faculty. In all groups except for mid-late career faculty, a majority of respondents (>75%) showed interest in learning how to leverage social media for career development. Social media is used professionally by a majority of neurologists, most commonly for networking, self-directed learning, and building individual brands. Opportunities exist to better understand platform preferences and ways to optimize their use for various professional activities as well as to provide education on effective professional use of social media including documentation for promotion.

Gender disparities among financial entrepreneurs: The case of hedge funds

ABSTRACT Hedge funds (HFs) operate as small and medium-sized enterprises and are managed by entrepreneurs. When it comes to gender, the HF industry is among the most unequal sectors. International associations tried to reduce this gap by creating entrepreneurial ecosystems tailored to women in finance. Such initiatives are ineffective if quality is not present. The market is quick to assess who will survive and who will not. If there is a gender gap, we must first assess whether it comes from differences in performance. Our results indicate that this is not the case, at least for equity HFs with global investment focus. Sociocultural factors are more likely the reason. Our findings should encourage women in finance to break sociocultural barriers and take on leadership responsibilities. Efforts should focus on encouraging women to join the finance industry at the earliest career stages. Efficient capital markets will then select the best managers, regardless of their gender.

Increasing Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in the Health and Health Services Research Workforce: A Systematic Scoping Review.

Health and health services research institutions seek to increase diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) to overcome structural bias. The objective of this review is to identify, characterize, and evaluate programs aimed to strengthen DEI in the health and health services research workforces. We conducted a systematic scoping review of literature of 2012-2022 North American peer-reviewed empirical studies in PubMed and Embase using the Arksey and O'Malley approach. This review identified 62 programs that varied in focus, characteristics, and outcomes. Programs focused on supporting a spectrum of underrepresented groups based on race/ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation, disability status, and socioeconomic status. The majority of programs targeted faculty/investigators, compared to other workforce roles. Most programs were 1 year in length or less. The practices employed within programs included skills building, mentoring, and facilitating the development of social networks. To support program infrastructure, key strategies included supportive leadership, inclusive climate, resource allocation, and community engagement. Most programs evaluated success based on shorter-term metrics such as the number of grants submitted and manuscripts published. Relatively few programs collected long-term outcomes on workforce pathway outcomes including hiring, promotion, and retention. This systematic scoping review outlined prevalent practices to advance DEI in the health and health services research field. As DEI programs proliferate, more work is needed by research universities, institutes, and funders to realign institutional culture and structures, expand resources, advance measurement, and increase opportunities for underrepresented groups at every career stage.

Polémica Polémica entre Raúl Roa García y Jorge Mañach

Raúl Roa García, one of the most lucid intellectuals of the Cuban 20th century, multifaceted, controversial, writer, essayist, legitimate Marxist, with a profound, anti-imperialist, anti-dogmatic and heterodox vision, which made him a prominent figure in the academic field. . The objective pursued is framed in showing the controversy between Roa and Mañach regarding social problems and the place and role of Marxism. The analysis is based on the heuristic and hermeneutical study of Roa's works with emphasis on the polemic of reference, all from a materialist and dialectical perspective. Correspondingly, the methods of the theoretical level were used: historical-logical, analysis-synthesis and induction-deduction. They allowed us to analyze the different stages of Roa's career and the development of his thinking, always within the context in which he lived. The above allowed us to arrive at considerations which show the Marxist actions of Raúl Roa.Keywords: Raúl Roa, Jorge Mañach, Marxism, anti-imperialism, controversy.

Environmental impacts of drugs against parasitic vector-borne diseases and the need to integrate sustainability into their development and use

Background The current scientific discourse on environmental impacts of veterinary medicines mostly focuses on ectoparasiticides. Meanwhile, the environmental impacts of widely prescribed drugs for the treatment of human and animal parasitic vector-borne diseases (PVBD) remain largely unexplored. There is thus a need for evidence-based information to support guidelines and protocols for sustainable One Health PVBD drug development and use, while promoting greener research practices. Here, we reflect on the potential environmental impacts of PVBD drugs in current use, and the environmental impact of our research practices for developing new antiparasitics. Methods We conducted a survey to assess the current appreciation of sustainable drug design concepts and the extent to which One Health and sustainability principles are integrated into PVBD drug discovery and development. The survey also explored which human, technical, and funding resources are currently used in Europe and neighbouring countries in PVBD drugs research. The analysis and reflection are developed within the “One Health drugs against parasitic vector borne diseases in Europe and beyond” Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action 21111 (OneHealthdrugs). Results The survey response rate was 66%, from 32 countries, predominantly European. 87% of participating collaborators worked in Academia; research groups were small (60% with 1-4 researchers) and mostly consist of few researchers, mostly at early career stages (63% <35 years old). Collaborations were mostly between academics, and 60% collaborated with non-European researchers, while funding was mostly from national governments. Motivation for greener research practices was high but there was as yet low implementation of green strategies or the incorporation of ecotoxicological test in drug development workflows, due to cost and unfamiliarity. Conclusions We highlight the need for early-ecotoxicological testing of new drug candidates and suggest best practices as we move towards standardized protocols in developing safe and efficacious PVBD drugs.

How Do Observational Astronomers Learn to Inspect Imaging Data

Astronomy is entering an unprecedented era of data collection. Upcoming large surveys will gather more data than ever before, generated at rates requiring real-time decision making. Looking ahead, it is inevitable that astronomers will need to rely more heavily on automated processes. Indeed, some instances have already arisen wherein the majority of the inspection process is automated. Visual discovery, performed traditionally by humans, is one key area where automation is now being integrated rapidly. Visual discovery comprises two aspects: (1) visual inspection, the skill associated with examining an image to identify areas or objects of interest; and (2) visual interpretation, the knowledge associated with the classification of the objects or features. Both skills and knowledge are vital for humans to perform visual discovery, however, there appears to have been limited investigation into how the skill of visual inspection in astronomy is acquired. In this work, we address this issue by setting out to identify the landscape within which observational astronomers develop the skills to perform visual inspection. We report on a survey of 70 professional observational astronomers, at various career stages and from different geographical regions. We found that between 63%and 73% of the astronomers surveyed had received formal and/or informal training in visual inspection of images, although formal training (21%) was less common than informal training (60%). Surprisingly, out of the 37% who did not recall having received training in visual inspection, 29% (20 astronomers) indicated that they provided training to others. This suggests the emergence of ``expertise without precedent'' where a first expert in the field provides a new way of achieving a task. These results, paired with a set of three pilot interviews, present a touchstone against which the training of future observational astronomers can be compared.

From Earnings to Occupations: Understanding Intergenerational Mobility inTurkey

The studies analyzing intergenerational economic mobility have been rather scarce for developing countries due to unavailability of longitudinal datasets. This study uses data from Survey of Income and Living Condition (SILC) from2006- 2021, obtained from Turkish Statistical Institute to analyze the intergenerational income and occupational mobility in Turkey. Besides measuring the dynamics of income and occupational mobility across generations, we also analyze howdoes the association of children socioeconomic outcome with their family backgroundvary at different career levels of children. Our findings reveal that the associationwith parents income is much higher for daughters as compared to sons suggestingdaughters outcomes are more explained by their family socioeconomic status. Regarding the association of children’ outcome with family status at different career stage, the relationship is stronger when children are at the mid-career level. The Bayesian methodology and Pseudo-panel fixed effect model has beenemployed to estimate intergenerational income elasticity and for the rest of the analysis, Bayesian methodology has been utilized. Our finding also reveals higher intergenerational occupational persistence among children in higher income families while children from disadvantaged families have higher probability of switching career upon receiving good education and income perspective.

Empowering through feedback: Economics teachers' motivations for assessment practices in public schools

Research on assessment feedback practices in economics education within South African public schools has been limited, particularly in terms of teachers' motivations and approaches. This study addresses this gap by exploring the reasons and motivations behind Grade 10-12 Economics teachers' use of assessment feedback in three public schools in South Africa. A qualitative case study design was employed, involving three teachers at different career stages. Data was collected through semi-structured individual interviews and document analysis of feedback samples. Thematic analysis, informed by the concept of feedback literacy, was used to analyse the data. The findings revealed two primary motivations: using assessment feedback for academic growth and providing feedback for real-world application. Teachers viewed feedback as a crucial tool for enhancing students' understanding of economic concepts and preparing them for future academic and professional challenges. The study concludes that teachers' feedback practices align with contemporary educational theories and demonstrate a commitment to contextualising economics education within the South African environment. Recommendations include implementing targeted professional development programs to enhance feedback literacy, revising curricula to incorporate opportunities for meaningful feedback, and conducting further research across diverse educational contexts. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of assessment practices in Economics education and has implications for teacher professional development and curriculum design in South African public schools, ultimately aiming to develop economically literate and critically engaged citizens.

Influence of a seed-funded community of practice on the development of academic staff research at a comprehensive University in South Africa

This study seeks to explore the influence of a seed-funded project on the research development, professional growth, and collaboration of academic staff. It employed a qualitative reflective inquiry design to elicit the views of participants in the Domain of Emerging Researcher Excellence (DERE). The DERE has a total of 13 members, but for this study, seven participants were selected as a purposive diverse sample representing various disciplines, career stages, and levels of engagement within the Community of Practice (CoP). The findings revealed two main sources of knowledge platforms that helped participants shape their individual research developments. Participants also highlighted the collaborative activities and knowledge-sharing practices prevalent in the DERE. The interdisciplinary project was considered a gateway for professional growth and career trajectories, facilitating mentorship development activities among academics involved in the project. The study concludes that providing seed funding for CoPs can enhance the growth of academic staff research within universities in emerging economies. This initiative has significant implications for fostering a vibrant research culture within institutions, enhancing research capacity among staff, and promoting collaborative engagement across disciplines. Additionally, institutional policies should outline strategies to ensure the long-term sustainability of CoPs beyond seed funding. The study acknowledges the complexity of promoting research capacity for early-career researchers; however, to ensure sustainability, seed-funded projects that influence individual professional growth and emerging researcher career trajectories should be given opportunities to develop their own funding mechanisms so that they do not become extinct once the seed-funding period elapses.

The gender gap in earnings growth at the early stage of work careers in Korea

Previous research analyzing Western societies reported no gender gap in earnings growth after accounting for initial job allocation, attributing the widening gender gap in mid-career to the impact of family formation. This pattern is often referred to as the “last chapter” of gender inequality, but there is no consensus that this phenomenon is universal or place-specific. The applicability of these findings to non-Western contexts remains unclear. This study examines the gender gap in earnings growth in a non-Western advanced economy, South Korea, net of initial job assignment and factors related to family formation. The 2008–2010 Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey is used and the gender differences in job allocation and family formation are balanced with the application of the inverse probability of treatment weights. The results of individual-fixed effects models show that college-educated women in Korea face lower earnings growth and lower promotion prospects than their male counterparts. The magnitude and mechanisms of this female disadvantage vary across labor market sectors. The implications of these findings are discussed.

The h-Index Explained: Tools, Limitations and Strategies for Academic Success

The h-index, introduced by J.E Hursh in 2005, is a prevalent metric for assessing academic research productivity and impact. It evaluates a researcher’s cumulative impact by comparing the number of their publications to the number of citations they have received. Despite its straightforward computation, the h-index can be confusing for novice researchers. Various databases like Scopus, Google Scholar, ResearchGate and Web of Science offer h-index computations, each with unique features and access requirements. For example, Google Scholar provides h-index information based on citations indexed by its service, while Web of Sciences offers a comprehensive profile including total citations and indexed articles. The h-index is widely used in academia for evaluating candidates for hiring and promotion. Studies reveal varying benchmarks for different career stages and disciplines, with higher h-indices typically associated with senior researchers. However, the h-index has limitations, such as favouring established researchers and not accounting for citation practices across different fields. Further, some fields tend to have more literature available than others and there it appears imperative that those fields with less literature will mostly likely attract less readership resulting in less citations and hence lower h-Index for researcher and academicians in such fields. It also does not reflect publication quality or contributions beyond citations. Researchers can improve their h-index by publishing in high-impact journals, making research open access, collaborating, staying active in their field, and promoting their work. Despite its utility, the h-index should be used alongside other metrics to provide a more holistic view of a researcher’s impact.

THE EFFECTS OF WORK ENGAGEMENT ON KALEIDOSCOPE CAREER MODELS

The Kaleidoscope Career Model has emerged as a novel framework within the realm of contemporary career approaches. Within the evolving landscape of the workforce, it offers significant analytical opportunities for individuals to manage their careers more effectively. Comprising parameters of authenticity, balance, and challenge, the Kaleidoscope Career Model reflects a dynamic interplay influenced by career stage, gender, and life circumstances, akin to the ever-changing patterns of a kaleidoscope. The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of employees' levels of work engagement on the Kaleidoscope Career Model and its parameters. Additionally, the study seeks to contribute to the literature on the Kaleidoscope Career Model. The sample for this research consists of employees working in call centers in Trabzon (n=393). Correlation analysis was employed to assess relationships, while simple regression methods were used to evaluate effects. These analyses were conducted using the SPSS package program. The findings reveal that work engagement positively and significantly influences the Kaleidoscope Career Model, balance, and challenge parameters, while negatively impacting authenticity. Another key finding indicates that in periods of high work engagement, the challenge parameter predominates, whereas during periods of low work engagement, the authenticity parameter takes precedence.