Stages Of Structural Changes Research Articles

PREREQUISITES AND TASKS OF CHANGING THE FUNCTIONS AND FORM OF THE REGIONAL TYPOLOGY OF THE LUGANSK REGION

Donbas has successively gone through several stages of formation as a regional unit. Changes were formed under the influence of external factors, with a significant part of administrative coercion, which contributed to the accumulation of structural problems and contradictions. In the current period, the region is engulfed in war. Another stage of structural changes in the region is being recorded. It is difficult to predict the scale and nature of changes in the functions of the regional typology, but there are reasons to believe that certain functions of the regional typology will undergo significant changes. This will lead to changes in form with an impact on the transformation of the engineering and planning organization of the region as a whole. The aim of the research is to determine the trends, circumstances and prerequisites for changes in the functions and form of Luhansk region. To analyze the correspondence of regional typologies according to the features of function and form in modern conditions of armed conflict. Determine the task of urban development of the region in accordance with modern conditions. 
 The research shows that the functions of the region, Luhansk region in particular, have changed. Luhansk region in modern conditions acquires features that do not fall under the existing classification. A border region is being formed, the main function of which is not cross-border cooperation and the development of interstate relations, but the formation of the border in the conditions of war and post-war reconstruction, the construction of a security zone. The inconsistency of typological features forms the task of updating the regional model of the planning organization. The regional model of territorial planning will involve closing the border, making it impossible to be transparent; suspension of transport connections - road and rail; restriction of the movement of citizens in the direction of the border of Russia, that is, the introduction of a special transit regime; disconnection of engineering networks from communication with the aggressor country. 
 The tasks of urban development are based on principles, among the main ones it should be highlighted - the principle of security and safety, accessibility, autonomy, adaptability, attractiveness, environmental friendliness and reproduction of the environment. The principles of urban development in the tasks of reproduction of the occupied territories are given in the article. Factors influencing the processes of urban development in the conditions of post-war development are analyzed. The task of urban development of the region in accordance with modern conditions is formulated.

Four stages of multi-scale structural changes in rice starch during the entire high hydrostatic pressure treatment

The degree of gelatinization (DG) was used as the variable to describe changes in the multi-scale structure of rice starch during the entire high hydrostatic pressure treatment (HHP-treatment), and four stages were identified. (1) Energy accumulation (100–400 MPa, DG<10%): water molecules were pressed into the amorphous lamellae and starch continued to receive energy with the increasing pressure, which resulted in the loosening of hierarchical structures. (2) Disruption of low-level structures (400–600 MPa, 10% < DG<30%): more water molecules entered the crystalline lamellae, leading to the disruption of the molecular and helical structures. The lowest Mw, Mn and Rz and the highest ρ values were observed and the content of helical structure decreased significantly. (3) Destruction of high-level structures (400–600 MPa, 30% < DG<50%): both the entry of water molecules and the alteration of low-level structures reduced the amount of short-ordered structure and crystalline structure, as well as the thickness of lamellar structure. The starch granules were deformed, and the particle size increased significantly. (4) Disintegration of all hierarchical structures (400–600 MPa, 50% < DG<100%): all hierarchical starch structures were progressively destroyed and the “broken gel fragments” were formed. This study reveals four stages of structural changes in the HHP-treated rice starch, which provides theoretical guidance for obtaining modified starch with different properties under the HHP-treatment.

Domain Size, Temperature, and Time Dependence of Photodegradation in MAPbI3 Probed by Raman Spectroscopy

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites display remarkable photovoltaic properties, but instability arises from the material’s surface and photoexcitation. The photodegradation process of methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) investigated with above bandgap excitation Raman spectroscopy displays two stages of structural change in polycrystalline films of varying domain sizes and a single crystal. Subtle surface changes occur below an excitation density threshold; PbI2 formation scales linearly above this threshold in thin films. However, the rate of change with excitation density increases with more grain surfaces. Whereas with a moderate level of heating into the cubic phase, accelerated photodegradation occurs in a single crystal. From experimental kinetic modeling, PbI2 nuclei on the surface grow until they meet in the polycrystalline films, proceeding one-dimensionally inward from the surface. These results suggest that the surface acts as a location for photogenerated carrier accumulation, leading to degradation and PbI2 formation.

Early Stage of Structural Changes and Molecular Dynamics of Cytochrome C in an Aqueous Solution Caused by the Addition of Methanol

Early Stage of Structural Changes and Molecular Dynamics of Cytochrome C in an Aqueous Solution Caused by the Addition of Methanol

Gender and Industrialization: Developments and Trends in the Context of Developing Countries

This paper reviews the literature on the relationship between gender (in)equality and industrialization in the context of developing countries. It documents past developments, accounting for pre-industrial preconditions that might explain current differences in gender roles across societies. Moreover, it discusses the main drivers of the relationship between gender equality, economic development and structural change with a focus on the mechanisms driving this complex relationship. It provides novel empirical evidence of recent developments and the current state of gender equality in different spheres in developing countries at different stages of structural change. The study also identifies emerging trends, for instance, related to more recent technological advancements in Industry 4.0 and premature deindustrialization, and discusses their possible impacts on gender equality in developing countries. The ultimate aim of the paper is to identify knowledge gaps and to formulate relevant research questions that need to be addressed to design constructive policies aimed at promoting gender equality in developing countries.

Metabolic status of rabbits under physiological adaptation to cage husbandry technology

The article considers changes in biochemical blood parameters depending on the degree of adaptation process manifesting on the plantar surface of hind limbs of different sex rabbits and physiological state under cage husbandry technology. Groups of stud bucks (1st series), pregnant and lactating does (2nd and 3rd series of experiments) were formed according to the stages of structural changes depending on the stress of physiological regulatory processes of adaptation (the systematics proposed by R.M. Baevsky). The authors studied the following factors in serum: total protein, protein fractions (albumin, α-, β-, γ-globulin), creatinine, total bilirubin, urea, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase, glucose triacylglycerol and cholesterol. At the stressed stage of regulatory systems the group of bucks showed a reduction of total bilirubin on the background of decrease of ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase, which can testify to activation of liver function at this stage, and increase in bilirubin, ALT, AST with a simultaneous decrease in alkaline phosphatase, noted at the overstress stage of physiological adaptation regulatory processes, can testify to decrease in the functional activity of hepatocytes.Pregnant rabbits have the most pronounced compensatory reactions in the third stage of the adaptation process: the increase in absolute and relative γ-globulin values indicates the activation of immune factors. An increase in creatinine and urea levels during the gestation period, against a background of developing adaptive changes on the plantar surface of the feet, indicates a decrease in the filtration capacity of the renal tubules.Lactating animals experience an increased physiological load on the liver, which is expressed by an increase in triacylglycerols throughout the adaptation.

Results of the Post-Soviet Transformation of Higher Education

The article uses the socio-cultural methodology and comparative studies to examine the results of the transformation of national higher school systems in the former USSR on the eve of the post-Soviet thirtieth anniversary. It is established that over the past decades of the post–Soviet transformation, the higher school of 15 States of the former USSR has gone through two main stages: the first was primarily a stage of structural changes, and the second was integration into the European higher education space. A classification of the realities of organizational orientation of higher education systems is proposed, dividing them into westernized (the Baltic countries, Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan), systems with specific educational balances (Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Armenia), and outsider countries (Turkmenistan, Tajikistan). It is shown that during this period unique cases of transformation of national higher schools emerged. They evolved from divergence in the direction of convergence through E-education and global unification. The purpose of the study was to show that in the near future post-Soviet structures of higher education will have to respond primarily to universal post-industrial challenges based on the identification of stages of higher education evolution.

Application of the Entropy Approach for Analyzing the D16 Alloy Aging Stages

The possibility of evaluating the structural entropy of sheet samples of D16 alloy after aging at 50, 100, 150, and 200°C for 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min is considered. A quantitative relationship between the treatment conditions and crystallinity level is established. The effect of the stages of structural changes during aging on the variation of structural entropy is determined.

Analysis of modern problems of strategy formation of the territorial tourist and recreation complex

The purpose of the article is to improve methodological recommendations for the development of a strategy for the development of tourist and recreational complex, which ensures the achievement of socio-economic stability. Methodology of research. Theoretical and methodological basis of the study were the fundamental works of domestic and foreign scientists on the problems of functioning and sustainable development of socio-economic systems. The basis of the study is a systematic and integrated approach to solving regional problems, methodology of strategic management, integration approach to the management of territorial economic complexes. Findings. The strategic concept of sustainable development of tourist and recreational sphere is analyzed, which should be determined by the modern direction of evolution, have a through character and be embodied in the spheres of human activity. Effective structural renewal in the organizations of tourism and recreational sphere is investigated, which should be implemented taking into account the proposed stages of structural changes and their strategic management on the basis of modern statistical analysis techniques. It is proposed to use the concept of integrated management of strategic changes, which allows to link strategic planning and strategy implementation into a single process and to form an effective system of management of tourist and recreational complexes. Improvement of methodological approaches to the formation of a strategy for the development of tourist and recreational complex, which ensures the achievement of socio-economic stability of the system. Practical value. The practical significance of the research results is that the stipulated results can serve as a basis for the formation and implementation of a strategy for the development of tourist and recreational regions of Ukraine. Scientific recommendations will allow regional governing bodies to develop a system of actionable measures to increase the efficiency of development and operation of territorial tourist and recreational complexes. Keywords: territorial tourist and recreational complex, sustainable development strategy, integrated management concept, socio-economic sustainability. REFERENCES 1. Berlin, S. I. (2016). Formirovanie regional’nyh strategij razvitija v sfere turistsko- rekreacionnyh uslug [Formation of regional development strategies in the field of tourist and recreational services]. Strategija razvitija regionov. Nauchnyj vestni, 1, 33–38. Retrieved from https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ formirovanie-regionalnyh-strategiy-razvitiya-v-sfere-turistsko-rekreatsionnyh-uslug/viewer (accessed 01 June 2019) [in Ukrainian]. 2. Vinogradova, M. V. (2013). 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ROLE OF ACTIVE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS IN LIFE CYCLE OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS

During the life cycle of building constructions, a complex of interconnected and interdependent processes and stages of structural changes are implemented that ensure the safety of their functioning. The structural elements that determines through their existence in the structure of any composite, the conditions of the life history of the construction-system are cracks, inner surfaces of partition and residual deformations. The selected elements belong to the conditionally invisible parts of the material structure. Cracks, internal interfaces and residual deformations can be distinguished as active structural elements, as they are able to react to any influences in the same tempo-rhythm, predeterminations the timely manifestation of structural adaptation (self-organization). This ensures external and internal safety of constructions during operation. However, cracks, inner surfaces of partition and deformities can shorten the life history of the construction, taking it to the path of degradation and death. Thus, cracks, inner surfaces of partition and deformations perform both a structural and destructive role in the life cycle of a construction. Therefore, an important task should be considered an analysis of the role of active elements in the life cycle of building constructions. The carried out analysis contributes to solving the problems related to improvement of safety of structures and products functioning due to directed guidance of active elements in the form of cracks and internal interfaces with mandatory consideration of the influence of residual deformations. To quantify the change of total length of cracks and inner surfaces of partition can be through the coefficients of damage Kd and Kd1. Increasing structural diversity of concrete and expanded clay concrete contributes to the organization of structures in which the distribution of initial cracks prevents them from growing to dimensions dangerous to the structure.

Structure evolution mechanism of highly ordered graphite during carbonization of cellulose nanocrystals

The microstructural evolution of highly ordered graphite during high temperature carbonization of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) was traced in the temperature range of 1000–2500 °C. It was interesting to note that the direct carbonization of CNC under inert environment led to an irregular morphology due to molecular fusion whereas oxidative stabilization at 250 °C under air and subsequent carbonization preserved the pristine needle-like structure of the CNC during carbonization. Various characterizations such as high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) exhibited that the carbonization of CNC undergoes three distinctive stages of structural changes depending on carbonization temperature: (1) formation of turbo-stratic graphitic structure below 1500 °C (1st stage), (2) phase conversion to polycrystalline graphite between 1500 and 2000 °C (2nd stage), and (3) in-plane homogenization to highly ordered graphite above 2000 °C (3rd stage).

DEVELOPMENT OF ACOUSTIC CONTROL METHOD FOR STEEL STRUCTURES CHANGES DETECTION AND EVALUATION

Detection of defects at the stage of their origination, specifically at the stage of structural changes in the metal structures material, is the current issue. The main methods for determining the structural changes in the material of metal structures are considered, their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed, a new method for determining the structural changes using modern methods of non-destructive testing, namely ultrasonic phased arrays is proposed.

A New Approach to Investigate Thin Surface Layers of Polymers: Fatigue Analysis of Polycarbonate

A new technique to investigate chemical structures of very thin surface (mesoscopic scale) layers of polar polymers is proposed. The chemical structures and conformations of ∼100 nm-thick slabs that were obtained from a polymer surface were studied by infrared spectroscopy combined with a previously developed thin sample preparation system. The dielectric functions were calculated using oscillator models from reflection spectra of the slabs, which were cut with a diamond blade. The molecular movements caused by shear force perturbations after the cutting process ("flexed state") were observed. The technique was applied to analyze the changes in the chemical structure of bisphenol A polycarbonate (BPAPC) throughout a bending cyclic fatigue test. Three characteristic stages of structural changes in the flexed state under the cyclic fatigue test were observed. Our technique has the potential to clarify the intrinsic structures of solid polymers such as the degree of entanglement and the tendency for order or disorder caused by the surrounding chain interaction.

Влияние центро-периферийного развития на изменение территориальной структуры промышленности стран СНГ

The article explores the aspects of interaction between centre and periphery at various levels. The article reveals some factors which cause these stages changing and corresponding spatial processes. The article also describes the features of the contemporary stage of structural changes of the Commonwealth of Independent State's industry.

New method for detecting the early stage of structural changes by using HTSC squid‐based magnetometer

AbstractThe new method of detection the early stage of structural changes in stainless steel samples is proposed and used. It includes the registration of initial magnetization line shift, the zero region of magnetic hysteretic loop (B‐H). This method is based on the use of high sensitive SQUID magnetic sensor. As a result, the spontaneous magnetic moment that treated sample manifests in zero external magnetic fields is recoded. The magnetic moments of cold worked 316 stainless steel have been measured as an application of this type of HTSC (High Tempe rapture SuperConducting) SQUID‐based magnetometer. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Tempering Kinetics of the Martensitic Phase in DP Steel

The increase in the yield stress of dual phase (DP) steels, resulting from the static strain ageing phenomenon, commonly referred to as bake hardening (BH), gives an important contribution to the additional in-service strength of outer auto body parts, e.g. with respect to the dent resistance of the components made with DP steel. In order to understand this large BH effect, the role of the different constituents of the DP steel during this process needs to be considered. The various stages of tempering phenomena taking place in the martensite phase were investigated in detail by means of precision dilatometry and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The succession of the various tempering reactions that are characterised by typical volume changes was determined using both constant heating rate and isothermal dilatometric tests. The measurements made it possible to distinguish five distinct stages of structural changes during tempering: (I) the redistribution of carbon atoms, (II) the precipitation of η- or e-carbide, (III) the formation of Hag-carbide, (IV) the decomposition of retained austenite, and (V) the transformation of transition carbides to cementite.

Characterizing the thermally induced structural changes to intact porcine eye, part 1: second harmonic generation imaging of cornea stroma

We characterize the structural changes of porcine corneal structures from 25 to 90 degrees C using second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy. Our results show that porcine stroma undergoes several distinct stages of structural changes between 25 and 90 degrees C. A decrease in SHG intensity from 30 to 45 degrees C and the existence of SHG intensity peaks at 53, 65, and 77 degrees C correlate to distinct structural alterations of the corneal stroma. At higher temperatures, the SHG intensity decreases and a baseline in SHG signal is reached at 90 degrees C. Our results demonstrate that SHG microscopy is a useful technique for obtaining qualitative and quantitative information of thermally treated corneal fibers without histological or labeling procedures. With additional developments, SHG imaging may be developed into an effective imaging technique for in vivo characterization of cornea structural changes.

The vibration pattern of the hearing organ in the waltzing guinea-pig measured using laser heterodyne interferometry

The mechanical tuning characteristics of the hearing organ were measured in response to sound stimulation using laser heterodyne interferometry in in vitro preparations of temporal bones from waltzing guinea-pigs expressing different degrees of hearing organ and sensory cell degeneration. Measurements were made at various stages of structural changes allowing us to correlate structure and mechanical function. It was found that the characteristic frequency of the response at a given location in the cochlea occurred at lower frequencies than what is normally seen and that the sharpness of the mechanical tuning was considerably reduced when sensory hair cells were absent and the hearing organ structurally altered. However, even when extensive hair cell degeneration was evident a residual mechanical tuning was present. These results further support the concept that the sensory hair cells plays a key role in determining normal auditory tuning characteristics. It is suggested that the basilar membrane mechanics gives rise to a broadly tuned mechanical response on which a sharper tuning mechanism, originating from the hair cells, is superimposed.

The tempering of iron- carbon martensite; dilatometric and calorimetric analysis

The aging behavior of iron-carbon martensite (1.13 wt Pct C) between -190 °C and 450 °C was investigated by quantitative analysis of the corresponding changes in volume and enthalpy. A method to determine activation energies of the occurring solid-state transformations by performing non-isothermal measurements of some physical property of the specimen has been described. Martensitic specimens were prepared by carburizing pure iron and quenching in brine and liquid nitrogen. The dilatometric and calorimetric experiments were supplemented with microhardness measurements. At least five different stages of structural change can be distinguished, which are quantitatively analyzed in terms of their effects on volume and enthalpy: (i) transformation of retained austenite into martensite (between −180 and −100 °C); (ii) redistribution of carbon atoms (below 100 °C); (iii) precipitation of transition carbide (between 80 and 200 °C); (iv) decomposition of retained austenite (between 240 and 320 °C); and (v) conversion of transition carbide into cementite (between 260 and 350 °C).

New heating apparatus for dynamic small x-ray scattering measurements during phase decomposition in amorphous alloys

The study of phase decomposition and crystallization of amorphous alloys by small-angle x-ray scattering requires in situ measurements during heating to avoid statistical errors due to variation in sample thickness and irradiated volume. The early stages of structural changes and phase transformations are best followed by dynamic measurements using high-intensity x-rays as obtained from synchrotron radiation. In this paper we present a new heating apparatus designed and constructed for dynamic small-angle x-ray scattering measurements on amorphous alloys during heating. Measurements are conducted on wide ribbons of amorphous alloys self-heated by joule heating. The arrangement is particularly appropriate for such measurements due to the very high electrical resistivity of such amorphous tapes.