Skeletal Maturation Stages Research Articles

軟骨無形成症の頭蓋顎顔面骨格とこう合の形態的特徴

Achondroplasia is a disorder of growth-plate chondrocytes, with short, thick limbs and craniofacial malformation due to lack of development of the nasomaxillary complex. Two cases of achondroplasia with apertognathia, maxillary protrusion, and different malocculusions were reported, and the morphological characteristics of the craniofacial skeleton in each case were discussed. One patient was a 12-year 10-month-old male with anterior open-bite and crowding. The other patient was a 10-year 0-month-old female who complained of remarkable lahial tipping of her maxillary incisors. She had habits of lip biting and tongue thrusting. Both patients had the following common characteristics of craniofacial skeleton and teeth: 1. The anterior cranial base was very large, and the occipital base was small.2. Both showed skeletal Class III abnormalities due to maxillary retrusion.3. No unusual abnormality was recognized in the form, number or eruption time of permanent teeth.4. The maxillary incisors showed marked labial tipping.However, their malocculusions were different due to the differences in stage of skeletal maturity, degree of maxillary retrusion, oral habits, and function of the muscles surrounding the oral cavity.

Human prenatal palatal shelf elevation related to craniofacial skeletal maturation.

Much attention has been focused on the mechanisms responsible for the elevation and fusion of the palatal processes during formation of the secondary palate. In a former publication this closure, defined as fusion of the palatal shelves along their length, was described as occurring at a period in osseous palatal development characterized by incipient ossification of the maxillae and palatine bones, and at a stage in early mandibular development when the mandibular condyle has not developed. The purpose of the present study was to examine the osseous maturation of the cranial base at the time of palatal closure. The investigation was based on 62 human embryos and fetuses, CRL 22-57 mm, and general skeletal hand and foot maturation CNO = 0-0 to CNO = 8-1 (CNO, Composite Number of Ossified bones in hand and foot). From the fetuses, cranial tissue was dissected out and skeletal maturity was determined radiographically according to formerly described skeletal maturity stages in the cranial base. The study revealed that the soft tissue palatal shelves always elevate and fuse along their length at a specific, well-defined stage of maturity in the cranial base. The cranial base development in this stage is characterized by unossified cartilage. This information is essential for understanding abnormal skeletal development of the oral and nasal cavities.

Interrelationships among certain measures of growth and maturation rate in boys during adolescence.

Relationships among ages at attaining 17 or 21 indices of maturity were considered in a longitudinal sample of 177 Polish boys examined at annual intervals from 1961 to 1972. Maturity indicators included ages at peak velocity for stature, sitting height, leg length and weight; ages at attaining 80%, 90%, 95% and 99% of adult stature; ages at attaining the median skeletal maturity scores (TW-2) characteristic of chronological ages 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 years; and ages at attaining stages II and IV of genital and public hair development. Age at initiation of the stature spurt (take-off) and ages at eruption of 14, 20 and 26 permanent teeth were ascertained for only 111 boys. All intercorrelations among the developmental indicators were positive. Ordering the correlation matrix gave three clusters: (1) a large central group including age at take-off and ages at all peak velocities, at genital and pubic hair stages II and IV, at attaining 90%, 95% and 99% of adult stature, and at the later stages of skeletal maturity; (2) indices of the tempo of maturation during prepubertal and/or early pubertal stages; and (3) ages at attaining a given number of permanent teeth. Results of a principal components analysis of the ages indicated two principal components, the first accounting for about 77% of the sample variance and the second for about 12%. The first principal component is apparently a general maturity factor, while the second apparently relates to the rate of skeletal maturity during pre-adolescence.

Lower third molar development in relation to skeletal maturity and chronological age.

The development of lower third molar anlage was investigated longitudinally and related to chronological age and to skeletal maturation stage as judged by the mineralization of epiphyses in the hand. Strong correlations were found between lower third molar development and both skeletal maturation and chronological age. These results indicate that lower third molar development on the whole seems to be correlated with skeletal maturation. One or two lower third molars were found to be missing in 11% of the subjects.

EFFECTS OF BREED AND SEX ON THE RELATIVE GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF BONE IN PIGS

The growth and distribution of bone from 179 pig carcasses were compared among five breeds (Duroc × Yorkshire (D × Y), Hampshire × Yorkshire (H × Y), Yorkshire (Y × Y), Yorkshire × Lacombe-Yorkshire (Y × L-Y) and Lacombe × Yorkshire (L × Y)) and two sex-types (barrows and gilts) over a wide range in carcass weight. The growth pattern for each bone relative to total side bone was estimated from the growth coefficient, b, in the allometric equation (Y = aXb). Growth coefficients were homogeneous in this study among breeds and between sexes for each bone, indicating that the different breeds and sexes followed similar patterns of relative bone growth as they increased in size. The lowest growth coefficients (b < 1.0) were found among the limb bones (tarsus, femur, and radius/ulna). The thoracic vertebrae, carpus, tibia, humerus, sternum, pelvic and pectoral girdles had growth coefficients not significantly different from 1.0, while the ribs, lumbar and cervical vertebrae, patella and atlas had growth coefficients significantly greater than 1.0. Significant breed and sex differences were found in the weights of individual bones when adjusted to equal side bone weights. However, these were small and may reflect differences in stage of skeletal maturity.

Skeletal maturation of the hand in Iceland

The mean time at onset of the stages of skeletal maturation of the hand, PP2=, MP3=, S, MP3cap, DP3u, PP3u, and MP3u, in a cross-sectional sample of Icelandic school chidren in Reykjavík, a total of 1426 (690 boys and 736 girls), was assessed on radiographs of the hand and compared with results published from Denmark and Greenland. On the whole, the Icelandic children were most ahead, while S appeared at about the same time in all three nations. Otherwise, the mutual relationship between the skeletal stages was very similar. Girls reached all stages significantly sooner than boys, and this agrees with the findings in Denmark and in Greenland. The sex difference was most marked in the Icelandic material. The accidental error due to method in assessing the differences in skeletal maturation proved to be less than 5%, similar to that reported by others.

Skeletal maturation of the human fetus assessed radiographically on the basis of ossification sequences in the hand and foot.

AbstractIn studies of postnatal human development the skeletal maturation of the hand has been found to be a better indicator of general physical maturation than attained body height. For assessment of prenatal human development the Crown‐rump length (CRL) has so far been the most commonly used measure.The object of the present study is to examine the possibility of also using the skeletal maturation of the hand as a maturity indicator in fetal development.The study is based upon a radiographic and histochemical investigation of 169 human fetuses. On the basis of counting silver‐impregnated diaphyses on radiographs of the hand and foot a maturity indicator (CNO = Composite Number of Ossified bones in hand and foot) was established. Owing to the marked regularity of the recorded ossification pattern, the CNO parameter can be used for evaluating fetal maturation during the early half of the prenatal period.To supplement the assessment of skeletal maturation during the later stages of development, a classification based on the shape of some bones was included in the study.In many cases fetuses of the same size (CRL) exhibited different stages of skeletal maturation (CNO).In accordance with findings from assessment of postnatal development, a more accurate evaluation of fetal development is obtained by combining the size parameter CRL with an assessment of fetal skeletal maturation, CNO.

Some factors influencing the replicability of assessments of skeletal maturity (Greulich-Pyle).

SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING THE REPLICABILITY OF ASSESSMENTS OF SKELETAL MATURITY (GREULICH-PYLE)ALEX F. ROCHE, M.D., PH.D., D.SC., GAIL H. DAVILA, B.A., BARRY A. PASTERNACK and MARILYN J. WALTON, B.S.Audio Available | Share