Stages Of Process Research Articles

The role of micronuclei in chromatin elimination

Micronuclei are the extra-nuclear chromatin compartments separated from the primary nucleus and surrounded by their own nuclear envelope. For a long time it has been thought that micronuclei is the final stage of the pathological process in a cell. They have been used as biomarkers of the influence of genotoxic factors as well as of genome instability in various diseases. Nowadays, it is demonstrated that micronuclei could be involved in the cellular activities, affect the nuclear genome and lead to the changes in cell and tissue physiology. It is known that the formation of micronuclei is one of the steps in selective chromatin elimination in the ontogenesis of plant and animal species. The regions to be marked and eliminated from cell nucleus are recognized at the level of genome. This process is often accompanied by modifications with the heterochromatin formation, changes in the chromosome condensation and in the position of chromosomes in the nucleus. The processes observed in selective and non-selective chromatin elimination are similar to a great extent. The fact that the role of micronuclei in the cell functioning is not well-known yet, and the composition of the micronuclei and the ways of chromatin elimination could influence their role in the development of the pathogenesis, emphasizes the importance of additional studies for a more profound investigation of this phenomenon.

Establishment of callus induction and plantlet regeneration systems of Peucedanum Praeruptorum dunn based on the tissue culture method.

Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn has typical stacked umbels and medicinal value; however, the lack of an effective tissue culture system for P. praeruptorum has limited the large-scale propagation of its seedlings. We systematically established an in vitro regeneration system for P. praeruptorum using young leaves and stems as explants. Tissue culture plantlets were successfully obtained within 123 and 90 d of somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis, respectively. Combined plant growth regulators (PGRs) were optimized to promote efficient plant regeneration at each stage of the culture process. Specifically, embryogenic callus induction was superior in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5mg/L 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 2.0mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). For somatic embryonic development, the highest differentiation rates were achieved using BA, 2,4-D, and 6-furfuryl aminopurine (6-KT). Induction of organogenesis resulted in the highest differentiation rates and proliferation coefficients of buds in MS medium supplemented with BA and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Moreover, regeneration of P. praeruptorum seedlings was achieved by adjusting the BA and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations in 1/2 MS medium. Our results provide a technical system for the rapid propagation of P. praeruptorum, which can facilitate germplasm improvement, resource conservation, and further genetic transformation of Peucedanum species.

Substrate induced composition change during Ge2Sb2Te5 atomic layer deposition and study of initial reactions on SiO2 surface

Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) is a well-known phase change material used in nonvolatile memory devices, photonics, and nonvolatile displays. This study investigates the impact of precursor sequence during atomic layer deposition (ALD) of GST from GeCl2.C4H8O2, SbCl3, and Te[(CH3)3Si]2 on Si/SiO2 substrates, focusing on growth per cycle, morphology, and composition along with initial precursor reactions on the substrate. We found that while thick layers approach stoichiometric Ge2Sb2Te5, a Ge-rich interfacial layer is initially formed, regardless of the binary ALD sequence used to start the deposition (GeTe vs Sb2Te3). Starting the ALD process with the GeTe-Sb2Te3 sequence results in a higher Ge content near the GST/SiO2 interface compared to the Sb2Te3-GeTe sequence. To understand these phenomena, we examine the initial precursor reactions on the SiO2 substrate by total reflection x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The analysis reveals that SbCl3 exhibits lower reactivity with the SiO2 substrate than GeCl2.C4H8O2, and not all Ge adspecies react with the Te[(CH3)3Si]2 precursors. Additionally, the impact of the initial SiO2 surface on deposition extends over several ALD cycles, as the SiO2 surface only gradually gets covered by GST due to island growth. These processes contribute to the formation of a Ge-rich GST layer at the interface, irrespective of the precursor pulse sequence. These insights from the study may contribute to optimizing the initial deposition stages of GST and other ternary ALD processes to enable better composition control and enhanced device performance.

DENIAL OF AGGRESSION AGAINST UKRAINE OR OCCUPATION OF ITS TERRITORY: A NEW CASE AMONG THE DENIAL CRIMES

Background: Denial crimes are considered one of the most controversial topics in modern criminal law. The criminalisation of historical negationism is problematically balanced between two extremes: the need to protect historical memory, public order and the feelings of victims of terrible tragedies and their descendants, and the need to safeguard freedom of expression and academic debate. Despite this tension, the criminalisation of denial crimes has been gaining momentum on the European continent and is constantly expanding. For a long time, Ukraine has remained on the sidelines of this complex debate on the prohibition of denials. However, Russian aggression prompted the Ukrainian parliament to criminalise the denial of the aggression against Ukraine and the occupation of its territory. The wording of the law is not trivial and differs from classic European models. Two laws were adopted simultaneously, but they were not synchronised with each other, creating a collision. Despite this, both are widely used. This article, therefore, demonstrates Ukraine's thorny path to criminalising denials and the legal difficulties that arose from the extreme conditions under which the laws were adopted. Methods: In the initial stages of the research process, the authors present a concise overview of the evolution of criminal prohibition of denial across the globe, focusing on recent trends. This is achieved through the application of historical and comparative legal methods. The central section of the study is devoted to an examination of the Ukrainian experience, comprising two parts. The first section elucidates the evolution of the concept of criminalisation of these actions in Ukraine through an analysis of legislative initiatives and the outcomes of their assessment. The second section is dedicated to investigating the shortcomings of the legislative process, the challenges encountered in the implementation of adopted amendments, and the formulation of recommendations for the resolution of collision between legal norms, as well as suggestions for improving existing regulatory frameworks. In this endeavour, the authors employ a combination of formal legal and logical methods of cognition. Results and conclusions: Europe is at the heart of the movement to criminalise historical negationism. Most European countries criminalise some form of denial. Ukraine, as a candidate country for accession to the European Union, must harmonise its legislation with EU law. Over the past two decades, numerous draft legislation proposals have been submitted to the Ukrainian parliament with the intention of criminalising the denial of specific historical facts and their legal assessment. However, the Ukrainian experience differs significantly from that of its European counterparts, which mainly focus on liabilities for denying the Holocaust, other genocides, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. At present, the criminal law of Ukraine provides for the denial of Russian aggression and occupation in two distinct articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Both articles are applied in practice, resulting in legal uncertainty and a violation of the principle of equality. The article proposes an amendment to the Criminal Code of Ukraine to resolve this collision and, in the interim, to resolve the collision of norms by the principle of in dubio pro homine.

Functional connectivity changes in two cortico-hippocampal networks of Alzheimer's disease continuum and their correlations with cognition: A SILCODE study.

The anterior-temporal (AT) and posterior-medial (PM) networks have been proposed to play pivotal roles in the memory processing associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nevertheless, these two networks' intrinsic functional coupling characteristics are still vague in different AD stages. To explore the functional connectivity (FC) alterations within and across the AT&PM networks in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), subjective cognitive decline (SCD), and normal controls (NC). A total of 368 participants over 50 years old from the SILCODE study were recruited, including 99 NC, 134 SCD, 67 MCI, and 68 DAT patients. All the participants underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan and a battery of neuropsychological tests. The 56 regions-of-interest of the AT&PM networks were defined broadly following existing literature. The FCs were calculated using DPABINet and compared among these four groups. Correlation analyses were performed on FCs and cognitive tests. Analysis of variance of all four groups showed significant alteration, mainly in the PM networks. Compared to NC, globally decreased FCs regarding AT&PM networks were observed in DAT and MCI patients, while globally increased FCs regarding AT&PM networks were observed in SCD. The decreased FCs in DAT were significantly correlated with the neuropsychological test on the memory domain. The FC alteration showed different patterns across the AD continuum, especially in individuals with SCD. The elevated FCs in the AT&PM networks of SCD may implicate certain compensating processes in the early stage of AD.

An introduction for non-experts on using X-ray micro computed tomography as a tool for pore scale digital subsurface characterisation of siliciclastic materials

This paper presents an overview of using X-ray micro computed tomography (μCT) as a valuable tool for micro scale investigation of siliciclastic materials. When processed using digital image analysis (DIA), valuable quantitative data can be extracted from μCT 3D images. Subsurface reservoirs are of great importance to society as fluid-bearing formations, but also as storage reservoirs for carbon dioxide. μCT imaging has the capability to perform preliminary, highly detailed investigations of potential reservoirs. This approach has a range of benefits when compared to traditional 2D techniques, such as optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Key advantages include the technique being non-destructive and capable of 3D and 4D visualisation. This facilitates rapid repeated digital measurements and experiments on microstructures. Digital samples can also be readily shared within the scientific community to replicate results and quickly launch new investigations. However, limitations still exist, posing challenges to the wider application of such a methodology. Such limitations include the identification of a representative elementary volume (REV), computational cost, and suitable processing of the output image data. Here, we highlight the value of using μCT and DIA, from our first experiences, to facilitate pore scale siliciclastic reservoir characterisation, but also highlight our perceived limitations and barriers to its much wider application. This paper introduces the key processing stages, opportunities and limitations of these techniques.

Vibration characteristics of rolling bearing cage under speed variation conditions

Speed variation conditions will deteriorate the stress state of the rolling bearing internal components and aggravate the vibration of the cage, thereby affecting the service life and reliability of rolling bearings. In this paper, a nonlinear dynamic analysis model of the cylindrical roller bearing is established considering the rubbing effect and hydrodynamic contact between the cage and the guiding ring, as well as the sliding between the cage and other rolling elements. The vibration characteristics of the cage is discussed under the start-stop conditions and different fluctuations of rotation rate. The results show that the vibration of the cage mainly occurs at the middle and late stages of the acceleration process, and the impact mainly occurs at the middle stage of the deceleration process under the start-stop conditions. Moreover, the fluctuation of inner ring speed will enhance the unstable motion of the cage, among which the vibration and impact of the cage are most severe under the rectangular fluctuation of speed, followed by simple harmonic and triangular fluctuations. The findings can provide a theoretical guidance for improving the performance of rolling bearings and ensuring their safe and reliable operation.

Exploring the Cognitive Processes of Preparation for a Spelling Bee Game to Enhance Vocabulary Learning in a Foreign Language

This study investigates the cognitive processes associated with preparation for a spelling bee game to enhance vocabulary learning in a foreign language. It draws upon the Information Processing Theory, which involves attention, perception, and memory processes. During their freshman year of college in the Department of English, a group of 30 Saudi learners, at the same level of English, ranging in age from 18 to 20 years old, were provided with a weekly set of words to memorize as part of their Reading Course. Following twelve weeks of practice, memorization, and oral performance, a spelling bee was organized for the ten students who achieved the highest scores in the spelling tests. Subsequently, individual interviews were conducted with each of the ten participants in order to understand the cognitive mechanisms underlying their preparation and memorization for the event. The study's findings reveal that most participants in the spelling bee game actively engage in key stages of information processing, including encoding, storing, and retrieving information. Additionally, learners were observed to evolve from merely acquiring factual vocabulary knowledge to applying it practically through repeated practice and memorization for the spelling bee. By engaging multiple senses—such as visual and auditory perception—alongside verbal memory, most participants develop the procedural knowledge needed to spell words accurately and effortlessly, effectively transferring words from short-term to long-term memory.

The pursuit of ‘true-spelling’ in English: Prescriptivism, standardisation and orthographic variation

ABSTRACT As the vernacular was re-assigned the functions that Latin fulfilled in the Middle Ages, close comparisons between these two languages stressed the urgent need for the standardisation of English. Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century England saw the rise of codification and prescriptivism, two stages in the standardisation process that succeeded the selection, diffusion and acceptance of certain linguistic forms. A large number of works were published within the umbrella of codification, including grammars, spelling lists, pronouncing dictionaries or linguistic treatises, each targeting different areas of the language. James and Leslie Milroy (2012: 57) claim that ‘just as dictionaries prescribe uniquely correct spellings, so handbooks of usage prescribe uniquely correct grammatical constructions’, thus establishing a parallelism between the two. Most dictionaries published during the Early and Late Modern periods declare themselves prescriptive in their aims to provide the ‘True-spelling’ (Preston 1674: title page) of the English language, as if there was a false or fake alternative, thus vetoing all other orthographic variants. However, there arises an issue in this endeavour: spelling had become widely standardised by the time these dictionaries were available, except for some of the remnants of variation that continue to exist today. This paper addresses the standardisation of colour- and theatre-type words in historical British English for the purpose of assessing the impact that linguistic prescription had, if any, on the speakers’ spelling habits. As a corpus-based study, the analysis relies on a close comparison of usage and precept that draws correspondences between these two dimensions of language.

Sustainable innovations through project partnerships at higher education institutions: challenges and implications for stakeholder engagement

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify challenges and derive options for stakeholder engagement of project partnerships for sustainable innovations in higher education institutions (HEIs).Design/methodology/approachGuided by Donabedian’s structure-process-outcome (SPO) model, our conceptual exploration focuses on understanding stakeholder experience and identifying stakeholder engagement options in different project phases. This research includes empirical data on sustainability expectations towards HEIs collected from 239 business students from the USA and Germany. The Kano method and factor analysis were used for data analysis.FindingsThis research suggests that balancing differences in stakeholder types and priorities, identifying and fulfilling key stakeholder expectations and addressing their resource limitations play a crucial role in the partnership’s structure stage. Adjustments for timing and forms of engagement, based on the stakeholder types and their expectations, are necessary during the process stage. Attaining stakeholder consensus on goal achievement and fostering trust and long-term commitment for sustainability are vital tasks in the outcome stage.Practical implicationsHEIs are advised to identify and assess stakeholders according to their anticipated inputs and contributions to the expected project outputs. They should consider adopting minimal thresholds of involvement and actively engaging key stakeholders, students, by demonstrating direct sustainability impacts.Originality/valueThis conceptual study adds value by enhancing the understanding of sustainable project partnerships in HEIs through the adoption of concepts from open innovation, service management and relationship management research. It illuminates the significance of stakeholder engagement and experience, including the management of expectations, thereby supporting HEIs in effectively implementing sustainability initiatives.

The two-stage processing of judgment of confidence: evidence from ERP.

The judgment of confidence (JOC) refers to the confidence in the accuracy of the target item individuals have just retrieved and is a typical retrospective metacognitive monitoring process. In the classical paradigm of JOC, JOC occurs after the recognition or recall task. While initially viewed as a single-stage monitoring process, recent research on JOC suggests its internal mechanisms may be more complex, potentially encompassing both retrieval and monitoring processes. This study aims to delve into these mechanisms concerning neural temporal processes. In this study, event-related potential (ERP) was used to compare N400 and slow-wave ERPs of high and low JOCs at different time windows using a classic JOC paradigm. Behavioral results showed an inverted-U shaped relationship between response time (RT) and JOCs, peaking at magnitude 3 before declining. There were significantly longer RT for low JOCs compared with high JOCs, along with lower recognition scores. The ERP results showed that low JOCs induced larger N400 in the right frontal lobe and right central area, while high JOCs induced larger slow-wave components (500 ~ 700ms) in the right frontal lobe. Based on these findings, the present study suggests that JOC involves two processing stages. N400 reflects the process of cue acquisition, while the slow-wave component reflects the process of cue application. Furthermore, a two-stage model was proposed and validated, enriching the study of metacognition monitoring mechanisms, offering insights into the processing mechanisms of retrospective metacognitive monitoring.

Exploring Green HR Practices in the Construction Industry—Evidence from Poland

The objective of this paper is twofold. First, it systematizes knowledge about green management practices as a manifestation of the green human resource management (HRM) concept. Second, it diagnoses the practices of green management in construction companies in Poland. The research is qualitative and was conducted in three construction companies (one large, one medium, and one small-sized). Due to the small sample size, the study is treated as a pilot study. The research concluded that although green management practices are employed in the studied companies, they are neither systemic nor satisfactory in intensity. In the large company, green management practices are visible at all stages of the human resource process except for employee appraisal. In the medium and small companies, green management is limited to the development of green knowledge and employee awareness activities. The added value of this paper is an original tool for diagnosing the level of advancement of green management practices in competence management, which can be used in various types of business entities, regardless of the sector or industry.

Circular product development strategies for sustainable production and consumption based on waste valorization

PurposeThis study aims to propose guidelines for developing circular products based on waste recovery that are aligned with sustainable production and consumption.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review and case studies on circular product development were conducted. In total, 15 companies with products based on waste recovery and aligned with sustainable production and consumption goal were studied.FindingsThe results show the decisions and strategies applied at each stage of the new product development process, including the design for recycling, the use of waste as a raw material for products and the concern for reducing pollution and recovering end-of-life products.Practical implicationsThe cases studied meet the goals of efficient use of natural resources and waste reduction by preventing, reducing, recycling and reusing waste. For practitioners, a set of guidelines is proposed to help companies develop circular products based on waste recovery.Originality/valuePrevious studies have not evaluated the new product development process and circularity from the institutional theory and waste valorization perspectives.

Python For Data Analytics: A Systematic Literature Review Of Tools, Techniques, And Applications

In the era of big data, the ability to collect, process, and analyze data efficiently has become a vital component for decision-making across various industries. Python, as a versatile programming language, has emerged as a powerful tool for data analytics due to its extensive libraries and user-friendly nature. This systematic literature review explores Python’s role in streamlining data analytics by examining its applications across various stages of the data analysis process, including data collection, cleaning, manipulation, and visualization. Key Python libraries such as NumPy, Pandas, and Matplotlib are discussed, highlighting their functionality in handling large datasets and enabling accurate and efficient analysis. Real-world examples demonstrate how Python can be applied in diverse sectors, from retail to healthcare, enhancing decision-making processes through data-driven insights. Furthermore, the limitations of Python, as well as alternative data analysis tools such as R and RapidMiner, are explored to provide a comprehensive view of Python’s place in modern data analytics. The review concludes that while Python offers significant advantages in data analysis, a combination of tools may often be necessary to meet the complex demands of today’s data-driven industries.

Application of machine learning for ‘what if?’ stress analysis

Analysis of stresses in components of even modestly complex geometries often require the use of finite element analysis (FEA). For testing a large number of design options quickly, FEA can be time consuming and provides more accuracy than required. In this project, a machine learning-based system is developed to provide quick and approximate solutions to stress analysis problems in parametrised compressor disc geometries. Simple mechanics problems were completed preliminarily to test the practicality of machine learning approaches for this application. This included applying instance selection by the [Formula: see text]-medoids algorithm to a 2D FEA problem. A parametrised compressor disc geometry was designed and defined by eight dimensions. Stress fields were produced from two superimposed loading schemes: the rotational body force and the force exerted on the disc by the blades 495,338 samples of training data were collected from 4374 FEA simulations. Four networks were trained to predict stresses caused by each loading scheme in order to produce stress fields. The best network was of the structure 9/20/20/2 and used normalised training data. For the geometry tested, it predicted stresses with a root-mean-square error of 1.51%. The code took 0.7 s to run in total, from start-up to completion of a stress plot. The importance of the inputs in the training data set were scored with a feature selection algorithm to aid further optimisation of the system. The low computation time makes this system suitable for the early stages in a design process.

Multi-kernel inception aggregation diffusion network for tomato disease detection.

Tomato leaf diseases significantly impact the yield and quality of tomatoes during cultivation, the main of which are septoria leaf spot, leaf curl virus, verticillium wilt, and early blight. These diseases necessitate prompt detection and management strategies to mitigate their deleterious effects on crop productivity. Due to the considerable scale variations in diseased tomato leaves, accurate and rapid detection and diagnosis remain challenging. To address the detection of tomato leaf diseases at different scales, we propose a real-time detection model incorporating a Multi-kernel Inception Aggregation Diffusion Network. In this paper, (1) We present a Multi-kernel Inception Aggregation Diffusion Network (MIADN) for the feature processing stage, which facilitates the aggregation and diffusion of multi-scale features across hierarchical levels, benefiting the detection of targets at various scales. (2) We present the Multi-kernel Inception Module (MKIM), designed to extract multi-scale object features using diverse convolution kernels, thereby enhancing the model's feature fusion and representation capabilities. (3) We incorporate the efficient FasterNet network at the feature extraction stage to preserve feature diversity and improve the model's ability to extract complex target features. (4) Extensive comparative and ablation experiments demonstrate that our method achieves the mean average precision (mAP50) of 96.6%, surpassing the baseline model by 4.1% and the advanced YOLOv9s model by 2.0%. This method provides an effective solution for high-quality tomato cultivation.

ENHANCING OPERATIONAL EFFECIENCY IN CRUSHERS THROUGH THE USE OF AN INDUSTRY 4.0 BASED CRUSHER CONTROL SYSTEM

In the aggregate and mining industry, an excessive flow rate of raw material from the feeder, caused by irregularities in the raw material being processed by crushers, can lead to blockages or excessive strain on the crusher. Conversely, a low flow rate of raw material can result in high energy consumption by the crusher, despite operating at a low capacity. The issues encountered in the first group result in excessive energy usage in the secondary and tertiary groups. The study focuses on a system that utilizes artificial intelligence and is based on industry 4.0 principles. The system aims to maintain production in the crusher within a specific range by controlling the flow rates of the feeders using an algorithm. This control is done automatically without the need for user intervention. The system optimizes energy consumption while maximizing production capacity and ensures uninterrupted operation. The system was developed during the installation phase at an aggregate pilot plant in the Kahramanmaraş Evri region. It assesses the material capacity data using a belt scale on the crusher, feeder, and output conveyor. This data is then compared to the limit values stored in the database, and the system generates an information signal to initiate the required control actions. Based on this matching result, it sends information to the inverter, coordinates the production cycle, manages and documents the process stages using a structured learning system and artificial intelligence logic.The installation procedure was conducted using two distinct density gradation inputs. As a consequence of the reporting, the records in the report were compared during both the active and inactive states of the system. The project achieved an efficiency of 22% in terms of energy consumption per unit capacity. Based on the whole yearly energy usage, a total of 368609.7 kg of carbon emissions were averted. The facility's aggregate crushing capacity was increased by 40%.

MS O02 - OGC An audit of waiting times of the oesophagogastric cancer diagnostic pathway at a high-volume, tertiary centre

Abstract Background The oesophagogastric cancer (OGC) staging pathway is extensive, contributing to prolonged waiting times from referral to treatment. NHS England guidance details the ideal timeframe from referral to finalisation of the patient’s treatment plan and stipulates a time of 21 days from OGD to communication of the treatment plan to the patient. This audit aims to compare pathway times at a tertiary cancer centre, which accepts referrals from seven different hospitals, to the current NHS target and further stratify pathway times according to patient characteristics and referring hospitals. Method Data was collected using a prospectively collected database of OGC patients who underwent staging investigations at the tertiary centre between October 2022 and October 2023. The primary outcome was OGD to communication of the treatment plan. Secondary outcomes included time from OGD to first staging investigation and the proportion of patients that had a next-day computed tomography (CT) scan. Outcomes were stratified to investigate inter-hospital variation and the effect of curative status and tumour location. Data was expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR) for continuous data or n (%) if categorical. Results 263 patients were included in this audit with a median age of 69.0 (IQR 61.5-77.0). 13.8% of patients satisfied the target time of 21 days from OGD to communication of treatment plan. Curative patients had a longer median pathway time than palliative patients (49.0 vs 35.0 days), whereas oesophageal and gastric cancer patients had similar pathway times (44.0 vs 44.5 days). Patients diagnosed at the tertiary centre had a faster time from OGD to first staging investigation than patients diagnosed at non-specialist centres. Only 13.3% of patients had a next-day CT scan following their OGD (median time 5.0 days). Conclusion The OGC staging pathway is considerably slower than the target. Faster pathway times in palliative patients can be attributed to many of these patients not requiring further staging post-CT. Potentially, targets should be re-evaluated to distinguish between palliative and curative patients. The faster staging process at the central hospital may be explained by more regular clinics run by specialist clinicians and the prompt requesting of staging investigations without awaiting MDT discussions. Alongside increasing the proportion of next-day CT scans, these factors must be addressed to streamline the entire pathway.

The Possibility of Environmentally Sustainable Yield and Quality Management of Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) of the Cornetto Variety When Using Sapropel Extract

Sustainable development is one of the main directions of modern agriculture. First of all, sustainability in the agricultural sector can be achieved through the possible abandonment of traditional mineral fertilizers. Many decades of using these fertilizers have led to the degradation of arable soils and to soil and environmental pollution. As a result, this causes reductions in yields and the environmental quality of agricultural products and affects the health of the population. An alternative to traditional mineral fertilizers may be the use of innovative organomineral fertilizers obtained from local resources. These include manure, humus, compost, sediments, etc. In recent years, fertilizers obtained from the sapropels of the bottom sediments of lakes have become widespread. Their distinctive feature is the environmental friendliness and completeness of the content of chemical elements and substances necessary for the development and growth of plants. In addition, the methods of obtaining and applying these fertilizers allow us to talk about their effectiveness in use. The range of applications of these fertilizers is diverse, from use in the form of a dry extract applied directly to the soil to the use of liquid suspensions used at various stages of processing and from pre-sowing seed treatment to watering and spraying plants at different periods of vegetation. Moreover, an important aspect is the research work on the variational use of sapropel fertilizers on different crops, with different methods of production and concentrations and at different stages of processing. This publication contains the results of a study of the effect of the obtained innovative sapropel fertilizer on productivity, wheat grain quality, and economic efficiency (Triticum aestivum L.). To identify the optimal concentration of sapropel extract, laboratory studies were carried out to determine the germination energy and germination of wheat seeds of different varieties when they were soaked in various concentrations: 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0 g/L. The best indicators of germination energy and germination of wheat seeds during treatment with the extract were obtained at a concentration of 1.2 g/L. The research was conducted at an accredited variety testing laboratory. A field experiment was conducted in the fields of the agrobiological station of North Kazakhstan University named after Manash Kozybayev. The treatment of the seeds was carried out by soaking them in sapropel extract to evenly distribute the substance. The scheme of the field experiment included the option of using foliar treatment with a solution of sapropel extract at the tillering stage. As a result of the application of the obtained extract in the field, environmental and socio-economic efficiency was noted. The conducted field studies note its positive effect and effectiveness on the morphological, qualitative, and quantitative indicators of the wheat harvest. In the areas where wheat seeds were pretreated, as well as where foliar treatment with the resulting sapropel suspension was carried out, the best yield indicators were revealed. In these variants of the experiment with pre-sowing and pre-sowing and foliar treatment with the sapropel extract solution, the yield was 3.63 and 3.81 tons per hectare, respectively. The introduction of sapropel extract at the stage of seed treatment before sowing, as well as foliar processing of wheat at the tillering stage, will increase the efficiency and profitability of the agricultural industry and obtain a synergistic effect in the form of socio-economic efficiency and environmental safety of production. In our opinion, this will contribute to the development of sustainable agriculture and the production of environmental products.

Outcomes after photodynamic therapy of basalcell carcinoma on the eyelid skin with intravenous administration of photosensitizer chloride E6

Purpose. To evaluate immediate and long-term outcomes after photodynamic therapy (PDT) of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) on the eyelid with intravenous administration of photosensitizer (PS) chlorine E6.Materials and methods. PDT was performed in 261 patients with a verified diagnosis of BCC of the eyelid cT1-3N0MO, stage I–II, aged 38 to 87 (average 68.7 ± 15.6). PS chlorin E6 (Photolon, Photoditazin, Radachlorin) was used intravenously at dosage 1.0–1.5mg/kg; 1–2 courses. Light dosage ranged from 100 to 300 J/cm2, depending on the neoplasm clinical form and the data of fluorescence diagnostics.Results. Complete regression after the first PDT course of eyelid BCC cT1-3N0M0 with intravenous administration of PS chlorin E6 was obtained in 90.4 % of cases; after 2 courses - in 96.2 % of cases. During the follow-up period from 5 to 15 years, relapses were diagnosed in 7.6 % of cases. The number of relapses depended on the process stage. In neoplasms corresponding to the symbol cT1a, the number of relapses was 1.4 %, cT1 b – 5.0 %, cT1 c– 8.3 %, cT2 a – 2.5 %, cT2 b – 5.0 %, cT2 c – 9 %, cT3 a – 5.8 %, cT3 b – 43.8 %, cT3 c – 46.7 %. Good and excellent cosmetic results were seen too.Conclusion. PDT of eyelid BCC of stage I–II with intravenous administration of PS chlorine E6 is an effective and low-risk method for anatomical and functional disorders. It can be an alternativetechnique to surgical treatment. The discussed way of treatment should be personalized and provided in specialized medical settings.