Stages Of Morphological Development Research Articles

Органометричні параметри плаценти при передчасних пологах на тлі залізодефіцитної анемії вагітних

The purpose of the study was to establish the organometric features of the placenta without disturbing the chorionic tree maturation processes against the background of iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy in two periods of gestation – 29-32 and 33-36 weeks. Materials and methods. A total of 103 placentas were examined. The object of the study was placental chorionic tree at two gestational periods – 29-32 and 33-36 weeks in combination with iron deficiency anemia in gravidas. The study of the placenta at the organ level involved the determination of the basic organometric parameters, umbilical cord and free amniotic membranes, the evaluation of the attachment of the umbilical cord to the organ, the type of branching of the chorionic plate, descriptive characteristics of the maternal surface of the placenta with assessment of cotyledons. Placenta’s weight, thickness, maternal surface area and volume of each placenta were determined. The determination of gestational period is based on a combination of two principles: morphological stages of development of the chorionic tree of the placenta and clinical affiliation of the material (premature birth). The planning of the required number of observations in each study group was determined on the basis of calculations of a sufficient number for the specific statistical method used at a sensitivity level of 0.80 and a significance level of p = 0.05. Results and discussion. In both study groups with normal maturation of the chorionic tree of the placenta in combination with iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy, the degree of maturity of the chorionic tree does not reach the level of physiological pregnancy, p<0.001. At the gestation period of 29-32 weeks, intermediate mature and terminal chorionic villi predominate histologically. At 33-36 weeks, terminal chorionic villi are significantly predominant. For both terms, fibrinoid is found in the form of a continuous or sometimes intermittent layer that covers the villus on its surface from the outside. A high percentage of trophoblastic and villous growths is characteristic, which is associated with the strengthening of the phenomena of regeneration of damaged villi. Conclusion. Iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy affects the development of the chorionic tree of the placenta – the degree of maturity of the chorionic tree does not reach the level of physiological pregnancy; the phenomena of regeneration of damaged villi are enhanced. Regardless of the gestation period, the volume of the placenta does not reach the level of a physiological pregnancy. Iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy can potentiate premature birth in women at 29-32 and 33-36 weeks of gestation

Органометричні параметри плаценти із порушенням дозрівання хоріального дерева на тлі залізодефіцитної анемії вагітних в гестаційному аспекті

The purpose of the study was to establish the morphometric features of preterm maturing of chorionic tree on the background of iron deficiency anemia of gravidas, at two gestational periods of 29-32 and 33-36 weeks. Materials and methods. Total 100 placentas were examined. The study of the placenta at the organ level involved the determination of the basic organometric parameters, umbilical cord and free amniotic membranes, the evaluation of the attachment of the umbilical cord to the organ, the type of branching of the chorionic plate, descriptive characteristics of the maternal surface of the placenta with assessment of cotyledons. Placenta’s weight, thickness, maternal surface area and volume of each placenta were determined. The determination of gestational period is based on a combination of two principles: morphological stages of development of the chorionic tree of the placenta and clinical affiliation of the material (premature birth). The planning of the required number of observations in each study group was determined on the basis of calculations of a sufficient number for the specific statistical method used at a sensitivity level of 0.80 and a significance level of p = 0.05. Results and discussion. In observations of placental chorionic maturation disorders on the background of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women, the maternal surface of most placentas at 29-32 and 33-36 weeks of pregnancy was characterized by clear boundaries between cotyledons. There was a pronounced tendency to the formation of deep furrows between cotyledons, which was especially evident during gestation at 33-36 weeks. Macroscopically, there were foci of fibrin, single blood clots. Single calcinates had the appearance of clearly demarcated whitish-gray seals, the diameter of which ranged from 0.8 mm to 1.3 mm on average. In women with the physiological course of pregnancy and childbirth, clearly dysfunctional areas were macroscopically recorded in two observations (9.5%). During physiological pregnancy, the maternal surface of the placenta was characterized mainly by the presence of clear boundaries between cotyledons, often with the formation of deep furrows (19 observations – 90.5%). Macroscopic examination revealed single blood clots, areas of fibrin, single calcifications, in the form of clearly demarcated whitish-gray seals, the diameter of which ranged from 1.7 mm to 2.1 mm. The results and information obtained from the analytical review of the literature allow us to discuss a number of issues and make some generalizations about the features of the placenta with premature maturation of the chorionic tree on the background of iron deficiency anemia in two processed periods of 29-32 and 33-36 weeks. Conclusion. The placenta weight does not reach the level of physiological pregnancy under conditions of premature maturation of the chorionic tree on the background of comorbid iron deficiency anemia of pregnant women at 29-32 and 33-36 weeks of pregnancy. At 29-32 weeks of gestation, under conditions of premature maturation of the chorionic tree on the background of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women, the main organometric parameters of the placenta (thickness, area, volume) do not reach the level of physiological pregnancy. Premature maturation of the chorionic tree of the placenta may be the basis for chronic placental insufficiency

Dynamics and 2D temperature distribution of plasma obtained by femtosecond laser-induced breakdown

Recently, plasma produced by focusing femtosecond laser in gases has been introduced as an etching tool in materials processing. Proper control of the plasma in this application necessitates the apt understanding of the different morphological features of the plasma. In this contribution we show that, the plasma produced in air goes through several stages of morphological development–from ellipsoidal to spherical to toroidal plasma, whereas in argon, axial compression of an ellipsoidal plasma is observed. To explain this dissimilarity, we have quantified the temperature by emission spectroscopy (Planck analysis with Wien’s approximation). The evolution of temperature shows a triple exponential dependence in time which can be correlated with different stages of morphological changes of the plasma. Open Source Field Operation and Manipulation simulations using experimentally determined temperature values show that—(i) the reverse pressure gradient propagates radially inwards and compresses the plasma in both air and argon and forms a localized high pressure zone at the center that generates a secondary pressure wave in air, but not in argon, and (ii) the baroclinic torque that is generated because of the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability, dominates the rate of vorticity in air, whereas effects of flow compressibility and velocity gradients dominate the vortices in argon. Knowledge of the initial state and the dynamics of the subsequent stages of the plasma formation can be utilized for control and optimization of laser-induced plasma applications.

An Analysis of the English Textbooks in Turkish Primary Schools with Regard to the Processability Theory

The Processability Theory suggests that teacha bility and learn ability of a language is constrained by what learners are ready to acquire. This means that what is presented to the learners should be in line with their level and readiness. Textbooks are one of the fundamental resources of language learning and teaching, and in this sense, analyzing them is very significant for ensuring that they are appropriate for the target learner group. Accordingly, this study aims to find out whether the stages of different morphosyntactic structuresin 5 English textbooks are sequenced according to the developmental stages offered bythe Processability Theory and whether these 5 textbooks complement each other from the 2nd grade to 4th grade. The 5 English textbooks that are currently being used in public schools in Turkey at primary school level were selected. Textbook Analysis as a part of Document Analysis was undertaken, and the morphosyntactic structures provided in the units of these textbooks were analyzed. The findings suggest that the textbooks follow the stages suggested by the Processability Theory in general; however, there are some incompatibilities as well. The sequential development from the 2nd grade to the 4th grade is in a complementary fashion in that they tend to focus on later stages of morphological development as grade increases except for Primary School Just Fun English 3 (Tıraş, 2018) which was found to present a few morphosyntactic structures that are slightly from higher stages for the expected developmental stage while most of the structures of this textbook conforms to the developmental stages of the Processability Theory as well.

VALUATING THE POTENTIAL OF TRIDAX PROCUMBENS FOR LIVESTOCK FEED

A quantitative method of specifying the morphological stage of development in Tridax procumbens was used for evaluating the chemi­cal composition of the plant at specified cano­py ages. An eight stage classification system was defined and assigned numerical values from 1 to 8 in a sequential order of increasing maturity. The mean stage of total herbage (MSW) at a specified age of canopy was calcu­lated as the average of the individual stages present and weighted for the dry weight in each stage. For the individual morphological stages present in a herbage samples, quality components measured by. leaf percentage, crude protein (CP), in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), progressively decreased with maturi­ty. From the vegetative to the mature seed stage, decreases were from 90% to 26% for the leaf proportion; 28% to 14% for CP; and from 82% to 53% for IVTD. Corresponding increases in fibre composition were from 26% to 59% for the total cell wall or neutral deter­gent fibre (NDF); 22% to 40% for ligno-cellu­lose or acid detergent fibre (ADF); and from 25% to 9% ilignin. . Older canopies reached siginificantly higher mean stage (MSW) values than younger canopies. Associated with these were lower percentage, CP, and IVTD; higher NDF; ADF, and lignin at higher MSW values. The implications of these findings are fully discussed

HERBAGE YIELD, MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF LUCERNE DURING GROWTH SEASON IN CENTRAL SLOVENIA: ANALYSIS OF TIME PATTERNS

Cutting time is a pivotal factor affecting herbage yield and nutritive value of forage crop monocultures. Therefore, our objectives in this lucerne study were to analyse temporal patterns of herbage yield, morphological development and quality parameters over growth season, and to relate these patterns to the time of cutting. A field experiment in split-plot design with two block replications was conducted in Ljubljana in 2016. Four growth cycles (C1-C4) were assigned to the main plots, and nine weekly intervals at which herbage yield was measured and herbage samples taken were assigned to the sub-plots. Dry-matter herbage yield accumulated faster during the first half of the season than during the second one. It peaked early in each of the last two growth cycles and after that started to decrease. Statistical analysis showed that linear regression models are acceptable to describe time patterns of morphological development stages (MSW) and contents of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and net energy for lactation (NEL). MSW increased faster during the summer than during the spring or autumn, but only C1 was distinct in this pattern. Lucerne forage quality was generally the highest in C1 mainly due to slower morphological development. This high quality reflected more in NDF and NEL than in CP. In respect of the quality, only C4 at the beginning of the growth was equivalent to C1. Considering yield and content of NEL optimal age of lucerne at cutting was from 28 to 35 days in spring and summer and from 35 to 42 days in autumn.

Description and Codification of Miscanthus × giganteus Growth Stages for Phenological Assessment.

Triploid Miscanthus × giganteus (Greef et Deu. ex Hodkinson et Renvoize) is a sterile, perennial grass used for biomass production in temperate environments. While M. × giganteus has been intensively researched, a scale standardizing description of M. × giganteus morphological stages has not been developed. Here we provide such a scale by adapting the widely-used Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, CHemische Industrie (BBCH) scale and its corresponding numerical code to describe stages of morphological development in M. × giganteus using observations of the “Freedom” and “Illinois” clone in Iowa, USA. Descriptive keys with images are also presented. Because M. × giganteus plants overlap in the field, the scale was first applied to individual stems and then scaled up to assess plants or communities. Of the 10 principal growth stages in the BBCH system, eight were observed in M. × giganteus. Each principal stage was subdivided into secondary stages to enable a detailed description of developmental progression. While M. × giganteus does not have seed development stages, descriptions of those stages are provided to extend the scale to other Miscanthus genotypes. We present methods to use morphological development data to assess phenology by calculating the onset, duration, and abundance of each developmental stage. This scale has potential to harmonize previously described study-specific scales and standardize results across studies. Use of the precise staging presented here should more tightly constrain estimates of developmental parameters in crop models and increase the efficacy of timing-sensitive crop management practices like pest control and harvest.

Gene expression analysis during the induction and patterning of the conjunctival papillae in the chick embryonic eye

The induction and patterning of the conjunctival papillae (i.e. epithelial thickenings of the conjunctiva required for the induction of the underlying, neural crest-derived scleral ossicles) is complex. It takes place over a period of two days and follows a defined spatiotemporal sequence. In this study, we investigated the spatial and temporal expression pattern of four genes over seven morphological stages of development of these papillae. We show that β-catenin is expressed during the pre-patterning of the epithelium prior to papilla induction and second that β-catenin, Ednrb and Inhba are expressed during the induction and patterning of the conjunctival papillae. Furthermore, we identified two genes, β-catenin and Prox1, that may be involved in the induction of the underlying scleral bones. These data provide an excellent baseline for future studies, setting the stage for functional studies aimed at examining the role of these genes in the patterning of the scleral ossicle system. This study also outlines the similarities between the conjunctival papillae and other placodes and may provide insights into the evolution and development of the conjunctival papillae.

Accessory (multiple) renal arteries - Differences in frequency according to population, visualizing techniques and stage of morphological development.

The aim of this paper is to comprehensively analyze the literature focused on frequency of the presence of the accessory renal arteries in the human body. A systematic analysis of papers has been made. With regard to ethnicity, the incidence of accessory renal arteries fluctuates from 4% in a Malaysian population to 61.5% in a Brazilian population. The frequency is lowest in eastern and southern Asia (from 4% to 18.4%). In some, not ethnically homogenous populations, wide span of occurrence of accessory renal arteries is described (e.g. American - averaging from 18% to 28.8%). A higher frequency of accessory renal arteries was observed in fetuses compared to adults. Moreover, differences in the presence and number of accessory renal arteries reported in different papers are a consequence of type of visualizing technique used in research - especially when computed tomography and anatomical dissection were compared. The increasing number of surgical interventions, especially where laparoscopic methods are concerned, underlines the importance of such knowledge especially to surgeons, interventional radiologists, nephrologists, and vascular surgeons.

For consistency's sake: the precise use of larva, nymph and naiad within Insecta

For consistency's sake: the precise use of larva, nymph and naiad within Insecta

Effects of fresh forage quality on feed intake and live weight gain of red deer in spring

Changes in voluntary feed intake (VFI) and average daily gain (ADG) of 10- to 12-month-old male red deer (Cervus elaphus) in response to a range of pasture morphological development stages of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture in spring were investigated. An intake study in November 2000 tested responses to pastures spelled for 6, 8 or 10 weeks in a combined indoor/outdoor comparison over two weeks. This was followed by a 5 week grazing study which compared 3, 5 or 7 week spelling periods during November and December in 2001. Pasture spelled for 6, 8 or 10 weeks had acid detergent fibre concentrations of 216, 229 and 252 g/kg DM (P

Consequences of Surface Neutralization in Diblock Copolymer Thin Films

Two high-χ block copolymers, lamella-forming poly(styrene-block-[isoprene-random-epoxyisoprene]) (PS-PEI78, with 78 mol % epoxidation) and lamella-forming poly(4-trimethylsilylstyrene-block-d,l-lactide) (PTMSS-PLA), were used to study three combinations of interfacial neutrality involving at least one neutral interface. PS-PEI78 annealed on a nonpreferential polymer mat (SMG) produced perpendicular lamellae independent of film thickness, indicating a neutral substrate and neutral free surface. In contrast, the presence of only one neutral interface results in the formation of surface topography ("islands" and "holes") with 0.5L0 step heights. PS-PEI78 (neutral free surface) annealed on PS brush (PS block preferential) forms "half" islands and holes. The inverse experiment, PTMSS-PLA (with a PTMSS preferential free surface) annealed on a neutral (or near neutral) substrate surface, also generates 0.5L0 topography. These "half" island and hole structures are stable to extended thermal annealing. PS-PEI78 exposes both blocks at the free surface in contrast to PTMSS-PLA, which exposes just one. All three combinations of interfacial neutrality are explained by the precise balancing of the wetting tendencies of the two blocks. Evolution of the 0.5L0 motifs appears to be facilitated by a preference to form half-period thick nuclei in the initial stages of morphological development.

In situ TEM of instabilities in capped liquid films: capturing the early stages of morphological development with nanosecond-scale dynamic TEM

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.

Past locust outbreaks in the Czech Lands: do they indicate particular climatic patterns?

Outbreaks of locusts, probably Locusta migratoria, were once relatively frequent phenomena in Central Europe. Documentary evidence reaching back as far as the fourteenth century provides information about these events in the Czech Lands. The stages of morphological development of locusts are influenced by a number of natural conditions, including climate. The question remains as to the extent to which the occurrence of locusts may be attributed to particular weather/climatic patterns in a given year (period) in Central Europe. Available documentary sources recording locust outbreaks in the Czech Lands are presented. The chronology thus created shows their occurrence peaked in the seventeenth century, followed in severity by the eighteenth and sixteenth centuries. Some of the largest outbreaks recorded (1338, 1474–1475, 1542–1546, 1693, 1712 and 1748–1749) are analysed in detail. Seasonal temperature and precipitation patterns in Central Europe during the years in which the locust outbreaks took place show no particular climatic features compared with the years without them, with the exception of cooler and wetter springs and wetter summers.

A modified method for assessment of the morphological stage of development as a predictor of alfalfa herbage chemical composition and nutritive value

SUMMARYThe aim of the current work was to investigate the possibility of modifying the existing mean stage by weight (MSW) system for evaluating the average development stage in alfalfa. The modification was performed with the aim of providing a simplified system that may be used to evaluate the alfalfa development stage and to predict its nutritive value for ruminants. The suggested modification consists of designating an MSW value on the basis of the fresh weight of all morphological stages in a fresh green plant, as opposed to the original method which is based on weighing all morphological stages dried at 65 °C. The investigation was done on 141 samples of one alfalfa cultivar, collected from the same location during the first three growth cycles: spring growth, the first and the second regrowth. On all collected samples the following characteristics were determined: MSW, modified MSW (mean stage by fresh weight (MSFW)), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), crude ash (CA) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). For these characteristics of chemical composition (apart from CA) and nutritive value the regressions were calculated for their prediction based on MSW and MSFW. The regressions were derived for individual growth cycles and all cycles combined. A trend for an increase in the coefficient of determination (R2) was identified as well as a decrease in root-mean-square error (RMSE) for all equations derived for all investigated characteristics from the spring growth to the second regrowth. A deviation from this trend was observed only in equations derived for IVOMD. A very high correlation was observed between MSW and MSFW (r=0·999). The determined R2 and RMSE were very similar within the same growth cycle in all regressions for prediction of chemical composition and nutritive value derived for MSW and MSFW. Based on the results of this investigation the MSFW appears to be a quick and accurate method for determining the average development stage in alfalfa which can therefore be recommended for both scientific research and practical field use, as well as for prediction of its chemical composition and nutritive value.

Salinity and temperature requirements for larviculture of the Monkey River prawn Macrobrachium lar (Fabricius, 1798) (Decapoda: Caridea: Palaemonidae)

The present study investigated the effects of salinity and temperature on the survival and development of larvae of the Monkey River prawn Macrobrachium lar. Larvae of specific morphological development stages (zoeae I, III, V and VII) were exposed to various salinities ranging from 0 to 30±0.5‰ during salinity tolerance tests; while zoea I larvae were reared at temperatures of 26±0.5°C, 28±0.5°C, and 30±0.5°C during temperature tolerance tests.The results of the salinity tolerance tests demonstrated that newly-emerged larvae of Macrobrachium lar are able to tolerate fresh or brackish-water of approximately 10‰, but require gradually increasing salinities post-hatch reaching 30–35‰; which probably needs to be maintained until metamorphosis into post-larvae (PL). Larval stages I–II required a range of 10–15‰, III–IV required 15–25‰ and V–VI required 25–30‰. Stages VII to XIII required 30–35‰, following which salinity may be reduced after PL1. Larval survival and growth were found to be significantly reduced when maintained outside these salinities. Larvae kept in freshwater (0‰) die within 4days unless transferred to brackish-water.Results of the temperature tolerance investigations revealed that a temperature range of 30±0.5°C produced optimal survival and growth. As a result of the current investigation, baseline data on the salinity and temperature requirements of M. lar larvae have been collected and will be useful in further larviculture research work with this species. A salinity acclimation protocol has also been developed that will be useful in developing a mass culture technique for hatchery production of PL.

Inflectional diagrammaticity in Polish: A case study of Polish children

This paper constitutes an attempt to describe the early stages of morphological development of three Polish children on the basis of the language corpus collected in the form of parental diaries and audio recordings in the course of three-year-long longitudinal studies. The onset of morphological development is accounted for within the framework of Natural Morphology ( Galeas 1998 , Wurzel 1994 , Dressler et al. 1987 ). It is suggested that the premorphological stage is followed by the protomorphological stage which marks the beginning of morphological productivity, which is characterized by a significant degree of constructional iconicity defined by parameters of morphological naturalness, such as diagrammaticity, morphosemantic transparency and transparency of encoding. It is amply demonstrated that the language of children is far more regular than the language of adults due to its tendency to avoid alternation, which goes in line with previous research into the nature of the acquisition of Polish (see e.g. Smoczyńska 1985 ).

Modeling particle inflation from poly(amic acid) powdered precursors. II. Morphological development during bubble growth

AbstractThe morphological development of cellular polyimide microstructures from poly(amic acid) powders has been shown to depend on the processing conditions throughout the inflation process and the morphological characteristics of the precursor particles. In an earlier publication the authors presented a numerical study of the preliminary stages prior to particle inflation when the processing temperature is below the glass transition temperature, Tg. In the present article, a second numerical scheme is presented for behavior above Tg in which bubble growth is modeled to account for the effect of multiple phenomena in the final stages of morphological development. The bubble growth kinematics and subsequent cessation of growth are predicted as a function of process parameters and material properties. Morphological characteristics of the precursor particles have also been shown to influence the kinematics of inflation. These results provide a clearer understanding of the solid‐state foaming processes for polyimide cellular materials. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:572–581, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.

Effect of cutting height and stage of development on lucerne quality in the Po plain

To improve pre-harvest forage quality of lucerne an increase of the cutting height was studied under two high quality cutting schedules in a two year experiment. Two different harvest schedules (VB, first cut at late vegetative and following cuts at bud stage; VF, first cut at late vegetative and following cuts at early flowering) and two cutting height (4 and 14 cm) were compared to evaluate dry matter (DM) yield, morphological stage of development, crude protein (CP), NDF, ADL, and enzymatic organic matter digestibility (OMD). The stratified quality was analysed in six canopy segments for a summer cut. Increasing the cutting height improved the protein and digestibility contents in both schedules without compromising the stand persistence. In the VB schedule the increase in the cutting height resulted in an NDF that was lower than 370 g kg-1 DM, while the OMD were always higher than 700 g kg-1 OM, both considered as threshold values for quality purposes. The OMD of the bottom parts of stem remained almost constant till 22 cm with values of 470 and 400 g kg-1 OM for VB and VF, respectively. Leaves showed a constant quality with a CP content of 318 g kg-1 DM and OMD of 769 g kg-1 OM. The increase in the cutting height leads to relevant improvement in the forage quality when performed at vegetative and early bud stages, while on more mature forages the increase in the height of cut proved to be a valuable method to increase forage quality only when performed over 20 cm.

Reciprocal utterances during interactions between deaf toddlers and their hearing mothers

This study compared reciprocal utterances of six hearing mother–hearing toddler dyads and six hearing mother–deaf toddler dyads. Child participants were matched by language stage based on Brown's stages of morphological development and were aged between 25 and 45 months. Child participants were observed interacting with their mothers during videotaped free play sessions.Language samples containing up to a maximum of 100 child utterances from each dyad were transcribed, coded and analysed. Reciprocal utterance units (RUUs) were compared between the hearing and deaf dyads. Results indicated that significant differences existed between dyads having hearing toddlers and dyads having deaf toddlers with regard to the type and frequency of reciprocal utterance units. Some variations to this general finding are discussed.