Audit Staff Research Articles

Linking Corporate Institutional Logics and Moral Reasoning – Evidence from Large Danish Audit Firms

This paper examines whether organizational levels of owner/partner, CPA manager, supervisor and other audit staff are associated with institutional logics of auditors in large Danish audit firms. Our findings identify the presence of the professional logic and commercial logic with the professional logic being two explicit logics of a fiduciary and a technical-expertise logic. The organizational levels of CPA manager, supervisor and other staff are significant in explaining the presence of the technical-expertise logic, but not the fiduciary logic. Higher moral reasoning of auditors and being a female are significantly associated with the presence of the fiduciary logic. All four organizational levels are significant in explaining the identified commercial logic with further tests indicating that partners place more emphasis than supervisors on the commercial logic. Additional tests examine whether moral reasoning is associated with the professional fiduciary, professional technical-expertise and commercial logics and whether organizational levels explain moral reasoning. We find that a higher professional fiduciary logic is associated with higher auditor moral reasoning. In contrast, lower moral reasoning is associated with higher professional technical-expertise and commercial logics. In addition, increased audit experience is associated with lower moral reasoning.

Linking Corporate Institutional Logics and Moral Reasoning – Evidence from Large Danish Audit Firms

This paper examines whether organizational levels of owner/partner, CPA manager, supervisor and other audit staff are associated with institutional logics of auditors in large Danish audit firms. Our findings identify the presence of the professional logic and commercial logic with the professional logic being two explicit logics of a fiduciary and a technical-expertise logic. The organizational levels of CPA manager, supervisor and other staff are significant in explaining the presence of the technical-expertise logic, but not the fiduciary logic. Higher moral reasoning of auditors and being a female are significantly associated with the presence of the fiduciary logic. All four organizational levels are significant in explaining the identified commercial logic with further tests indicating that partners place more emphasis than supervisors on the commercial logic. Additional tests examine whether moral reasoning is associated with the professional fiduciary, professional technical-expertise and commercial logics and whether organizational levels explain moral reasoning. We find that a higher professional fiduciary logic is associated with higher auditor moral reasoning. In contrast, lower moral reasoning is associated with higher professional technical-expertise and commercial logics. In addition, increased audit experience is associated with lower moral reasoning.

Використання HR-аналітики в діагностиці системи управління персоналом

The article delimitates and presents the author's own definitions of the concepts of «diagnosis», «monitoring», «analysis», «evaluation» of the staff management system, «staff audit (staff management),», «HR-analytics». Based on the review of domestic and foreign theoretical and practical studies of the current state of HR-analytics, the understanding of HR analytics is deepened; the possibilities of its implementation in the diagnosis of the staff management system are determined; methodical approaches to this process are described: the object, theme, subject, directions of HR-analytics at the organization level are formulated, stakeholders (interested parties), instruments and examples of the system of metrics/measures (criteria and indicators) operated in HR analytics are defined. It is determined that the diagnosis of the staff management system is a broader concept than HR analytics, which is its main component. HR analytics is based on monitoring and analysis of data with the formation of relevant estimates in conclusions/reports. Preparation of alternative forecasts, improvement of HR processes and staff management system are the final stages of diagnosis of the staff management system. The proposed approach of delimitation of the categorical apparatus of instruments in the sphere of assessment of the effectiveness of human resources use and staff management of an organization with clearly defined structural elements of the process of staff diagnosis will help theorists and practitioners to perform more clearly their work on the analysis and critical evaluation of HR processes with further improvement and alternative forecasting.

Comparative Analysis of Risk Management Practices of Commercial Banks in Afghanistan

The main objective of the study was to compare the risk management practices of public and private banks and rank different types of risks faced by public and private banks in Afghanistan banking sector. The study empirically tested the level of efficient risk management practices in the banking sector of Afghanistan. A representative sample of 110 individuals was used from both public and private banks. The analysis was based on correlation, regression analysis, and t-statistics. The findings suggest that private banks are more efficient than public banks in terms of risk assessment and analysis, risk monitoring, and credit risk management. Furthermore, RAA, RMON, and CRA are the significant determinants of RMPS. Overall, there is no significant difference in the risk management practices of public and private banks. The study found credit risk, country risk, and liquidity risks as the major risks for the banking sector in Afghanistan. Financial statement analysis, audit and physical staff, and value at risk analysis are the three top instruments respectively for the assessment of risk. This study is the first attempt to understand and analyze the risk management practices of the banking sector of Afghanistan, the results of which will assist various stakeholders of the banking industry in their decision-making process.

ВНУТРІШНІЙ АУДИТ В УМОВАХ ПАНДЕМІЇ

Until recently, internal audit staff performed three key tasks: monitoring the internal control system, advising management on various issues, and detecting fraud in the company. But the Covid-19 pandemic has made its adjustments. From the beginning of the pandemic, the focus of their work has shifted towards resource saving and risk assessment. Thus, internal auditors began to play more the role of consultants than auditors. But any new tasks require new approaches. Those who are accustomed to working in stable conditions, according to standard procedures, are forced to restructure, learn new audit techniques, expand the set of skills. And all in order to remain effective for business, and therefore - in demand professionals. Undoubtedly, the pandemic has taught the internal audit services a lot. Despite the obstacles, they can carry out almost any inspections remotely. Internal auditors have been creative in finding ways to continue their work during the constraints caused by the coronavirus, and have adopted alternative audit methods, technologies and tools. In addition, the internal auditors focused on the advisory function, which allows for an independent assessment of the response to the crisis, as well as the implementation of anti-crisis measures. Internal audit services have proven their worth to businesses by demonstrating flexibility and the ability to apply digital technology in responding to emerging issues. However, what to expect in the next stage, which will probably be accompanied by a change in business models and accelerated digital transformation, no one knows enough. That is why, today in a crisis, the work of internal auditors is somewhat different, because they act more quickly and use a wider range of skills. Traditional inspection methods such as site visits, sample testing, and documentation review are giving way to remote auditing, analytics-driven testing and digital methods. The Covid-19 pandemic is accelerating the transformation of internal audit by requiring it to take on the role of a flexible, forward-thinking and technological business partner that offers management a strategic vision of risk across the company.

Budgetary Management and Control of Finance and Economic Cooperation Organization in Mettu Woreda of Ilu Ababor Zone: An Assessment

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the gaps in budget management and control in the Finance and Economic Cooperation Office in Mettu Woreda of Illu Ababora zone, Oromia. This investigation is focused on eight purposely selected sectors and Finance & Economic Cooperation Office. From the total population, (Kothari 2004) formula was used to determine sample of respondents. For the purpose of data collection the management team along with workers of Budget and Finance & Economic Cooperation Office of Mettu, the workers of poverty eradicates sectors and standing committee of finance in the woreda were selected. The SPSS was used to analyze the data using descriptive statistics. For this study, five independent variables were identified including proper plan & budget preparation, budget execution, analyzing & feedback budgetary record and competent internal audit staff. The dependent variable effective & efficient budget management & control which was measured under Binary logistic regression. According to the logistic regression output, proper plan & budget preparation, budget execution, competent internal audit staff & budget monitoring and evaluation were contributed for the budget management & control in the Finance & Economic Cooperation significantly and positively. The remaining variables: the analyzing & feedback budgetary record for the budget management & control is negatively related and insignificant. All these five independent variables are contributions for assessment of budget management & control in the Finance & Economic Cooperation Office in the Woreda. Then, the researcher recommended that the office need to be understand the contributions of these four variables collectively significant and their odd ratio were greater than one to infinity indicate the relationship type between those predictors and the outcomes and add values for the budget management & control in the offices.

An Examination of the Relationships Between Audit Automation and Performance Measurement Implementation in Government Internal Audits

This study examines the effects of audit automation such as the uses of Computer Assisted Audit Techniques on successful implementation and integration of performance measures into management of government internal audits. The researcher analyzed a survey of local government auditors in the USA. Results reveal that successful integration of performance measures into ongoing audit management is influenced by audit use of Computer Assisted Audit Techniques. Additionally, successful implementation and integration of performance measures into audit management are influenced by the use of audit time reporting system, presence of dedicated information technology audit staff, and posting audit reports on audit websites.

A Model for Identification of Internal Audit Quality Criteria From the perspective of professional experts

A Model for Identification of Internal Audit Quality Criteria From the perspective of professional experts

PENGARUH LOCUS OF CONTROL, BUDAYA ORGANISASI, KOMITMEN ORGANISASI DAN STRUKTUR AUDIT TERHADAP KINERJA AUDITOR

Public trust in auditors or audit firm as an independent party authorized to audit financial statements is very high. Auditors who can improve their performance are believed to be capable of becoming qualified auditors and capable of producing high quality products. This study aims to analyze the effect of locus of control, organizational culture, organizational commitment, and audit structure on auditor performance. The population in this study were all auditors at the level of partners, managers, seniors, and juniors as well as staff auditors at the Public Accounting Firm in Pekanbaru. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. The technique of collecting data using a questionnaire. This study was tested with multiple regression analysis using the SPSS 23 program. The results showed that locus of control, organizational culture, organizational commitment, and audit structure had an effect on auditor performance.

Redefining the accountant’s personality: success or stagnancy?

PurposeThe traditional image of an accountant as a boring, number cruncher may affect the likelihood that students with certain personality traits pursue the profession. This paper aims to identify differences in the traditional personality traits and cognitive styles associated with an accountant and identify the personality traits and cognitive styles of students currently entering the profession using empirical data.Design/methodology/approachA survey including a previously validated scale based on the Myers–Briggs type indicator and the Rational-Experiential Inventory-10 short scale was administered to 182 students enrolled in upper-level accounting courses.FindingsAgreeing with the traditional image of an accountant, this study finds an uneven split for sensing/intuition and judgment/perception. Interestingly, this study finds a near even split in extraversion/introversion, thinking/feeling and cognition/intuition, which may affect interactions within the workplace. These near-even splits may indicate a positive shift in those pursuing a career in accounting toward individuals more capable of thinking outside the “box.”Practical implicationsThis study informs firms of changes in the characteristics of accounting graduates entering the profession. Many firms have promoted the need for skills such as critical thinking, teamwork and communication recently, and it is expected that potential employees would exhibit these skills and behaviors. Determining the characteristics of new staff auditors, using empirical data, is critical given the increased analytical and interpersonal skills expected of those currently entering the profession.Originality/valueAssessing the current composition of students pursuing careers in accounting is important because individuals’ personality differences can account for a large portion of differences in their behaviors. Shifting away from the stereotypical boring, nerdy, number cruncher accountant to a more colorful individual who thinks outside the “box” could have both positive and negative implications on the quality of work performed.

How Auditors’ Approach to Client Inquiry May Affect Skeptical Judgment: A Mixed-method Examination of Client Inquiry and Note Taking

ABSTRACT Client inquiry is a foundational financial statement audit procedure. However, the literature offers little evidence regarding how auditors perform client inquiry and how note taking during client inquiry is associated with audit quality. We conduct a mixed-methods study to examine these issues. First, we conduct interviews with seven highly-experienced auditors and five staff auditors to understand current practices regarding client inquiries, as well as evaluating and documenting evidence gathered from client inquiries. These interviews provide a thorough description of inquiry, highlighting that auditors routinely take notes during inquiry but can have difficulty with the interrelated, complex cognitive tasks of asking questions, processing client answers, and taking notes during inquiry. Second, we conduct two experiments to examine the impact of note taking during inquiry on skeptical judgments. Results from both experiments indicate that auditors taking note of more ideas during the inquiry is positively associated with memory accuracy. However, this does not improve skeptical judgments, and may lead to less skeptical judgments. Our second experiment indicates a prompt to develop expectations prior to the inquiry improves identification of inconsistencies in the inquiry, leading to more skeptical judgments. We offer contributions to the academic literature and practice, and suggestions for future research.

Internal audit as an antecedent of economic growth

PurposeThis paper reports a study that examines the role of the internal audit function as a cornerstone of corporate governance, on economic growth.Design/methodology/approachData were obtained from 108 countries for the period 2011–2015. The World Bank, the Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation and the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index were the data sources. Two statistical techniques were used: regression analysis to test the study hypotheses and the Chi-squared test to determine whether variations between countries.FindingsThe findings suggest that conformance with internal audit standards and maturity (in years) of the internal audit department contribute to economic growth. They also reveal a relationship between the professional standing of internal audit staff (represented by professional qualifications and number of training hours annually) and the contribution to economic growth, that being that the greater the professional standing of staff, the greater internal audit conformance to the standards and the higher the contribution to economic growth. Further, the findings reveal that the impact of internal audit on economic growth varies among countries according to income classifications.Originality/valueThe consideration of internal audit as one of the four fundamental bases of corporate governance, and therefore, its relationship with economic growth is a neglected topic in the research arena. This study addresses that shortcoming by providing worldwide evidence on the contribution of internal audit to economic growth and, thus, makes a new contribution to the literature. Further, evidence is provided to enlighten poorly performing economies of the value of mandating the presence of internal audit and the compliance of it with international internal audit standards.

Quality Improvement Measures to Reduce Central-Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSIs) in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)

Background: Central-line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality for neonates; they also increased healthcare costs and duration of hospitalization. This population is susceptible to infections because of their undeveloped immune systems, and they require intravenous access until they can tolerate enteral feedings, which for extremely premature infants can take several weeks (if not months) to achieve. Our hospital is a regional-referral teaching hospital with 772 licensed beds. The neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is a level 3, 35-bed unit where the most critically ill neonates receive care. After a sustained 3-year period of zero CLABSIs, we identified 10 infections between September 2016 through April 2018. Methods: A multidisciplinary team known as the neonatal infection prevention team (NIPT) was reinstated. This team included members from nursing and infection prevention (IP) and from NICU Shared Governance, as well as a neonatal nurse practitioner (NNP) and a neonatologist to review these CLABSIs. Evidence-based practices, policies, and procedures were implemented to help reduce CLABSIs. Nurse educators provided education and training. The infection prevention team reinstated and modified the central-line maintenance and insertion tools to document compliance and to identify any gaps in care. Nurses were expected to document line maintenance once per shift (a.m. and p.m.). All CLABSIs were entered into the CDC NHSN and the hospital’s safety event reporting system, which required follow-up by a clinical manager. The infection prevention team monitored NHSN standardized infection ratios (SIRs) monthly. The SIR is the number of observed events divided by the number predicted (calculated based on national aggregate data). Results: The highest reported quarterly SIR was 1.423, which occurred in the third quarter of 2018 (Fig. 1). Overall compliance with line maintenance protocols was 86% on the morning shift and 89% on the afternoon shift. With implementation of an evidence-based bundle, the NICU had a rolling 12-month SIR of 0.00 as of October 2019. Conclusions: Multidisciplinary team development, implementation of evidence-based bundle elements, and education on catheter care contributed to the long-term success in decreasing CLABSI rates in our NICU. Although this implementation achieved a zero CLABSI rate, we experienced some barriers, including compliance issues with staff not completing the audit tools, staff turnover, and high patient census.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

271 OESOPHAGO-GASTRIC CANCER SURVIVAL IN SCOTLAND: LESSONS LEARNT FROM ESTABLISHING A NATIONAL NETWORK

Abstract Oesophageal cancer is the 9th most common cancer in Scotland, with 972 new cases in 2017. It remains the 4th most common cause of cancer death, with an estimated 5 year survival of 12.1%. Scotland’s oesophago-gastric cancer network consists of 3 regional divisions, serving a population of 5.44 million. In 2017, survival data indicated survival differences across the 3 networks. This work analyses these outcomes and provides insight into the challenges faced by national collaboration. Methods Upper GI Cancer Quality Performance Indicators (QPIs) for patients diagnosed between January 1st 2013 and December 2015 were collected by clinical audit staff in each NHS Board and submitted centrally to the Information Services Division (ISD). Twelve QPIs are assessed and include: % discussed at MDT, % undergoing neo-adjuvant chemotherapy/CRT, 30/90 day mortality, length of stay, and R1 resection rates. Quality assurance of the dataset was assessed by analysing 20% of records submitted. Both univariate (log rank testing and Kaplan–Meier survival curves) and multivariate survival analysis (Cox’s proportional hazards model) were then performed on all patients across the networks. Results —Quality assurance of the dataset was high—96% accuracy of those records analysed.—Univariate analysis showed that increased age, higher deprivation scores, poor performance status, high tumour grade, an R1 resection, and a poor Charlson comorbidity index, had worse survival. Gender was not a significant survival factor. There was no difference at either network or health board level for all patients with oesophageal cancer.—multi-variate analysis revealed survival differences across the networks for radical treatment of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. In addition, the survival of patients receiving radical radiotherapy in one network appeared better than chemoradiotherapy for SCC. Conclusion This body of work highlights the challenges and pitfalls of establishing a national clinical network. Importantly, data collection and accuracy are high. Moreover, unlike other national collaboratives, data submission is compulsory. Whilst survival differences were detected across the clinical networks, further in depth analysis revealed confounding factors e.g. 23% of oesophageal cancers were stage “unknown”. The algorithm used at ISD did not capture stage T4a or b accounting for most of these patients.

The Role of Communication Mode in Auditor-Client Interactions: Insights from Staff Auditors

SUMMARYResearch suggests that staff auditors are more comfortable interacting with client personnel through email than face-to-face and that this choice of communication mode has the potential to impact audit outcomes. However, very little is known about how staff auditors choose a communication mode and its effects on their client interactions. Therefore, we present survey-based evidence that the majority of staff auditors prefer to interact with the client face-to-face but use face-to-face and email relatively equally. Auditors who primarily email the client place less value on client connection, and those who prefer email report feeling more communication anxieties related to the client. Importantly, the use of face-to-face communication is associated with more positive and productive client interactions. Firms can use the results of our study to understand the factors influencing staff auditors' preference for and use of different communication modes and its effect on audit outcomes, particularly as remote work increases.

Friends in low places: How peer advice and expected leadership feedback affect staff auditors’ willingness to speak up

Junior auditors collect the bulk of audit evidence, yet they do not always speak up to communicate potentially important audit issues. Such inappropriate “voice” decisions can endanger audit quality. We examine whether and how staff auditors influence each other in making voice decisions. First, a survey provides descriptive evidence that staff auditors consult their peers for advice on whether to speak up. Next, two experiments provide evidence that voice advice among peers at the staff level can be problematic. We find that staff auditors consistently underestimate the importance of raising issues compared to their supervisors, and they rely on social cues that are not diagnostic of issue importance in giving voice advice to peers. Finally, we predict and find that staff auditors tend to follow peer advice when it confirms their initial stance, and that an expectation of high (versus low) quality supervisor feedback increases their willingness to speak up. Most importantly, we find that contradictory peer advice only influences staff auditors’ willingness to speak up when leadership feedback is not expected to be of high quality. Together these results indicate that staff auditors seek out and follow voice advice from their peers, but appropriate leadership feedback practices can mitigate the negative impact of peer advice on upward communication.

When the Client Is a Former Auditor: Auditees' Expert Knowledge and Social Capital as Threats to Staff Auditors' Operational Independence

ABSTRACTAuditees can play an active role in influencing staff auditors' professional judgment and skepticism. Yet, although it constitutes one of the main threats to auditor independence, very little is known about the means and extent of auditees' power during the audit engagement. To address this knowledge gap, our study focuses on a specific category of auditees, namely, auditees who have worked as auditors in large accounting firms. We interviewed 36 of these auditees and triangulated our findings with 11 interviews conducted with auditors. At the theoretical level, we conceptualize auditees' influence over auditors as intentional and active through the notion of “social power.” Overall, our analysis shows that the efficacy of auditees' power during the engagement materializes through the mobilization of two main power resources developed during their time at the firms: (i) expert knowledge of auditing techniques and (ii) social capital. On the one hand, relying on their cognitive authority, auditees' employ three different power strategies to constrain staff auditors' operational independence: stage‐setting, teaching, and questioning. On the other hand, auditees' social capital can support the use of two additional strategies: attracting and monitoring. Our triangulation analysis confirms our findings and suggests that auditors may be aware of the threats to independence that auditee expertise and social capital pose. By focusing on auditees' agentic capabilities—that is, individuals' capabilities to consciously exert influence over the course of events—we reinterpret the pressures exerted by clients on auditors as the product of strategic actions and discuss substantive consequences for independence risk.

감사팀 구성원 변동과 감사시간 및 감사품질간의 관계에 관한 연구

본 연구는 한 회계기간 동안 개별 감사팀 구성원 변동이 감사업무에 투입되는 감사인의 노력 및 감사품질과 어떠한 관련이 있는지 살펴본다. 그동안 선행연구들은 감사인 개인 또는 회계법인의 특성이 감사노력이나 감사품질에 미치는 영향에 대하여 주로 살펴보고 있다. 그러나 감사업무는 개별감사인으로 구성된 감사팀 단위로 한 회계기간 동안 수차례의 현장감사를 통해 감사증거를 수집하면서 수행된다. 즉, 감사팀은 감사업무를 목적으로 하여 개별감사인들로 구성된 계층적 집합체(hierarchical assemblage)이며 각자 공통적이면서도 개별적인 업무를 수행하기 때문에 감사팀내에서 구성원간의 커뮤니케이션이나 지식공유는 매우 중요한 요소이다. 실증분석 결과, 한 회계기간 동안 감사팀 구성원 변동과 감사시간과의 관계는 양(+)의 관련성이 존재하고. 감사품질과는 음(-)의 관계가 있음을 발견하였다. 또한, 비정상감사시간이 양(+)인 경우 감사팀 구성원 변동과 감사품질간의 음(-)의 관련성은 발견되지 아니하여 감사인이 추가적인 감사시간을 투입하는 경우 감사품질을 유지시킬 수 있는 것으로 해석된다. 본 연구는 감사팀 수준의 연구를 수행함으로써 감사팀의 상호작용(audit team interactions)을 실증연구의 방법으로 분석하였으며, 감사팀 구성원의 효율적인 운영을 감사품질의 대용치로 활용할 수 있는 근거를 제시하였다는 의의를 갖는다.

The Influence of Audit Staff Quality and Client Type on Audit Evidence Collection with Communication Type as Moderation

This study aims to examine the effect of audit staff quality (staff in-charge or auditors who carry out audit tasks) and the client type on the audit evidence collection is moderated by the communication type. The study population was auditors working in the Makassar Public Accounting Firm. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, while the data collection was done by distributing questionnaires to all auditors who met the sample criteria. The samples are thirty-three auditors from seven public accountant office in Makassar city. The hypothesis test was conducted using Smart PLS 3. This study found that the audit staff quality, client type, and communication type had a positive effect on the collection of audit evidence directly. Furthermore, the moderation test results found that the communication type strengthens the relationship between the client type and the collection of audit evidence. It means that while gathering audit evidence, the higher the audit staff quality, the more evidence they can obtain. The same result also found in the relationship between the client type and the audit evidence collection. When the client type is friendly, the more audit evidence is gathered. Based on these results, it is suggested that junior auditor must build their confidence in dealing with the clients.

The Role of Internal Audit in Risk Identification and Management: The Case of a Publicly Funded University in Ghana

Risk management is an integral part of the organizational process effected by an entity's management and personnel. It is designed to identify and address risks and to provide reasonable assurance in pursuit of the entity's mission. Risk management is to an organization’s strategic management as it raises the probability of success, and reduces both the probability of failure and the uncertainty of achieving the organization’s overall objectives. This study is set to ascertain the role of Internal Audit in risk identification, analysis and management in a Public University in Ghana. This single case study is situated at University of Mines and Technology (UMaT), Tarkwa. The research goes beyond the evidence in the public domain and includes questionnaire and interview of key personnel for data collection. The research revealed that, Internal Audit function plays an important role in making risk management at UMaT effective by carrying out activities such as pre-audit, revenue checking, updating procedures, provision of recommendations, and ensuring policies and procedures are complied. These go a long way to contribute to the achievement of the University objectives. Financial risk is found to be the major risk that threatens the operations of the University. The questionnaire administration indicated more than 77% of respondents agreed that the Internal Audit helps to reduce risk, conducts regular evaluation and review of risk, has qualified staff and management considers recommendations made by the unit as valuable. Respondents were, however, critical regarding professional training of staff, low percentages of respondents (30% and below) agreed to assertions in areas such as professional training of staff, adequate logistics and staff strength. It is recommended that there should be a documented risk management policy and when possible size of the Internal Audit staff should be increased to enable wider coverage of audit activity within the University be carried within the shortest possible time to ensure timeliness and relevance. In addition, staff should be encouraged to attend professional training periodically. Keywords: Risk Management; Organization; Internal Audit DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/11-12-11 Publication date: June 30th 2020