Incineration is an effective way to reduce the volume of municipal solid waste (MSW) and recover energy as a co-benefit. The main challenge with this process lies in the management of the generated residues, namely, air pollution control (APC) lime, fly ash, and bottom ash. In this study, a novel approach is explored that could potentially allow using incineration energy and residues to produce an ecological cement (eco-cement) at a low synthesis temperature (1100 °C) with the ability to achieve structural binding strength when reacted with carbon dioxide. It was found that eco-cement made exclusively from residues (100%) had shown low early strength by carbonation activation and was more latent hydraulic. With 6% virgin additives, eco-cement could develop a strength of 55 MPa by 2 h carbonation, which was comparable to the performance of control ordinary Portland cement (OPC) hydrated for 28 days. Leaching tests validated the stability of the product, where concentrations of monitored heavy metals in the leachate solution were all well under regulatory limits. In the near future, eco-cement could possibly be produced within MSW incinerators by making use of abundantly generated heat for clinkering raw meals prepared from incineration residues. As a further step, concrete made from such cement could also be activated by carbon dioxide captured locally from emission stacks, thereby reducing an operation’s carbon footprint and effectively diverting carbon emissions from the atmosphere.