Stable Trend Research Articles

Temporal Patterns of Structural Sagebrush Connectivity from 1985 to 2020

The sagebrush biome within the western United States has been reshaped by disturbances, management, and changing environmental conditions. As a result, sagebrush cover and configuration have varied over space and time, influencing processes and species that rely on contiguous, connected sagebrush. Previous studies have documented changes in sagebrush cover, but we know little about how the connectivity of sagebrush has changed over time and across the sagebrush biome. We investigated temporal connectivity patterns for sagebrush using a time series (1985–2020) of fractional sagebrush cover and used an omnidirectional circuit algorithm to assess the density of connections among areas with abundant sagebrush. By comparing connectivity patterns over time, we found that most of the biome experienced moderate change; the amount and type of change varied spatially, indicating that areas differ in the trend direction and magnitude of change. Two different types of designated areas of conservation and management interest had relatively high proportions of stable, high-connectivity patterns over time and stable connectivity trends on average. These results provide ecological information on sagebrush connectivity persistence across spatial and temporal scales that can support targeted actions to address changing structural connectivity and to maintain functioning, connected ecosystems.

Epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma in Florida, and differences in risk factors between intra- and extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

e16329 Background: Albeit rare, cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is a poorly understood, highly fatal cancer with an incidence rate of less than 2.5 per 100,000 people. For most cases of CC, causes are not known. Here, we use population-based data from the diverse state of Florida to study the most recent incidence rates and trends for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC) and measure the prevalence of potential risk factors and preexisting conditions associated with liver cancer including biliary conditions, diabetes, obesity and dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, chronic hepatitis C (HCV) and hepatitis B (HBV) infections, alcohol-related disease, and auto-immunes diseases. Methods: We used the Florida Cancer Registry Data on all cases of cholangiocarcinoma (N = 5,096) diagnosed during 2010–2018 (2,930 intra-hepatic, 2,166 extra-hepatic). Data were linked with two other data sources: the Agency for Healthcare Administration and the Department of Viral Hepatitis. Age-adjusted rates by sex were computed, incidence trends using Joinpoint regression and 5-year age-adjusted survival, using lifetable methods, were estimated. Differences in prevalence of risk factors were tested using chi-square tests. Results: Both ICC rates, 1.7 (per 100,000) for males and 1.3 for females, and ECC rates, 1.0 in males and 0.7 in females are relatively low. ICC is currently the fastest increasing cancer at a rate of +7.2% per year in males and +6.5% in females, while ECC trends remain stable. The 5-year survival was 11.0% for ICC (95%CI: 9.2-12.8) and 12.9% (95%CI: 10.5-15.3) for ECC. Overall, conditions such as diabetes type 2 (29%), obesity and dyslipidemia (41%), and hypertension (61%) were highly but equally prevalent in both ICC and ECC. The presence of non-alcohol related cirrhosis (6.0% vs 2.8% for ICC and ECC, respectively), chronic HCV infection (6.6%, 2.0%), and smoking (52.7%, 48.5%) were significantly more prevalent in ICC, while cholangitis of any type (13.5%,26.0%), chronic pancreatitis, auto-immune diseases (all. Conclusions: Currently, ICC is the most rapidly increasing cancer in the US; though, the extent to which better recognition of ICC plays a role in this trend is unknown. ICC and ECC show similarities, but also, differences in the prevalence of specific risk factors and preexisting conditions. The commonly held perception that the increase in metabolic causes (diabetes and obesity), similarly present in both ICC and ECC, are responsible for the current trends is partially challenged by the stable trends in ECC. Given its dismal prognosis, cholangiocarcinoma, especially ICC, requires further research. Funding: This work was supported by Bankhead Coley Grant #20B16 from the Biomedical Research Program of the Department of Health State of Florida.

Increasing positive rate of IgG against hepatitis E virus with steady IgM positivity and clinical incidence: A retrospective seroprevalence time series analysis of HEV from 2012 to 2021 in Chongqing, China.

China is an epidemic area of hepatitis E, and the serum prevalence data is very important for formulating prevention and control strategies. However, almost all related research in the past decade are cross-sectional studies. In this study, we analyzed the serological data from 2012 to 2021 in Chongqing for 10 consecutive years. We found that the positive rate of hepatitis E IgG antibody increased gradually, from 1.61% in January 2012 to 50.63% in December 2021. The autoregressive integrated moving average model was used to predict the trend, and it was found that it will continue to show an upward trend in the recent future. In contrast, the positive rate of IgM and clinical incidence of hepatitis E showed a relatively stable trend. Although the positive rate of antibodies gradually increased with age, there was no significant difference in the age distribution of the subjects each year. Therefore, these results suggest that the accumulated infection of hepatitis E in Chongqing may be gradually increasing, but the clinical incidence rate remains unchanged, which provides a new concern for formulating prevention and control strategies.

WED-203 - Stable temporal trend of HDV seroprevalence in central Italy across the last two decades with the circulation of HDV sub-genotypes 1 inducing different inflammatory stimuli

WED-203 - Stable temporal trend of HDV seroprevalence in central Italy across the last two decades with the circulation of HDV sub-genotypes 1 inducing different inflammatory stimuli

Trends, sociodemographic and hospital-level factors associated with inpatient palliative care utilization among malignant melanoma patients: A 5-year National Inpatient Sample (NIS) study.

e21526 Background: Palliative care improves the quality of life in cancer patients; however, there is no literature on specific factors that predict its use in patients with malignant melanoma. We explored the prevalence trends, and predictors of palliative care utilization among hospitalized patients with malignant melanoma. Methods: Retrospective analyses were conducted using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) data collected between 2016 and 2020. Descriptive analyses and multivariable regression models were used to investigate the prevalence trends, and sociodemographic and hospital-level factors associated with palliative care utilization in hospitalized malignant melanoma patients. Results: Of the 9,760 hospitalizations with a diagnosis of malignant melanoma over the study duration, 14% utilized palliative care during their hospital stay. Overall, 9.2% of malignant melanoma patients used palliative care and were discharged alive. There was a stable trend of palliative care use over the 5-year period (14%). Compared to patients on Medicare, those on Medicaid were twice (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 2.12; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26–3.64) more likely to utilize palliative care. Relative to other regions in the US, patients hospitalized in the West were 40% less likely to receive the service of the palliative team (AOR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.38-0.96). Those admitted to teaching hospitals (AOR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.40-0.77) had lower odds of having palliative care consultations when compared to non-teaching hospitals. Patients admitted to urban hospitals had 50% (AOR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.27–0.98) lesser odds of getting palliative care when compared to their counterparts in rural hospitals. Individuals who were either discharged to a facility/with home health (AOR: 8.81; 95% CI: 5.88–13.23) or died during hospitalization (AOR: 128.42; 95% CI: 72.10–228.77) had higher odds of utilizing palliative care when compared to those with a routine discharge. Conclusions: The prevalence of palliative care utilization was low, and factors associated with utilization in our population were identified. Our findings emphasize the necessity to improve awareness among medical oncologists and primary inpatient teams on the importance of involving the palliative care service early in the management of hospitalized patients with malignant melanoma.

Time trends and social inequalities in infant and young child feeding practices: national estimates from Brazil's Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, 2008-2019.

To describe the time trends and socio-economic inequalities in infant and young child feeding practices in accordance with the Brazilian deprivation index (BDI). This time-series study analysed the prevalence of multiple breast-feeding and complementary feeding indicators based on data from the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, 2008-2019. Prais-Winsten regression models were used to analyse time trends. Annual percent change (APC) and 95 % CI were calculated. Primary health care services, Brazil. Totally, 911 735 Brazilian children under 2 years old. Breast-feeding and complementary feeding practices differed between the extreme BDI quintiles. Overall, the results were more favourable in the municipalities with less deprivation (Q1). Improvements in some complementary feeding indicators were observed over time and evidenced such disparities: minimum dietary diversity (Q1: Δ 47·8-52·2 %, APC + 1·44, P = 0·006), minimum acceptable diet (Q1: Δ 34·5-40·5 %, APC + 5·17, P = 0·004) and consumption of meat and/or eggs (Q1: Δ 59·7-80·3 %, APC + 6·26, P < 0·001; and Q5: Δ 65·7-70·7 %, APC + 2·20, P = 0·041). Stable trends in exclusive breast-feeding and decreasing trends in the consumption of sweetened drinks and ultra-processed foods were also observed regardless the level of the deprivation. Improvements in some complementary food indicators were observed over time. However, the improvements were not equally distributed among the BDI quintiles, with children from the municipalities with less deprivation benefiting the most.

Comparison of 30-day Readmission Rates and Inpatient Cardiac Procedures for Weekday Versus Weekend Hospital Admissions for Heart Failure

BackgroundWhether the timing of hospital presentation impacts care delivery and clinical outcomes for patients hospitalized for heart failure (HF) remains a matter of debate. In this study, we examined all-cause and HF-specific 30-day readmission rates for patients who were admitted for HF on a weekend vs admitted for HF on a weekday. Methods and ResultsWe conducted a retrospective analysis using the 2010–2019 Nationwide Readmission Database to compare 30-day readmission rates among patients who were admitted for HF on a weekday (Monday to Friday) vs patients who were admitted for HF on a weekend (Saturday or Sunday). We also compared in-hospital cardiac procedures and temporal trends in 30-day readmission by day of index hospital admission. Among 8,270,717 index HF hospitalizations, 6,302,775 were admitted on a weekday and 1,967,942 admitted on a weekend. For weekday and weekend admissions, the 30-day all-cause readmission rates were 19.8% vs 20.3%, and HF-specific readmission rates were 8.1% vs 8.4%, respectively. Weekend admissions were independently associated with higher risk of all-cause (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–1.05, P < .001) and HF-specific readmission (aOR 1.04, 95% CI 1.03–1.05, P < .001). Weekend HF admissions were less likely to undergo echocardiography (aOR 0.95, 95% CI 0.94–0.96, P < .001), right heart catheterization (aOR 0.80, 95% CI 0.79–0.81, P < .001), electrical cardioversion (aOR 0.90, 95% CI 0.88–0.93, P < .001), or receive temporary mechanical support devices (aOR 0.84, 95% CI 0.79–0.89, P < .001). The mean length of stay was shorter for weekend HF admissions (5.1 days vs 5.4 days, P < .001). Between 2010 and 2019, 30-day all-cause (18.5% to 18.2%, trend P < .001) and HF-specific (8.4% to 8.3%, trend P < .001) readmission rates decreased among weekday HF admissions. Among weekend HF admissions, the HF-specific 30-day readmission rate decreased (8.8% to 8.7%, trend P < .001), but the all-cause 30-day readmission rate remained stable (trend P = .280). ConclusionsAmong patients hospitalized for HF, weekend admissions were independently associated with excess risk of 30-day all-cause and HF-specific readmission and a lower likelihood of undergoing in-hospital cardiovascular testing and procedures. The 30-day all-cause readmission rate has decreased modestly over time among patients admitted on weekdays, but has remained stable among patients admitted on weekends.

It's about Time: Analytical Time Periodization

AbstractThis paper presents a novel approach to the problem of time periodization, which involves dividing the time span of a complex dynamic phenomenon into periods that enclose different relatively stable states or development trends. The challenge lies in finding such a division of the time that takes into account diverse behaviours of multiple components of the phenomenon while being simple and easy to interpret. Despite the importance of this problem, it has not received sufficient attention in the fields of visual analytics and data science. We use a real‐world example from aviation and an additional usage scenario on analysing mobility trends during the COVID‐19 pandemic to develop and test an analytical workflow that combines computational and interactive visual techniques. We highlight the differences between the two cases and show how they affect the use of different techniques. Through our investigation of possible variations in the time periodization problem, we discuss the potential of our approach to be used in various applications. Our contributions include defining and investigating an earlier neglected problem type, developing a practical and reproducible approach to solving problems of this type, and uncovering potential for formalization and development of computational methods.

Portraying the life cycle of ideas in social psychology through functional (textual) data analysis: a toolkit for digital history

This paper presents a method for the digital history of a discipline (social psychology in this application) through the analysis of scientific publications. The titles of a comprehensive set of papers published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1965–2021) were collected, yielding a total of 10,222 items. The corpus thus constructed underwent several stages of preprocessing until the final conversion into a terms x time-points matrix, where terms are stemmed words and multi-words. After normalizing frequencies via a chi square-like transformation, clusters of words portraying similar temporal patterns were identified by functional (textual) data analysis and distance-based curve clustering. Among the best candidates in terms of the number of clusters, the solutions with six, nine and thirteen clusters (from lower to higher resolution) have been chosen and the nesting relationship demonstrated. They reveal—at different levels of granularity—increasing, decreasing, and stable keywords trends, highlighting methods, theories, and application domains that have become more popular in recent years, lost popularity, or have remained in common use. Moreover, this method allows to highlight historical issues (such as crises in the discipline or debates over the use of terms). The results highlight the core topics of social psychology in the past and today, underlying the crucial contribution of this method for the digital history of a discipline.

Spatially-explicit assessment of carbon stocks in the landscape in the southern US under different scenarios of industrial wood pellet demand

Whether the use of industrial wood pellets for bioenergy is part of the problem of climate change or part of the solution to climate change has been heavily debated in the academic and political arena. The uncertainty around this topic is impeded by contradicting scientific assessments of carbon impacts of wood pellet use. Spatially explicit quantification of the potential carbon impacts of increased industrial wood pellet demand, including both indirect market and land-use change effects, is required to understand potential negative impacts on carbon stored in the landscape. Studies that meet these requirements are scarce. This study assesses the impact of increased wood pellet demand on carbon stocks in the landscape in the Southern US spatially explicitly and includes the effects of demand for other wood products and land-use types. The analysis is based on IPCC calculations and highly detailed survey-based biomass data for different forest types. We compare a trend of increased wood pellet demand between 2010 and 2030 with a stable trend in wood pellet demand after 2010, thereby quantifying the impact of increased wood pellet demand on carbon stocks in the landscape. This study shows that modest increases in wood pellets demand (from 0.5 Mt in 2010 to 12.1 Mt in 2030), compared to a scenario without increase in wood pellet demand (stable demand at 0.5 Mt), may result in carbon stock gains of 103–229 Mt in the landscape in the Southern US. These carbon stock increases occur due to a reduction in natural forest loss and an increase in pine plantation area compared to a stable-demand scenario. Projected carbon impacts of changes in wood pellet demand were smaller than carbon effects of trends in the timber market. We introduce a new methodological framework to include both indirect market and land-use change effects into carbon calculations in the landscape.

Global, Regional, and National Trends in Incidence and Mortality of Primary Liver Cancer and Its Underlying Etiologies from 1990 to 2019: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

ObjectivePrimary liver cancer is not only one of the most common causes of cancer deaths but also the second most common cause of premature death worldwide. Understanding the trends in incidence and mortality of primary liver cancer and its etiologies is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. This study aimed to quantify the trends in incidence and mortality of primary liver cancer and its etiologies at the global, regional and national levels using data from Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study.MethodAnnual incident cases, deaths, age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs), and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) of primary liver cancer and its etiologies, including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcohol use, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and other causes, between 1990 and 2019 were collected from GBD study 2019. Percentage changes in incident cases and deaths and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) in ASIRs and ASMRs of primary liver cancer and its etiologies were calculated to quantify their temporal trends. Correlations of EAPC in ASIRs and ASMRs with socio-demographic index (SDI) and universal health coverage index (UHCI) in 2019 were separately evaluated by Pearson correlation analyses.ResultsGlobally, the incident cases and deaths of primary liver cancer increased by 43.11% from 373 393 in 1990 to 534 365 in 2019 and 32.68% from 365 213 in 1990 to 484 584 in 2019, respectively. ASIR and ASMR of primary liver cancer decreased by an average of 2.23% (95% CI 1.83%, 2.63%) and 1.93% (95% CI 1.55%, 2.31%) per year between 1990 and 2019 worldwide, respectively. ASIRs and ASMRs of primary liver cancer varied between regions, with an increasing trend in ASIR (EAPC = 0.91; 95% CI 0.47, 1.35) and a stable trend in ASMR (EAPC = 0.42, 95% CI − 0.01, 0.85) of primary liver cancer in high SDI region between 1990 and 2019. Nearly half (91/204) of the countries suffered an increasing trend in ASIR of primary liver cancer and more than one-third (71/204) of the countries suffered an increasing trend in ASIRs of primary liver cancer from all etiologies between 1990 and 2019 worldwide. Positive correlations of EAPC in ASIR and ASMR of primary liver cancer with SDI and UHCI were observed in nations with SDI ≥ 0.7 or UHCI ≥ 70.ConclusionPrimary liver cancer remains a major public health concern globally, with an increasing trend in the numbers of incident cases and deaths in the past three decades. We observed an increasing trend in ASIR of primary liver cancer in nearly half of the countries and an increasing trend in ASIRs of primary liver cancer by etiology in more than one-third of the countries worldwide. In line with the Sustainable Development Goals, the identification and elimination of risk factors for primary liver cancer will be required to achieve a sustained reduction in liver cancer burden.

Input Efficiency Measurement and Improvement Strategies of New Infrastructure under High-Quality Development

As a result of implementing new development concepts and absorbing new technical revolutions in the Intelligent Economy Age, new infrastructure is defined as a new driving force for high-quality development. However, as new infrastructure is constructed, there are problems such as the small scale of high-tech industries, weak economic support and human capital, and difficulty in carrying out new infrastructure construction projects, so it has become crucial to find solutions to these problems. Using the slacks-based measure model and Moran index, this study compares and analyzes the input efficiency of new infrastructure in 30 provinces of China from 2011 to 2020, alongside the analysis of temporal and spatial differences. China’s new infrastructure input generally shows a stable development trend in terms of efficiency, while the regional coordination still needs to be strengthened. Eastern China maintains a leading trend, Central China is developing rapidly, and the western region and Northeastern China do not form high-value agglomeration areas. This study puts forward relevant policy recommendations from four dimensions—optimizing the industrial structure, giving scope to government function, focusing on key areas, and compensating for weak links—to supply a powerful impetus for the development of new infrastructure.

Green supply chain decision of discarded drugs recycling: Evolutionary game and strategy simulation.

The research on the recycling of discarded drugs has become an important direction of the green supply chain in China. Faced with the great challenge of recycling discarded drugs in China, it is necessary to make clear the behavior choice of each recycling subject. This paper constructs an evolutionary game model among government, drugs recycling companies and consumers, describes the evolutionary game process, and analyzes the influence of the gain of government, drug recycling enterprises and consumers on the evolutionary stable strategy trend. By using Matlab simulation software to simulate the evolution of tripartite behavior, the final result is obtained: The government's choice of a strong regulatory strategy has an important positive role in guiding the entire discarded drug recovery market. Consumer's choice of active participation strategy and enterprise's choice of active participation strategy are most beneficial to the healthy development of the discarded drug recovery market. This study provides some valuable theoretical support and reference for the national decision-making of discarded drug recovery, helps to solve the problem of discarded drug recovery, and provides theoretical support and policy-making recommendations for the ultimate achievement of sustainable development goals.

Risk prediction and early warning of pilots’ unsafe behaviors using association rule mining and system dynamics

Risk prediction of pilots' unsafe behaviors is of great significance for preventing unsafe aviation incidents. However, there is a lack of effective and precise approach of dealing with this problem. This study proposes a hybrid approach of combining association rule mining (ARM) method and system dynamics (SD) model to predict and warn pilots' unsafe behaviors. Firstly, the risk factors are identified and classified according to the historical incident data by the human factor analysis and classification system. Then, the association rules between risk factors and unsafe behaviors are obtained by ARM. Finally, the SD is adopted to construct the risk prediction and early warning model for pilots' unsafe behaviors, and the applicability and effectiveness of the model are verified by the actual data from 2016 to 2020. The results of ARM show that there are 48 risk factors affecting pilots' unsafe behaviors, and 142 key association rules are formed between these risk factors and unsafe behaviors; environmental influences, pilots' adverse states, and organizational influences are all strongly related to pilots' unsafe behaviors, and the impact of environmental influences on unsafe behaviors mainly rely on the interaction with other factors. The results of SD demonstrate that although both of the cognitive error risk and the decision error risk show an increasing trend, the former increases slowly and keeps at the level of no alarm while the latter is growing faster and its risk may increase from no alarm to critical alarm; the operation error risk and the violation risk both show a downward trend, and finally remain at the no alarm level; the risk of pilots' unsafe behaviors has a stable fluctuation trend, and the risk values of most time are in the threshold ranges of major warning and critical warning. This work provides theoretical guidance for the decision-makers to develop measures to reduce incidents caused by pilots’ unsafe behaviors.

Work life complexity no longer on the rise: trends among 1930s–1980s birth cohorts in Sweden

ABSTRACT There is a conception that contemporary work lives become ever more complex. Pioneering research has indicated that work lives have indeed become more complex, yet at a modestly increasing pace. This paper uses Swedish registry data across an exceptionally long time period, including cohorts born from 1931 to 1983. The following conclusions are drawn using state-of-the-art methods of measuring sequence complexity. For early-careers, an increasing complexity trend is evident between the 1950s and 1960s birth cohorts, yet complexity fluctuates around a stable trend for the 1970s birth cohorts and onward. For mid-careers, which are considerably more stable on average, complexity has decreased among women born between the 1930s and the early-1950s. However, the opposite trend holds true for men, resulting in a gender convergence in work complexity. We observe a subsequent standstill of the mid-career complexity trend across both genders, followed by a modest decline for the last observed cohorts. Analyses point to educational expansion as an important driver of the initial increase of early-career complexity. Taken together, this study affirms an initial shift to more work life complexity in the twentieth century, yet we find no unidirectional trend toward more complexity over the last decades.

Developmental trajectories of socio-emotional outcomes of children and young people in out-of-home care – Insights from data of Pathways of Care Longitudinal Study (POCLS)

BackgroundThere has been a limited understanding of the longitudinal trajectory and determinants of socio-emotional outcomes among children in out-of-home care (OOHC). ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine child socio-demographics, pre-care maltreatment, placement, and caregiver factors associated with trajectories of socio-emotional difficulties of children in OOHC. Participants and settingThe study sample (n = 345) included data from the Pathways of Care Longitudinal Study (POCLS), a prospective longitudinal cohort of children aged 3–17 years who entered the OOHC system in New South Wales (NSW) Australia, between 2010 and 2011. MethodsGroup-based trajectory models were used to identify distinct socio-emotional trajectory groups based on the Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL) Total Problem T-scores completed at all four Waves 1–4. Modified Poisson regression analysis was conducted to assess the association (risk ratios) of socio-emotional trajectory group membership with pre-care maltreatment, placement, and caregiver-related factors. ResultsThree trajectories of socio-emotional development were identified: ‘persistently low difficulties’ (average CBCL T-score changed from 40 to 38 over time), normal (average CBCL T-score changed from 52 to 55 over time), and clinical (average CBCL T-score remained at 68 over time) trajectories. Each trajectory presented a stable trend over time. Relative/kinship care, as compared with foster care, was associated with the “persistently low” socio-emotional trajectory. Being male, exposure to ≥8 pre-care substantiated risk of significant harm (ROSH) reports, placement changes, and caregiver's psychological distress (more than two-fold increased risk) were associated with the clinical socio-emotional trajectory. ConclusionsEarly intervention to ensure children have a nurturing care environment and psychological support to caregivers are vital for positive socio-emotional development over time among children in long-term OOHC.

COST ACCOUNTING IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Cost management becomes the most effective aspect in effective business management. This is determined both by the limited growth of margin income in the stable trends of low added value, and by industry features. The relevance of the presented research is determined both by the dynamic development of the construction industry, which indicates the concentration of risks, and by the increasing potential in optimizing conditionally constant and conditionally variable costs, which are characteristic of construction. The search for reserves to reduce the cost of construction and increase profitability requires management data on the real level of costs. Research in the field of cost management and accounting is receiving increasing attention from researchers due to the scientific prospects of this area of economic knowledge.The purpose of the research is to clarify the features of cost management and their accounting in construction, taking into account current trends in the development of the industry.Research methodology: the use of general scientific methods of cognition (synthesis, analogy, generalization, deduction) allowed us to develop general patterns in the management of costs in construction. Data collection, study and comparison were carried out using empirical methods. When processing and systematizing the data, grouping and classification methods were used, which made it possible to identify opportunities for allocating new cost groups in the management accounting system. The information and statistical base of the study was compiled according to official periodicals and information and analytical data of the Republic of Kazakhstan.The originality / value of the study lies in the fact that it summarizes, evaluates and expands knowledge about costs in the construction industry, clarifying the impact of cost classification in improving the accounting of variable and fixed, direct and indirect costs.Findings. The author analyzes the main issues related to determining the cost of housing construction. The main types of costs arising in construction are clarified, the differentiation of costs for the purposes of their management and distribution in margin management is carried out, the issues of cost accounting in the context of financial and managerial accounting are investigated.

Genezis sistemy obrazovaniya v Rossii v seredine XVIII v.: istoriko-pedagogicheskij i sociokul'turnyj aspekty

The scientific article explores the main trends in the development of the education system in Russia in the middle of the 18th century. The authors conduct a historical and pedagogical analysis of the period of the 1730s 1760s, characterized by the inconsistency of the state educational policy in the post-Petrine era and the formation of stable socio-cultural trends for the transition to subsequent cardinal education reforms. It is shown that during this period the idea of the need for education, enlightenment and determining the orientation towards the secular nature of education matured in Russian society and gradually permeated public consciousness, created the systemic contours of general education in Russia in the second half of the 18th century.

Conjunctival Melanoma in Aotearoa-New Zealand: A 21-Year Analysis of Incidence and Survival.

Conjunctival melanoma (CM) is a rare and aggressive malignancy. Global studies demonstrate increased burden of disease in countries with high rates of cutaneous melanoma. There are currently no reports on CM incidence, trends, or survival within Aotearoa-New Zealand (NZ), a country with the highest global rates of cutaneous melanoma, which this study aims to address. This was a retrospective review using the national cancer registry. Data on histologically confirmed CM diagnosed between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2020, were obtained from the NZ Cancer Registry. Cases were identified using the International Classification of Disease, 10th edition (ICD-10) codes. Primary outcome measures were age-standardized incidence, trends, and survival. A total of 68 CM cases were identified. There was a preponderance for females (n=40, 58.8%) and CM predominantly affected European patients (n=63, 92.6%). Median follow-up was 5.0 years [interquartile range (IQR)=2.4-9.9y] and the median age at diagnosis was 68.5 years (IQR=57.0-79.0y), with non-Europeans presenting at a significantly younger age [-17.3y (95% CI: -31.3 to -3.2), P =0.019] than Europeans. The annual age-adjusted incidence(±SD) was 0.6±0.2 cases per million population per year with a stable incidence trend over 21 years. All-cause mortality was found in 28 cases (41.2%) and the median time to death was 3.76 years (IQR=2.1-5.7y). Five-year all-cause survival and disease-specific survival was 69% and 90%, respectively. This is the first report on CM incidence, trends, and mortality in NZ. The CM burden is in line with European and North American data, despite NZ having the highest rate of cutaneous melanoma. The incidence remained stable over 2 decades.

Epidemic Patterns and Effectiveness of Treatment of Tuberculosis Patients with Different Drug Resistance Profiles in the Republic of Tajikistan

The objective: study of the burden and effectiveness of treatment of multiple drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR TB) with different chemotherapy regimens in the Republic of Tajikistan.Subjects and Methods. To achieve this objective, the prevalence of drug resistant tuberculosis in 2009–2020 was studied by analyzing statistical documents on drug resistant tuberculosis, official reporting data from the Center for Medical Statistics and Republican TB Control Center by the Ministry of Health and Population Social Welfare of the Republic of Tajikistan.Results. The analysis of official statistics indicates a stable trend towards a decrease in tuberculosis incidence from 2014 to 2019, annually on average up to 1% – from 60,8 to 56,5 per 100,000 population. During the pandemic in 2019–2020, this trend increased, according to statistics the incidence made 39.7 per 100,000 population. From 2014 to 2019, tuberculosis mortality also declined steadily from 3,9 to 2,2 per 100,000 population. During the pandemic in 2019–2020, a rapid decline was noted – from 2,2 to 1,4, while in 2020–2022, it decreased from 1,4 to 1,0 per 100,000 population. From 2013 to 2020 treatment success reached 90%. The detection of drug resistant tuberculosis is close to 900 cases per year, and more than 90% of them were covered with treatment. In 2018–2020, successful treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis increased from 72,5% to 80,6% due to the introduction of new and repurposed anti-tuberculosis drugs.