Stable Trait Research Articles

The stability of cognitive abilities: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies.

Cognitive abilities, including general intelligence and domain-specific abilities such as fluid reasoning, comprehension knowledge, working memory capacity, and processing speed, are regarded as some of the most stable psychological traits, yet there exist no large-scale systematic efforts to document the specific patterns by which their rank-order stability changes over age and time interval, or how their stability differs across abilities, tests, and populations. Determining the conditions under which cognitive abilities exhibit high or low degrees of stability is critical not just to theory development but to applied contexts in which cognitive assessments guide decisions regarding treatment and intervention decisions with lasting consequences for individuals. In order to supplement this important area of research, we present a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies investigating the stability of cognitive abilities. The meta-analysis relied on data from 205 longitudinal studies that involved a total of 87,408 participants, resulting in 1,288 test-retest correlation coefficients among manifest variables. For an age of 20 years and a test-retest interval of 5 years, we found a mean rank-order stability of ρ = .76. The effect of mean sample age on stability was best described by a negative exponential function, with low stability in preschool children, rapid increases in stability in childhood, and consistently high stability from late adolescence to late adulthood. This same functional form continued to best describe age trends in stability after adjusting for test reliability. Stability declined with increasing test-retest interval. This decrease flattened out from an interval of approximately 5 years onward. According to the age and interval moderation models, minimum stability sufficient for individual-level diagnostic decisions (rtt = .80) can only be expected over the age of 7 and for short time intervals in children. In adults, stability levels meeting this criterion are obtained for over 5 years. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Examining negative urgency as a predictor of eating disorder maintenance in purging syndromes.

Negative urgency is associated with short-term maintenance of binge eating and purging in unselected samples. The current study used an eating disorder sample to test the hypothesis that negative urgency maintains bulimia nervosa (BN) and purging disorder (PD) at long-term follow-up. It was also hypothesized that baseline differences in negative urgency between BN and PD would remain at follow-up. Secondary analyses were conducted on a sample of women who engaged in recurrent self-induced vomiting (n = 68; 52.9% BN; 47.1% PD). Women completed diagnostic interviews and questionnaires at baseline and at a mean (SD) of 5.95 (1.58) years follow-up (range = 2.51-9.62; retention rate = 75%). Negative urgency did not predict eating disorder diagnostic status, recovery status, or global eating pathology at follow-up (p's = .06-.83). There were no significant differences in negative urgency across women with BN and PD at follow-up (p = .16). However, post hoc analyses indicated that negative urgency was not stable across time (ICC = .102). Increases in negative urgency from baseline to follow-up were associated with greater global eating pathology at follow-up (p = .002). Results suggest negative urgency does not predict long-term eating disorder maintenance. Negative urgency may not be a stable personality trait but rather an indicator of overall poor emotion regulation. Future research should confirm that changes in negative urgency predict chronic eating pathology over long durations of follow-up in women who have increasing negative urgency across time.

Modeling Stability of Alfalfa Yield and Main Quality Traits

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is used to support livestock. A stability study was carried out over three years. The stability indices for yield and main quality characteristics such as plant height, number of nodes, the yield of green mass and dry matter, crude protein and fiber (%), and ash (%), were examined. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences that indicated the presence of high genotype–year interactions. Heritability was higher in the case of qualitative traits than quantitative traits. The most intriguing correlation was between green mass yield and crude protein content because positive correlations may lead to indirect and simultaneous selection. According to the statistical biplot models AMMI and GGE, the best genotypes for almost all traits to use, regardless of the environment and cultivation type, were the G8 (Population 2) followed by cultivar G3 (Yliki). Despite the high index values shown by the parameter number of nodes, the latter and yield showed low heritability.

Assessment of stability for some yield components in wheat under different fertilizations on saline soil

Salt-affected soils constrain wheat production in many countries. It is estimated that more than 831 million hectares (Mha) are salt affected globally, with 10 Mha of cultivated land lost annually. Salinity adversely affects wheat grain yield and grain quality traits. Wheat genotypes show wide variation for salinity stress tolerance. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and stability of spike traits in 14 winter wheat varieties with different origin, in order to identify the varieties that can exploit the growing conditions of saline soils. The wheat material was tested in nine environments as a combination of three years and three fertilization treatments (urea, calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate), using a split-plot design with three replications. At maturity plant height, spike length, grains number per spike, and spike yield were determined. The significant effect of genotype × environment interaction on the phenotypic expression of different traits indicates differential response of the genotypes across the testing environments, thus offering the possibility of identifying some genotypes of interest. The Romanian varieties ‘Alex’ and ‘Glosa’ present the highest productivity of spike associated with an average stability, being specifically adapted to favourable rainfall conditions, achieving above-average yields in less favourable conditions. The varieties ‘Cerere’, ‘Genesi’, ‘Alex’ and ‘Glosa’ can be selected for crossing and included in wheat breeding programs for the development of stable cultivars adapted to saline soils.

Identification of Two Novel QTL for Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in German Wheat Cultivar Centrum.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease that occurs in warm and humid environments. The German wheat 'Centrum' has displayed moderate to high levels of FHB resistance in the field for many years. In this study, an F6:8 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from cross 'Centrum' × 'Xinong 979' was evaluated for FHB response following point inoculation in five environments. The population and parents were genotyped using the GenoBaits Wheat 16 K Panel. Stable quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with FHB resistance in 'Centrum' were mapped on chromosome arms 2DS and 5BS. The most effective QTL, located in 2DS, was identified as a new chromosome region represented by a 1.4 Mb interval containing 17 candidate genes. Another novel QTL was mapped in chromosome arm 5BS of a 5BS to 7BS translocation chromosome. In addition, two environmentally sensitive QTL were mapped on chromosome arms 2BL from 'Centrum' and 5AS from 'Xinong 979'. Polymorphisms of flanking phenotypic variance explained (PVE) markers (allele-specific quantitative PCR [AQP]) AQP-6 for QFhb.nwafu-2DS and 16K-13073 for QFhb.nwafu-5BS were validated in a panel of 217 cultivars and breeding lines. These markers could be useful for marker-assisted selection (MAS) of FHB resistance and provide a starting point for fine mapping and marker-based cloning of the resistance genes.

Technology and the Situationist Challenge to Virtue Ethics

In this paper, I introduce a “promises and perils” framework for understanding the “soft” impacts of emerging technology, and argue for a eudaimonic conception of well-being. This eudaimonic conception of well-being, however, presupposes that we have something like stable character traits. I therefore defend this view from the “situationist challenge” and show that instead of viewing this challenge as a threat to well-being, we can incorporate it into how we think about living well with technology. Human beings are susceptible to situational influences and are often unaware of the ways that their social and technological environment influence not only their ability to do well, but even their ability to know whether they are doing well. Any theory that attempts to describe what it means for us to be doing well, then, needs to take these contextual features into account and bake them into a theory of human flourishing. By paying careful attention to these contextual factors, we can design systems that promote human flourishing.

Personality characteristics, music-listening, and well-being: a systematic and scoping review.

When researchers and clinicians try to identify appropriate and effective ways to improve well-being among different populations, music is often included in interventions or research projects. The existing literature has consistently reported interactions between the effects of personality traits and music listening. However, the interrelations between individual traits and well-being after music listening are still partially unclear. This systematic review, registered on PROSPERO, investigates the relationship between everyday music listening, individual characteristics - operationalized as stable and transient personality traits - and well-being. Articles were searched on PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, with a final result of 115 records. After eligibility screening, eight studies were included in the review. The results showed that both stable and transient personality traits influence music's effect on well-being. As a result of the scoping review, a theoretical perspective combining the emotional dimension, the principle of emotional congruence, and the dimension of music immersion and well-being was identified. Based on this knowledge, music listening could be systematically introduced into daily routines to improve everyday well-being and prevent or reduce stressful states.

Identification of Candidate Genes for English Grain Aphid Resistance from QTLs Using a RIL Population in Wheat

The English grain aphid (EGA) (Sitobion avenae F.) is one of the most destructive species of aphids in wheat- (Triticum aestivum L.) planting areas worldwide. Large quantities of insecticides are usually used to control aphid damage. The identification of new EGA-resistant genes is necessary for sustainable wheat production. The objective of this study was to identify candidate genes for EGA resistance from stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs). We previously constructed a genetic map of unigenes (UG-Map) with 31,445 polymorphic sub-unigenes via the RNA sequencing of ‘TN18 × LM6’ recombinant inbred lines (TL-RILs). The relative aphid index (RAI) for the TL-RILs was investigated for two growing seasons, with three measured times (MTs) in each season. Using the UG-Map, 43 candidate genes were identified from 22 stable QTLs, with an average of 1.95 candidate genes per QTL. Among the 34 candidate genes annotated in the reference genome Chinese Spring (CS) RefSeq v1.1, the homologous genes of seven candidate genes, TraesCS1A02G-319900, TraesCS1B02G397300, TraesCS2D02G460800, TraesCS4A02G015600LC, TraesCS5B02G329200, TraesCS-6A02G000600 and TraesCS6A02G418600LC have been previously reported to play roles in aphid resistance. This suggests that these genes are strongly associated with EGA resistance in wheat. The candidate genes in this study should facilitate the cloning of EGA-resistant genes and genetic improvement in wheat breeding programs.

Characteristics of attentional bias in adolescents with major depressive disorders: differentiating the impact of anxious distress specifier.

No consistent conclusion has been reached regarding the attentional bias characteristics of adolescents with major depressive disorders (MDD), and unexamined co-occurring anxiety distress may contribute to this inconsistency. We enrolled 50 MDD adolescents with anxiety distress, 47 MDD adolescents without anxiety distress and 48 healthy adolescents. We measured attentional bias using a point-probe paradigm during a negative-neutral emotional face task. Reaction time, correct response rate and attentional bias value were measured. MDD adolescents did not show a negative attentional bias; MDD adolescents with anxiety distress exhibited longer reaction time for negative and neutral stimuli, lower correct response rate for negative stimuli. Hamilton Anxiety Scale scores were positively correlated with reaction time, negatively correlated with correct response rate, and not significantly correlated with attentional bias value. The cross-sectional design hinders causal attribution, and positive emotional faces were not included in our paradigm. Negative attentional bias is not a stable cognitive trait in adolescents with MDD, and avoidance or difficulty in disengaging attention from negative emotional stimuli may be the attentional bias characteristic of MDD adolescents with anxiety distress.

Advancements in Enhancing Oil Quality in Rapeseed and Mustard: A Comprehensive Review

Rapeseed and mustard are important oilseed crops cultivated worldwide for their high oil content and versatile applications in food, feed, and industrial sectors. The quality of oil derived from these crops is influenced by various genetic, environmental, and agronomic factors. Breeding efforts aimed at improving oil quality traits in rapeseed and mustard have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their impact on market value, nutritional attributes, and industrial utility. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of breeding strategies and methodologies employed to enhance oil quality traits in rapeseed and mustard. We explore the genetic basis of oil quality traits, including fatty acid composition, erucic acid content, glucosinolate content, and tocopherol content, and discuss the importance of these traits for different end-uses. Furthermore, we highlight the role of molecular markers, genomics-assisted breeding, and biotechnological approaches in accelerating the breeding process and achieving targeted improvements in oil quality. The review also addresses the challenges and constraints associated with breeding for oil quality in rapeseed and mustard, including genotype-environment interactions, trait stability, and regulatory considerations. Additionally, we discuss emerging trends and future prospects in oil quality breeding, such as genome editing, metabolic engineering, and precision breeding, which offer novel avenues for achieving desired oil quality profiles while addressing sustainability and consumer preferences. Overall, this review underscores the significance of breeding for oil quality in rapeseed and mustard and provides insights into the latest advancements, challenges, and opportunities in this field. By integrating multidisciplinary approaches and harnessing the power of modern breeding tools and technologies, rapeseed and mustard breeders can continue to drive innovation and deliver oilseed crops with enhanced nutritional value, functional properties, and market competitiveness.

Identifying QTL for grain protein content independent from grain yield-related traits in durum wheat

Grain protein content (GPC) is a crucial quality trait determining the nutritional, rheological, and end-use properties characteristics of wheat. Breeding programs for GPC were hindered by complex genetic control, the strong influence of environmental factors, and the negative correlation between GPC and grain yield. To identify stable quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with increased GPC without decreasing grain yield, a recombinant inbred lines population of durum wheat was genotyped with a 25K SNP array and evaluated for GPC and yield-related traits in four field trials. Six QTL for GPC were identified on chromosomes 1B, 2B (two loci), 4B, 5A, and 6A, consistently expressed across environments, four of which had antagonistic effects on grain yield per spike (GYS). Two QTL (QGpc.mgb-5A and QGpc/TKW.mgb-2B.2) on 2B and 5A chromosomes were independent of GYS variations and could be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS) for GPC improvement. Identifying and utilizing beneficial QTL/genes for wheat improvement requires careful consideration of the inverse relationship between GPC and yield-related traits, and phenotypic data collected across multiple environments. MAS or genomic selection techniques can effectively target favorable alleles for GPC enhancement while minimizing the impact on grain yield.

Identification and validation of major and stable quantitative trait locus for falling number in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

A major and stable QTL, QFn.sau-1B.2, which can explain 13.6% of the PVE in FN and has a positive effect on resistance in SGR, was mapped and validated. The falling number (FN) is considered one of the most important quality traits of wheat grain and is the most important quality evaluation index for wheat trade worldwide. The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for FN were mapped in three years of experiments. 23, 30, and 58 QTLs were identified using the ICIM-BIP, ICIM-MET, and ICIM-EPI methods, respectively. Among them, seven QTLs were considered stable. QFn.sau-1B.2, which was mapped to the 1BL chromosome, can explain 13.6% of the phenotypic variation on average and is considered a major and stable QTL for FN. This QTL was mapped in a 1cM interval and is flanked by the markers AX-110409346 and AX-108743901. Epistatic analysis indicated that QFN.sau-1B.2 has a strong influence on FN through both additive and epistatic effects. The Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR marker KASP-AX-108743901, which is closely linked to QFn.sau-1B.2, was designed. The genetic effect of QFn.sau-1B.2 on FN was successfully confirmed in Chuannong18 × T1208 and CN17 × CN11 populations. Moreover, the results of the additive effects of favorable alleles for FN showed that the QTLs for FN had significant effects not only on FN but also on the resistance to spike germination. Within the interval of QFn.sau-1B.2, 147 high-confidence genes were found. According to the gene annotation and the transcriptome data, four genes might be associated with FN. QFn.sau-1B.2 may provide a new resource for the high-quality breeding of wheat in the future.

Transcriptomics Reveal an Integrated Gene Regulation Network of Early Flowering Development in an Oil Sunflower Mutant Induced by Heavy Ion Beam

The oil sunflower is an important oil crop and ornamental plant. Flowering time affects the environmental adaptability and final yield of oil sunflowers. Floral induction is one of the important events that determines subsequent reproductive growth and seed setting, but there has been no systematic study on the regulation of gene expression during the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth in oil sunflowers. In this study, an oil sunflower mutant displaying early flowering (ef) was obtained by heavy ion beam irradiation. This mutant had a stable genetic trait, and its flowering time was 15 days earlier than the wild type (WT) in the field. The histology result showed that the ef mutant induced floral meristem at 6-leaf stage earlier than WT. The shoot apical meristems (SAMs) of the ef mutant and WT at 4-leaf, 6-leaf, 8-leaf, 10-leaf and budding periods were collected for RNA sequencing. The results showed that the transition from the leaf meristem to the floral meristem resulted in significant changes in the transcriptional landscape. Overall, 632, 1825, 4549, 5407 and 2164 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 4-leaf, 6-leaf, 8-leaf, 10-leaf and budding periods, respectively. These DEGs were mainly enriched in biological pathways, including plant hormone signal transduction, carbon metabolism, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, secondary metabolism, and photosynthesis. We also found significant differences in the expression levels of starch and sucrose metabolism-related genes in the ef mutant and WT, indicating that sugar signaling plays an important role in the early flowering of oil sunflowers, especially SUC9 and sugar synthesis and degradation enzyme genes. In addition to hormone and sugar signals, flowering integration genes SOC1, AP1, FUL and LFY were upregulated in the ef mutant, and genes in photoperiod, aging, autonomous and temperature pathways were also involved in the regulation of floral transition. The results showed that plant hormones, sucrose metabolism, and flowering genes synergistically cause the early flowering of oil sunflowers. Our study provided important information for understanding flowering and is helpful for the genetic improvement of sunflowers.

On the Trait Like Nature of Emotion Regulation Dynamics: Limited Evidence

Measuring the variable and flexible use of emotion regulation (ER) has been increasingly viewed as a more nuanced approach to understanding ER than only assessing mean-level strategy use. However, it is unclear to what extent ER variability and flexibility are trait-like individual differences that show longitudinal consistency and validity across time. In the current study, we use data from an experience sampling study that uses a burst design, wherein the same participants were tested twice across an interval of one year (NW1 = 396, NW2 = 175). We test the extent to which ER tendency, variability, flexibility, and responsivity are stable across time and show consistent relationships with outcome measures. Tendency and, to some extent, responsivity showed consistency across time; variability and flexibility did not. Further, the associations with outcomes were inconsistent across time for tendency and few consistent patterns of associations emerged for variability, flexibility, or responsivity. These findings suggest that these dynamic measures of emotion regulation may not be best conceptualized as stable within-person traits.

The influence of experience and modality of presentation (online vs. offline) on hypnotizability.

Hypnotizability is conceptualized as a stable personality trait describing the ability to respond to suggestions given under hypnosis. Hypnotizability is a key factor in explaining variance in the effects of hypnotic suggestions on behavior and neural correlates, revealing robust changes mostly in high hypnotizable participants. However, repeated experience and training have been discussed as possible ways to increase willingness, motivation, and ability to follow hypnotic suggestions, although their direct influence on hypnotizability are still unclear. Additionally, it is important whether hypnotizability can be assessed reliably online. We investigated the influence of the degree of experience with hypnosis and the presentation mode (online versus live) on the stability of hypnotizability in two groups of 77 and 102 young, healthy students, respectively. The first group was tested twice with the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGSHS) after two weeks. During this period, participants either repeatedly listened to a hypnosis or trained on a progressive muscle relaxation or served as waitlist control group. In the secondgroup, participants performed both an online or offline version of the HGSHS, with varying time intervals (1-6 weeks). Contrary to our expectations, hypnotizability declined from the first to second assessment in the first group. The reductionwas most prominent in initially highly hypnotizable subjects and independent of the experience intervention. We observed a similar reduction of hypnotizability in the second group, independent of presentation modality. The reduction was again driven by initially highly hypnotizable subjects, while the scores of low hypnotizable subjects remained stable. The presentation modality (online vs. offline) did not influence HGSHS scores, but the test-retest reliability was low to moderate (rtt = 0.44). Our results favor the conclusion that generally, hypnotizability is a relatively stable personality trait which shows no major influence of preexperience or modality of assessment. However, particularly highly hypnotizable subjects are likely to experience a decline in hypnotizability in a retest. The role of the concrete assessment tool, psychological factors, and interval length are discussed. Future studies should replicate the experiments in a clinical sample which might have higher intrinsic motivation of increasing responsiveness toward hypnotic interventions or be more sensitive to presentation mode.

On the (un)reliability of common behavioral and electrophysiological measures from the stop signal task: Measures of inhibition lack stability over time

Response inhibition, the intentional stopping of planned or initiated actions, is often considered a key facet of control, impulsivity, and self-regulation. The stop signal task is argued to be the purest inhibition task we have, and it is thus central to much work investigating the role of inhibition in areas like development and psychopathology. Most of this work quantifies stopping behavior by calculating the stop signal reaction time as a measure of individual stopping latency. Individual difference studies aiming to investigate why and how stopping latencies differ between people often do this under the assumption that the stop signal reaction time indexes a stable, dispositional trait. However, empirical support for this assumption is lacking, as common measures of inhibition and control tend to show low test-retest reliability and thus appear unstable over time. The reasons for this could be methodological, where low stability is driven by measurement noise, or substantive, where low stability is driven by a larger influence of state-like and situational factors. To investigate this, we characterized the split-half and test-retest reliability of a range of common behavioral and electrophysiological measures derived from the stop signal task. Across three independent studies, different measurement modalities, and a systematic review of the literature, we found a pattern of low temporal stability for inhibition measures and higher stability for measures of manifest behavior and non-inhibitory processing. This pattern could not be explained by measurement noise and low internal consistency. Consequently, response inhibition appears to have mostly state-like and situational determinants, and there is little support for the validity of conceptualizing common inhibition measures as reflecting stable traits.

Towards an Integrative Framework for Robot Personality Research

Within human-robot interaction (HRI), research on robot personality has largely drawn on trait theories and models, such as the Big Five and OCEAN. We argue that reliance on trait models in HRI has led to a limited understanding of robot personality as a question of stable traits that can be designed into a robot plus how humans with certain traits respond to particular robots. However, trait-based approaches exist alongside other ways of understanding personality, including approaches focusing on more dynamic constructs such as adaptations and narratives. We suggest that a deep understanding of robot personality is only possible through a cross-disciplinary effort to integrate these different approaches. We propose an Integrative Framework for Robot Personality Research (IF), wherein robot personality is defined not as a property of the robot, nor of the human perceiving the robot, but as a complex assemblage of components at the intersection of robot design and human factors. With the IF, we aim to establish a common theoretical grounding for robot personality research that incorporates personality constructs beyond traits and treats these constructs as complementary and fundamentally interdependent.

Internal structure and invariance analysis of the EAGrit-LP-R scale for Grit assessment

Grit is a stable and measurable trait. It refers to the individual’s ability to maintain efforts and interest in projects that take time to complete and are useful in educational contexts. In this study we investigated the validity of a short version of the Grit |International Assessment Scale, Portuguese Version (EAGrit-LP) based on the internal structure and invariance. A total of 1402 students from Brazil (53.2%) and Portugal (46.8%) participated in the survey. The students answered online the EAGrit-LP and the sociodemographic questionnaire. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were used to reduce the EAGrit-LP from 12 to 8 items, with two factors explaining 55.7% variance and replicating the theoretical structure, with excellent fit indices. Invariance analysis showed no differences in the responses of male and female participants. The results demonstrate that the short version of the instrument presents evidence of internal structure validity and invariance in connection with genders.

Technology for Production of Wheat Doubled Haploid via Maize Pollen Induction—Updated Review

Chromosome elimination resulting in haploids is achieved by rapid loss of chromosomes from one parent during the zygote stage and is an important procedure to produce doubled haploid (DH) lines in plants. During crosses between an emasculated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) as pollen donors, the complete loss of maize chromosomes results in wheat haploid embryos. Through embryo rescue and chromosome doubling processes, pure lines with stable traits can be quickly obtained. The technique is called the “Wheat × Maize System”. Although this technology is not new, it remains a practical approach to date. In order to optimize and improve this technology and to achieve its maximum potential in the winter wheat area of China, this paper reviews the previous and ongoing research and technical procedures for the production of wheat DH lines via the maize pollen induction and presents outlooks on DH research and its application in wheat breeding.

Codevelopment of life goals and the Big Five personality traits across adulthood and old age.

Since the new millennium, research in the field of personality development has focused on the stability and change of basic personality traits. Motivational aspects of personality and their longitudinal association with basic traits have received comparably little attention. In this preregistered study, we applied bivariate latent growth curve model to investigated the codevelopment of nine life goals and the Big Five traits. We tested age, perceived control, gender, educational background, and regional socialization as potential moderators of codevelopment. Data came from the German Socio-Economic Panel study (N = 55,040, age range: 18-103 years) and span a study period of 13 years. During this period, the Big Five traits and life goals were assessed four times. Our findings suggest that development in broader life goal domains (e.g., self-fulfillment) is more strongly connected to personality development across the life span, whereas changes in specific goals (e.g., having children) are more closely tied to trait changes during young and middle adulthood. The strongest codevelopment was found between Openness and agentic goals with a focus on personal growth followed by codevelopment between Agreeableness and communal goals. Developmental stage and educational background moderated the codevelopment of Conscientiousness and economic achievement as well as family-related goals. Contrary to the previous research, we found that Neuroticism codeveloped with communal life goals (i.e., having a happy relationship/marriage). Our findings reinforce theoretical frameworks that highlight the role of changing opportunities, constraints, and developmental tasks across adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).