Stable Settlement Research Articles

Europeanisation without Democratisation: A Critique of the International Community Peacebuilding Strategy in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The academic debate over the role of the International Community in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) centres preponderantly on the legitimacy of intervention, as exemplified by the High Representative’s ‘Bonn powers’. By contrast, international officials and policy makers often place emphasis on the effectiveness of engagement. The author makes the case in this article that this implied trade‐off between democracy and efficacy is predicated on a stable constitutional settlement. With no such agreement yet in place, the reforms championed by the International Community risk re‐opening at every turn conflicting notions about the territorial integrity and powers of the BiH state. Reducing the risk of institution‐building and promoting domestic political and economic renewal requires a shift in strategy towards support for constitutional reform.

Biến dạng tức thời và lâu dài của nền đất sét bão hòa nước

Tren cơ sở lý thuyết đan hồi va kết quả thi nghiệm đất, kiến nghị phương phap xac định độ lun tức thời, ổn định va theo thời gian cho nền đất loại set bao hoa nước. Gia trị hệ số nen thể tich của nước lỗ rỗng được đề nghị xac định theo biểu thức va hệ số Poisson tổng thể của đất trong điều kiện khong thoat nước sẽ la . Từ đo co thể xac định được độ lun của nền đất dưới cong trinh ở thời điểm vừa xây dựng xong. Việc phân chia độ lun của đất nền lam hai thanh phần do biến dạng thể tich va biến dạng hinh dạng cho thấy độ lun do biến dạng hinh dạng chiếm phần lớn trong tổng độ lun, đặc biệt la độ lun ban đầu. Việc xac định độ lun ở thời điểm bất kỳ can cứ tren cơ sở lý thuyết cố kết thấm. Sử dụng kết quả nghien cứu cho phep đanh gia độ lun, độ lun lệch ở thời điểm bất kỳ cho nền cac cong trinh xây dựng dân dụng va cong trinh cơ sở hạ tầng. Method for determination of initial and stable settlements and settlements at any moment for saturated clayed ground is introduced based on the theory of elasticity and testing results of soils. The value of coefficent volume compressibility of pore water is proposed to determine by expression and the total Poisson’s ratio in undrained condition will be: . Therefore, it is enable to determine settlement of ground under new-built. Deviding settlement of soils into two parts of volume strain and shear strain shows that settlement of shear strain occupies the most part of total settlement, especially of initial settlement. Determination of settlement at any moment is based on theory of consolidation. The utilization of research results allows to determine settlements and difference of settlements at any moment for ground of constructions and infrastructure.

Insights into the “isolation” of the Basques: mtDNA lineages from the historical site of Aldaieta (6th–7th centuries AD)

We analyzed the hypervariable region I (HVR-I) sequence variability of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of individuals buried at Aldaieta (6th-7th centuries AD) in order to find out more about the biosocial implications of this cemetery. The results, fully authenticated by means of diverse criteria (analysis of duplicates, replication in an independent laboratory, quantification of target DNA, and sequencing and cloning of polymerase chain reaction products), suggest that Aldaieta largely consists of autochthonous individuals who shared common funereal customs with the late Ancient North Pyrenean cemeteries of Western Europe (the Reihengräberfelder), a cultural influence possibly accompanied by a certain genetic flow. Furthermore, the distribution of mtDNA lineages in the cemetery highlighted the existence of a significant number of family relationships, supporting the belief that it was a stable settlement and not a group that had haphazardly settled in the area. Finally, this paper stresses the importance of ancient DNA data for reconstructing the biological history of human populations, rendering it possible to verify certain hypotheses based solely on current population data. The presence at Aldaieta of an mtDNA lineage originating in Northwest Africa testifies to the existence of contact between the Iberian Peninsula and Northwest Africa prior to the Moorish occupation. Both this latter discovery and the high frequency of haplogroup J at the Aldaieta cemetery raise questions about the generally accepted belief that, since ancient times, the influence of other human groups has been very scarce in the Basque Country.

Reconciling with the Past: John Willis and the Question of Judicial Review in Inter-War and Post-War England

This contribution was prepared for a conference at the University of Toronto Faculty of Law in honor of John Willis, the late Anglo-Canadian administrative law theorist who died in 1997. It will appear in a symposium issue of the University of Toronto Law Journal, entitled "Administrative Law Today: Culture, Ideas, Institutions, Processes, Values – Essays in Honour of John Willis." Throughout his career, John Willis puzzled over the way in which both popular and elite opinion in England (not to mention throughout the Commonwealth and in the United States) persistently, and in his view uncritically, equated the "Rule of Law" in important respects with judicial review in the administrative state. Willis believed this attachment to judicial review as a legitimating mechanism was the result of a misguided focus on "the problem of reconciling," as he called it. This referred to the adjustments needed both in the structures of administrative governance as well as in public law so that, on the one hand, effective state intervention could proceed but, on the other, it could still be understood as "constitutional" and "democratic" in a historically recognizable sense. This article views Willis's discomfort with the "problem of reconciling" as itself problematic. His disparaging attitude toward the place of judicial review in the administrative state was an outgrowth of a limited and one-sided conception of historical change that focused on structural evolution while in effect dismissing its cultural dimension except as a force of obstruction and resistance. Part I of this article summarizes the debates over legislative delegation and administrative justice in interwar England in order to give a sense of the legal-political environment in which Willis came of age as a scholar. Part II turns to the two decades after 1945 to examine efforts by legal and political actors in England to arrive at a more or less stable settlement over the role of judicial review in the administrative state. Willis did not participate directly in these postwar debates because of his move to Canada in the mid-1930s; nevertheless, he continued to view English developments as a kind of analytical baseline for examining the interaction of administrative governance and parliamentary democracy more generally, whether in Canada or elsewhere in the Commonwealth. This paper concludes by reflecting on the writings of Willis at the end of his career in light of efforts in postwar England to achieve a constitutional settlement over the place of judicial review in administrative law.

The ICJ Advisory Opinion on the Israeli Security Fence and the Limits of Self-Defense

On December 8, 2003, the International Court of Justice was requested by the United Nations General Assembly to give an advisory opinion on the “legal consequences” of the security fence under construction by Israel in the West Bank, also variously called “security barrier” and “wall.” The General Assembly sought referral to the Court by a vote of 90 states—but another 74 states abstained, and 8 states voted in opposition. Careful consideration of the case was rendered especially difficult by the decision of the Court to set a truncated briefing schedule, permitting only six weeks for written submissions on jurisdiction and the merits. An even greater concern was the danger, perhaps realized, that the Court’s opinion might be read as prejudging issues central to negotiations in the “Roadmap” political process seeking peace in the Middle East. The hope for some coherence in the approach of the international community to the resolution of a difficult and violent conflict is not otiose, especially where a stable settlement will require ongoing diplomatic, economic, and security support. For that very reason, two of the road map’s sponsors—the United States and the Russian Federation—urged the Court to take account of the impact that any decision might have on the negotiating process. The European Union, as a third member of the “Quartet” sponsoring the road map, together with the ten acceding states to the European Union and fifteen other states, urged the Court to decline to render any advisor)’ opinion at all because of the “compelling” circumstances of the peacemaking process.

The history of deinstitutionalization and reinstitutionalization

Until the mid-1950s asylum care was the routine approach to managing mental illness in the UK, especially those patients with the more prolonged forms of psychosis such as schizophrenia. It is uncertain why there was a move to community-based treatments, but this probably derived from a change in social philosophy, new and effective forms of psychopharmacology and the rundown state of the asylum buildings. Bed numbers gradually declined, a process enhanced by some model closure projects (e.g. Friern Barnet in North London), substantial closures of the asylums taking place from the 1980s onwards. Inquiries into hospital scandals, and research supporting the effectiveness of community care further encouraged these developments, along with changes in the Mental Health Act. However, despite the more recent development in the 1990s of specialist community teams (e.g. home treatment), the demand for beds has substantially increased over the last 10 years, leading to particular developments in the private sector, especially of ‘forensic’ resources. This resort to reinstitutionalization, on a Europe-wide basis, reflects a culture of risk management, an overriding concern for public safety, and the burdens and pressures upon services trying to manage ‘revolving-door’ psychotic patients. Despite the stable settlement of many ex-asylum patients, the ‘new long-stay’ have generated a sense of service neglect fuelled by regular homicide inquiries. A return to reinstitutionalization seems likely.

The consciousness for the living environment and the trend towards stable settlement from children's points of view

The consciousness for the living environment and the trend towards stable settlement from children's points of view

Quantitative estimation of the role of denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms in nutrient removal

It has been reported that a proportion of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) can denitrify or utilize nitrate as an electron acceptor. The usage of denitrifying-PAO (DN-PAO) can relieve the competition for COD between denitrification and phosphorus removal because they can treat nitrate and phosphate by using the same carbon source. To effectively use DN-PAO for biological nutrient removal (BNR), a new system was proposed in which an anaerobic phase is placed at the influent end, followed by he anoxic and external nitrification phase. In this study, the lab-scale proposed system (A2N system) was operated with a municipal wastewater 1) to confirm stable settlement of DN-PAO in the proposed system, 2) to quantitatively estimate the fraction of different groups of organisms like denitrifiers without polyphosphate accumulating capability, aerobic-PAO and DN-PAO and 3) to estimate the advantages of DN-PAO's presence in the system. Moreover, batch experiments in which anoxic and aerobic phosphate uptake rates (PUR) were measured were also carried out. The activity of DN-PAO was observed throughout the experimental period by the batch experiment. From the results of the calculation of COD utilized by each group of organisms, it was concluded that the proposed system could accumulate much more PAO (as DN-PAO) than conventional BNR systems. Moreover, they were responsible for both EBPR and denitrification.

Globalization and Nationalism

Many voices now proclaim that we live in a global age. Doubts are cast on this view in this paper, particularly insofar as it suggests that the nation-state has lost its functional salience for modernity. A first argument suggests, by means of varied figures and analytic consideration, that the world economy is far from globalized. A second argument adds to this an insistence of national diversity within capitalism. None of this is to suggest that nothing has changed. To the contrary, the internationalization of the world economy is now embedded more firmly than it was in the past - as the result of a stable geopolitical settlement.

To build and to abandon

AbstractThis article argues that the notion of cultural biography presents a key to understanding the social and cultural practices that created archaeological records of domestic architecture, as it brings the close and dynamic relationships between a house and its inhabitants to the fore. To do so it presents a case study of the construction, habitation and abandonment cycles of late prehistoric farmsteads in the southern Netherlands. After discussing typical biographies of farmhouses and the way these are affected by a transformation from a ‘wandering’ to a stable settlement pattern, the perspective is broadened through a comparison with burial practices. These witness a roughly contemporaneous shift from monumental and communal to short-lived and dispersed cemeteries. Finally, it is suggested that we view these contrasting patterns in terms of a transformation of the perception of farmsteads as places in the landscape and land tenure practices.

Good things and Small Packages: Lessons from Canada for the Northern Irish Constitutional Settlement

Abstract. On 22 May 1998 Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland held successful referenda on the so‐called Good Friday Agreement that provided a proto‐constitutional settlement to the violence that had plagued Ulster for almost thirty years. This article analyses the prospects for a lasting, stable settlement in Northern Ireland. Experience has shown that construction, like reform, of constitutions and constitutional frameworks in deeply divided societies is no mean task. This article draws lessons from Canada's failed Charlottetown Accord (1992) to suggest that two fatal flaws–expanding the agenda to include the demands of multiple groups, and opening the constitutional process to mass legitimisation through use of referenda–can undermine political stability and the prospect of settlement. Canada, a country that like Northern Ireland features a long string of failed constitutional settlements, provides an excellent illustration of the problems involved. As is the case in Northern Ireland, the Canadian constitutional quagmire has grown out of the imperative to reconcile the rights of an entrenched ethno‐national minority with majority rule. In both countries the traditional defining cleavage is ascriptive. In both, centuries of resentment, as well as expectations raised and dashed by constitutional failure, have led to political instability. In Canada, this has meant threats to the integrity of the country itself. In Northern Ireland the consequences have been even more serious.

民営借家の規模別定住率特性 : 首都圏の中高層・民営借家を中心として

There has been a tacit recognition that dwellers of larger rental housing units must have tendency to live much longer period than those of smaller ones, and therefore there is a big difference of the stable settlement ratio between smaller rental housing units and larger ones. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the qualitative characteristics of how the stable settlement ratio and dwellers' living duration are changed in terms of floor area of multistory private rental housing in Tokyo metropolitan area, by using housing census data. Firstly, this paper analyzes the stable settlement ratio by the floor area, from the viewpoints of the relation to distance from the center of Tokyo and household types, and leads the conclusion that there is no big difference of the stable settlement ratio between smaller rental housing units and larger ones. Secondly, it analyzes the dwellers' living duration by the floor area and reaches the conclusion that the trend towards stable settlement in private rental housing itself is very low, regardless of housing size. Finally, it clarifies the relocation pattern from previous private rental housing to another housing types in terms of previous rental housing size and household types.

The Making of a New Landscape: Town Councils and Water in the Kingdom of Aragon during the Sixteenth Century

From the beginning of time human settlement has depended on water; its proximity being indispensable not only for the development of agriculture but also for the maintenance of stable settlements. The presence of water has promoted the development of civilisations, its absence has undermined their continuity. Getting hold of water has been the source of many confrontations in which at issue was not just the acquisition of more and better territories but nothing less that the community's own survival. The intrinsic social value of water has influenced social structures through the community rules for the distribution of this collective good.

Reforging the Union: Devolution and Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom

Devolution to Scotland and Wales represents a major constitutional change in the United Kingdom. It responds to changes in British politics and in Europe, which have necessitated a renegotiation of the union that underpins the United Kingdom. The Scottish proposals are more radical than those for Wales, while English regional government change has been postponed for the time being. Possible areas of difficulty in the new arrangements include finance, relations with Westminster, partisan conflict, and Scotland's position in Europe. Devolution is likely to continue for some years before a stable settlement is reached.

The Northern Ireland political process: A viable approach to conflict resolution?

This article explores the possibility of achieving a stable settlement as the result of the current negotiations in Northern Ireland. It looks at the decisions behind the 1994 ceasefires, the perceptions of the parties to the ‘talks’, and the obstacles in the political process. The main focus is on the applicability and limits of conflict resolution ‘theories’ in explaining the shift from conflict to negotiation and the possibility of concluding a lasting negotiated settlement. It suggests that while conflict resolution is unlikely, conflict regulation is within the realms of the current negotiations, if combined with a different approach to nationalism and ‘Alternative Dispute Resolution’.

農家の構造分析から見た中山間地域整備の方向に関する事例的研究 岐阜県八幡町の事例

In hilly and mountainous areas, the operation and maintenance of farm and forest and is becoming a major problem Makeupas the number of inhabitants decreases and the impact of the international agricultural situation is felt. Based on an investigation into actual conditions which targets the individual farmers, this problem must be studied with a view to a comprehensive policy for hilly and mountainous areas. From this standpoint, the present research has elucidated the causes for the occurrence of unplanted paddy fields and abandoned cultivation land in terms of a structural analysis of farms in the case of the Sugo settlement, Hachiman-cho of Gifu Prefecture, and has studied trends in the maintenance of hilly and mountainous areas based on this.1. The conditions of unplanted paddy fields and abandoned cultivation land were analyzed with regard to the town as a whole and the targeted rural settlements. Rural settlements with many unplanted paddy fields are found along the major rivers and in the valley plains of mountainous areas. The unplanted paddy fields are fields which are far removed from the farmers and fields which are irregularly shaped or which have a poor work environment on tableland. The average aomunt of farmland owned by farms with unplanted paddy fields is 60 ares, and the unplanted paddy fields account for approximately 20% of this. In addition, these farms possess approximately 40 ares of abandoned cultivation land. The average amount of farmland owned by farms without unplanted paddy fields is approximately 30 ares. With regard to farms with unplanted paddy fields, the number of family members, the age of the householder, and the age of the successor of the farmer are greater than in the case of farms without unplanted paddy fields.2. An analysis was made of the state of the living environment which is one of the conditions of stable settlement in the rural settlement in question. The state of the living environment was considered in terms of living spheres such as the location of the main public facilities, commuting, and shopping. There are no main public facilities in the rural settlement in question ; these are all concentrated in the key settlement of the old village, and the town center. There is a high degree of dependency on the town center for the living sphere, and it was clear that the living sphere of farms with unplanted paddy fields is narrower than farms without such fields. 3. An analysis was made of family makeup and the changes therein, and their relation to the state of managing farmland. With regard to farms with many uncultivated paddy fields, the holding farmland area is comparatively large, and the householder is primarly engaged in part-time labor. The “decrease” in the number of family members combined with the “ageing” of the average age of the family can be observed in farms with a large holding land aera. It would seem that these changes in family makeup are related to the incidence of unplanted paddy fields.4. The relation between changes in family makeup and the state of managing farmland was modeled according to the 3 cases of (a) unstable maintenance of farmland, (b) low-stable maintenance of farmland, and (c) no unplanted paddy fields. While referring to survey results on trends in hilly and mountainous areas, the trends in hilly and mountainous ares maintenance were studied based on these 3 models. As a result, it would seem necessary to secure oppotunities for income generation in industries other than agriculture and forestry, to promote the development of living environment infrastructure, and to adopt not only ageing countermeasures but also a support system for infants and toddlers. Furthermore, it would appear necessary to establish a low-stable maintenance system for farm and forest land.

Ethnicity and Imperial Break-Up: Ancient and Modern

ETHNICITY AND IMPERIAL BREAK-UP: ANCIENT AND MODERN by Alvin H. Bernstein B'ecause we have not prepared a vision for Europe in the post-Cold War era, we are witnessing in the Balkans and points east the early stages of what could rapidly become a new world ofchaos, the consequences ofsome of the uglier ethnic animosities which have been frozen for nearly two generations in the ice of the Cold War. The end of the Cold War came so unexpectedly that it caught the member states of the Western alliance embarrassingly unprepared. Until the eleventh hour we envisaged neverending Cold War. We spent many years struggling with the problem of how we would terminate the conflict if it turned hot, but none seriously planning a post-Warsettlement. It ispossibletothink ofhistoricalparallels for the sudden and wholly unanticipated collapse ofSoviet military power, but they do not necessarily augur well for the future ofEuropean security, as we shall see. We should immediately begin the process—which will take years to complete—of developing strategies and transforming traditional alliances and organizations to bring about a fair and stable settlement of Europe. This settlement has eluded us twice before in the twentieth century. It will do so again unless we understand how our collective, long-term interests, Alvin H. Bernstein is the Director of the Institute for National Strategic Studies, a division of the National Defense University, in Washington, D.C. The views expressed here are his own and do not necessarily represent those the National Defense University, the Department of Defense, or any government agency. 121 122 SAIS REVIEW presumably hidden in an unseen future, are being jeopardized by the unchecked, short-term chaos whose early stages confront us today, and what our stand is on the crucial but painfully complex issue of national self-determination. The current crisis in Bosnia illustrates both the problems of resolving ethnic animosities and raises the most profound questions about the future of European security. The United States jeopardizes its strategic interests by allowing this war to continue unabated and permitting its policy to be driven exclusively by the operational impedimenta to ending it. Rather like the United States before Pearl Harbor, the Western allies wish to halt the carnage but are fearful of becoming a part of it. They are increasingly coming to understand how the conflict, if allowed to continue, could not produce an acceptable outcome and foresee how it might cross borders and lead to the Balkanization of Europe—a continent rent by myriad divisions. What they do not see is how the precedent ofinaction may compromise the stability of the entire region in the long run, and lead eventually to a wholesale reversal ofthe political benefits ofthe liberation of Central and Eastern Europe. Three Historical Analogies What happened in the past when ethnic and national identities, long subordinated to a foreign imperial power, were suddenly unleashed by imperial disintegration? If we look at the effects of imperial break-up through an historical lens, we learn that it would be extremely dangerous to underestimate the power and extraordinary persistence of ethnicity as a disruptive force. This essay takes a long look at how ethnicity has influenced the break-up of the Spartan, Roman, and Persian empires, before analyzing the forces which may play a crucial role in shaping contemporary Europe. Classical Sparta Within a generation ofits victory over the Athenians in the Peloponnesian War,1 ancient Sparta lost a great battle at Luectra in 371 B.C. and lost her empire as well. With a single blow the elaborate web of security relations and subordinate city-states that Sparta had woven around itself through the centuries fell away. As news spread that the Spartan army had been defeated in the open field, insurrections erupted against the local, 1. See Thucydides'History ofthePefoponnesian War, translated by Rex Warner (Penguin edition). ETHNICITY AND IMPERIAL BREAK-UP 123 Spartan-supported oligarchies. Democratic revolutions swept through the Péloponnèse while dissident exiles began returning to seize power. Most importantly, when a Theban army arrived in Arcadia to strike the final, fatal blow against its enemy, the Spartan helot population rose in revolt and supported it. Although the...

A hydrological model for the Negev Desert Highlands: effects of infiltration, runoff and ancient agriculture / Modèle hydrologique pour les régions montagneuses du Negev: les effets d'infiltration, d'écoulement et de l'agriculture ancienne

Abstract A digital computer model of basin regime was developed for the Negev Desert Highlands, a region which experiences a mean annual rainfall of about 100 mm. The model was based on 13 years of rainfall and runoff records. Relationships obtained from experiments were used to determine areal distribution of rainfall, infiltration rates of soils, effects of slope angle on runoff, stone cover, rainfall intensity, antecedent rainfall, basin size, soil crust, overland flow and channel losses. These relationships also explain how ancient civilizations were able to collect ample water from small basins in order to establish stable agricultural settlements.

British Prehistory: An Integrated View

Economic and cultural evidence are integrated into an overall account of change in British prehistory. Three major phases are identified in which the structures of the economic and cultural evidence differ. In the first phase, the early and middle Neolithic, a stable arable economy was the context within which expanding lineage groups could emphasise their common rights. At this stage there is little evidence of the formation of regional interest groups. The build-up of strains within this system led to a second phase (later Neolithic and Bronze Age) in which the emphasis on lineage was replaced by an emphasis on widespread links between smaller and less stable settlement units, and in which the major strains were between hierarchical levels. In the third phase, the middle and late Bronze Age and Iron Age, there is a radically different social and cultural system based on stable intensive agriculture. Regional groups, perhaps the first 'tribes' in British prehistory, emerge with a common and competitive interest in maintaining and symbolising their rights to tracts of land.

The Western Phoenicians: Colonisation and Assimilation

It has long been canonical to deny the Phoenicians a place in the ranks of the true colonisers of the Western Mediterranean. ‘The expansion of the Phoenicians’, says Moscati, ‘and later of the Carthaginians was predominantly commercial with no intent of conquest, requiring no stable settlements or mass emigration of the population.’ And although Moscati goes on to qualify this statement by admitting that, of course, some stable settlements did ensue, they were, he says, ‘in no way dependent on the phenomenon of expansion’. Thus by this thesis the Phoenicians may set up ‘comptoirs’, ‘relais’, ‘escales maritimes’, ‘établissements’, ‘Erkundungsfahrten’, ‘Factorei’, ‘teste di ponti’ and ‘emporia’, but never anything which might qualify as a colony in Maunier's terms, as emigration plus government.