Stable Production Research Articles

Improving the technology for Inflow Profile Evaluation in horizontal Wells by temperature changes Due to calorimetric Mixing

The paper is devoted to the problem of increasing the effectiveness of temperature logging quantitative interpretation for the inflow profile evaluation in horizontal production wells draining heterogeneous reservoirs with low permeability. Such wells are characterized by an extremely uneven distribution of inflow along the length of the wellbore. One of the ways of quantitative interpretation of temperature logging is based on the effect of calorimetric mixing. It’s widely used to quantify the share of local producing intervals in the total flow rate.The low accuracy of interpretation is associated with the lack of reliable information about the temperature of the fluid flowing into the wellbore. The authors propose an estimate of this parameter based on the similarity of the behavior of the temperature field vs time in the near-wellbore zone of a reservoir during periods of stable production and the periods of the well shut-in. This relationship is confirmed by the results of modeling the temperature field of the “well – reservoir” system, taking into account changes in a wide range of reservoir permeability and thermal properties of the reservoir, the geometry of hydraulic fractures in the reservoir, the flowing fluids, as well as the parameters of the well production targets. The logging technology recommended by the authors involves the registration of several temperature profiles along the length of the wellbore at the beginning of the well production with the maximum rate and drawdown and during the well shut-in. Their integrated analysis based on the behavior of the temperature field features in time identified on the basis of modeling makes it possible to evaluate with a high degree of certainty the dynamics of the temperature of the gas-liquid mixture coming from reservoirs to the wellbore during production periods. This provides the required accuracy in the quantitative assessment of the inflow profile from mixing anomalies.The proposed approaches to the interpretation of thermograms are applicable in the analysis of the results of non-stationary temperature logging results in horizontal and vertical wells during the production from heterogeneous reservoirs both through perforation and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing.

Interrogation of Oxidative Pulsed Methods for the Stabilization of Copper Electrodes for CO2 Electrolysis.

Using copper (Cu) as an electrocatalyst uniquely produces multicarbon products (C2+-products) during the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). However, the CO2RR stability of Cu is presently 3 orders of magnitude shorter than required for commercial operation. One means of substantially increasing Cu catalyst lifetimes is through periodic oxidative processes, such as cathodic-anodic pulsing. Despite 100-fold improvements, these oxidative methods only delay, but do not circumvent, degradation. Here, we provide an interrogation of chemical and electrochemical Cu oxidative processes to identify the mechanistic processes leading to stable CO2RR through electrochemical and in situ Raman spectroscopy measurements. We first examine chemical oxidation using an open-circuit potential (OCP), identifying that copper oxidation is regulated by the transient behavior of the OCP curve and limited by the rate of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Increasing O2 flux to the cathode subsequently increased ORR rates, both extending lifetimes and reducing "off" times by 3-fold. In a separate approach, the formation of Cu2O is achieved through electrochemical oxidation. Here, we establish the minimum electrode potentials required for fast Cu oxidation (-0.28 V vs Ag/AgCl, 1 M KHCO3) by accounting for transient local pH changes and tracking oxidation charge transfer. Lastly, we performed a stability test resulting in a 20-fold increase in stable ethylene production versus the continuous case, finding that spatial copper migration is slowed but not mitigated by oxidative pulsing approaches alone.

Reliable Genomic Integration Sites in Pseudomonas putida Identified by Two-Dimensional Transcriptome Analysis.

Genomic integration is commonly used to engineer stable production hosts. However, so far, for many microbial workhorses, only a few integration sites have been characterized, thereby restraining advanced strain engineering that requires multiple insertions. Here, we report on the identification of novel genomic integration sites, so-called landing pads, for Pseudomonas putida KT2440. We identified genomic regions with constant expression patterns under diverse experimental conditions by using RNA-Seq data. Homologous recombination constructs were designed to insert heterologous genes into intergenic sites in these regions, allowing condition-independent gene expression. Ten potential landing pads were characterized using four different msfGFP expression cassettes. An insulated probe sensor was used to study locus-dependent effects on recombinant gene expression, excluding genomic read-through of flanking promoters under changing cultivation conditions. While the reproducibility of expression in the landing pads was very high, the msfGFP signals varied strongly between the different landing pads, confirming a strong influence of the genomic context. To showcase that the identified landing pads are also suitable candidates for heterologous gene expression in other Pseudomonads, four equivalent landing pads were identified and characterized in Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120. This study shows that genomic "hot" and "cold" spots exist, causing strong promoter-independent variations in gene expression. This highlights that the genomic context is an additional parameter to consider when designing integrable genomic cassettes for tailored heterologous expression. The set of characterized genomic landing pads presented here further increases the genetic toolbox for deep metabolic engineering in Pseudomonads.

IC points weight learning-based GCN and improving feature distribution for industrial fault diagnosis

Industrial fault diagnosis (FD) is crucial to detect the causes of faults in a timely manner and solve the problems to maintain stable production. Adequately considering the spatial structure of the samples and their features is an urgent problem for better FD. This paper focused on the points located in the within-class boundaries and between-class intersection region (IC points) and proposed IC point weight learning-based graph convolution network (GCN) and improving feature distribution (ICWGCN-FD) method. Firstly, ICWGCN-FD assigns appropriate weights to IC points specially allocated by graph learning layer. Secondly, a cosine distance loss term is particularly designed to make the IC points closer to the center of their respective classes and further away from their nearest neighbor points belongs to other classes. Finally, the spatial feature distribution of the overall samples is improved under the influence of the message passing function possessed by GCN, thus presenting a clearer distribution. Two cases from industrial simulation are carried out to validate the practical feasibility and superiority of ICWGCN-FD, compared with other classic and recent graph neural networks. In addition, the 3D visualization results correspond to the principles of the method, and an ablation experiment successfully verified the validity of each component.

Construction of lignan glycosides biosynthetic network in Escherichia coli using mutltienzyme modules

BackgroundDue to the complexity of the metabolic pathway network of active ingredients, precise targeted synthesis of any active ingredient on a synthetic network is a huge challenge. Based on a complete analysis of the active ingredient pathway in a species, this goal can be achieved by elucidating the functional differences of each enzyme in the pathway and achieving this goal through different combinations. Lignans are a class of phytoestrogens that are present abundantly in plants and play a role in various physiological activities of plants due to their structural diversity. In addition, lignans offer various medicinal benefits to humans. Despite their value, the low concentration of lignans in plants limits their extraction and utilization. Recently, synthetic biology approaches have been explored for lignan production, but achieving the synthesis of most lignans, especially the more valuable lignan glycosides, across the entire synthetic network remains incomplete.ResultsBy evaluating various gene construction methods and sequences, we determined that the pCDF-Duet-Prx02-PsVAO gene construction was the most effective for the production of (+)-pinoresinol, yielding up to 698.9 mg/L after shake-flask fermentation. Based on the stable production of (+)-pinoresinol, we synthesized downstream metabolites in vivo. By comparing different fermentation methods, including “one-cell, one-pot” and “multicellular one-pot”, we determined that the “multicellular one-pot” method was more effective for producing (+)-lariciresinol, (-)-secoisolariciresinol, (-)-matairesinol, and their glycoside products. The “multicellular one-pot” fermentation yielded 434.08 mg/L of (+)-lariciresinol, 96.81 mg/L of (-)-secoisolariciresinol, and 45.14 mg/L of (-)-matairesinol. Subsequently, ultilizing the strict substrate recognition pecificities of UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) incorporating the native uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) Module for in vivo synthesis of glycoside products resulted in the following yields: (+)-pinoresinol glucoside: 1.71 mg/L, (+)-lariciresinol-4-O-d-glucopyranoside: 1.3 mg/L, (+)-lariciresinol-4’-O-d-glucopyranoside: 836 µg/L, (-)-secoisolariciresinol monoglucoside: 103.77 µg/L, (-)-matairesinol-4-O-d-glucopyranoside: 86.79 µg/L, and (-)-matairesinol-4’-O-d-glucopyranoside: 74.5 µg/L.ConclusionsBy using various construction and fermentation methods, we successfully synthesized 10 products of the lignan pathway in Isatis indigotica Fort in Escherichia coli, with eugenol as substrate. Additionally, we obtained a diverse range of lignan products by combining different modules, setting a foundation for future high-yield lignan production.

Design, simulation and investigation of the tri-generation process of fresh water, power and biogas using solar thermal energy and sewage sludge

To address the high demand for energy and fresh water, the effect of global warming and pollution generated by fossil fuels consumption needs to be minimized and replaced with alternative renewable energy. Hybrid renewable energy systems using solar energy and biomass will become more crucial. In this study a new design for continuous production process of power, biogas and fresh water is proposed. The challenge of the present research is to use different sources for energy production from renewable resources simultaneously including solar and biomass to produce power, fuel and fresh water, using 4-stage Multi Effect Distillation (MED) for desalination of seawater. To cope with constant and stable energy production required for renewable solar power plants at night, due to lack of sunlight, co-consumption of hybrid solar and biomass feedstocks is considered in this paper. The associated challenge is discussed by the assessments of Solar Heat transfer fluid (SHTF), Sewage sludge flowrates, biogas production, output waste stream of gasification reactor, power and fresh water production using ASPEN Plus software. The sensitivity analysis was performed to demonstrate the viability of the designed process and the resulting products. The gasification process produced 76.8586 tonh syngas (CO and H2). Also, 34.547 MW of power with about 783 m3h of fresh water were produced with the overall exergy efficiency of 35.51 %, 52.260 MW exergy destruction and desalination efficiency of 52 %. Only 25 MW of solar power were necessary due to proper energy recovery throughout the entire process. The productivity of fresh water production was 50 %. 38908 m2 of Parabolic trough collector (PTC) was needed to supply required solar energy during day light hours. It was revealed that the hybridization of solar & biomass energy resources for producing power, fresh water, and biogas could be a sustainable approach to cope with the increasing demand for fresh water, electricity, and fuel.

Hydraulic Expansion Techniques for Fracture-Cavity Carbonate Rock with Field Applications

Fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs provide a large area, fracture development, high productivity, long stable production time, and other characteristics. However, after long-term exploitation, the lack of energy in the formation leads to a rapid decrease in production, and the water content in crude oil steadily increases, thereby disrupting normal production. To recover normal production, it is necessary to connect the cracks and pores that have not been affected during the original production, so as to allow the crude oil inside to enter the production cracks and replenish energy through methods such as hydraulic expansion of fracture-cavity carbonate rock. Accordingly, we propose hydraulic expansion techniques based on the following four processes for implementation: (1) applying high pressure to prevent a nearby fracture network from opening the seam, (2) connecting a distant fracture-cavity body, (3) breaking through the clay filling section of a natural fracture network, and (4) constructing an injection production well pattern for accelerating injection and producing diversion. Hydraulic fracturing involves closing or partially closing the original high-permeability channels, which usually produce a large amount of water, while opening previously unaffected areas through high pressure to increase crude oil production. We also introduce two composite techniques: (1) temporary plugging of the main deep fractures, followed by hydraulic expansion; and (2) capacity expansion and acidification/pressure processes. Hydraulic expansion allowed us to recover and supplement the formation energy and efficiently increase production. We tested various wells, achieving an effective hydraulic expansion rate of up to 85%. In addition, the productivity of conventional water injection and hydraulic expansion after on-site construction was compared for one well, clearly indicating the effectiveness of water injection and the remarkable crude oil increase after hydraulic expansion.

Robust differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into Schwann cells

Research into Schwann cell (SC)-related diseases has been hampered by the difficulty of obtaining human-derived SCs, which have limited proliferative capacity. This has resulted in a delay in progress in drug discovery and cell therapy targeting SCs. To overcome these limitations, we developed a robust method for inducing the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into SCs. We established hiPSC lines and successfully generated high-purity Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) from size-controlled hiPSC aggregates by precisely timed treatment with our proprietary enzyme solution. Such SCPs were successfully expanded and further differentiated into myelin basic protein (MBP) expressing SC populations when treated with an appropriate medium containing dibutyryl-cAMP (db-cAMP). These differentiated cells secreted factors that induced neurite outgrowth in vitro. Our method allows for the efficient and stable production of SCPs and SCs from hiPSCs. This robust induction and maturation method has the potential to be a valuable tool in drug discovery and cell therapy targeting SC-related diseases.

High-Surface-Area Co-Cu-B Monolithic Self-Supported Catalyst for Efficient Sodium Borohydride Hydrolysis

Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is a nontoxic and ideal storage material for hydrogen due to its safety and high hydrogen storage capacity. In order to improve the practicality of the sodium borohydride hydrogen production system, we deposited non-precious metal catalytic materials on readily available polymer foams using a simple chemical plating method, developing a suitable 3D catalyst. Its high specific surface area enables it to produce hydrogen at a rate of up to 3.92 L min−1 g−1. Its unique structure gives the catalyst excellent durability. In addition, an efficient NaBH4-based H2 supply system was developed using this catalyst. Co-Cu-B can facilitate stable hydrogen production from NaBH4, yielding a consistent power output ranging from 0 to 100 W. This work provides a new pathway for developing high-efficiency monolithic self-supported catalysts for industrial applications.

Controllable preparation of graphene glass fiber fabric towards mass production and its application in self-adaptive thermal management

Direct synthesis of graphene on nonmetallic substrates via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has become a frontier research realm targeting transfer-free applications of CVD graphene. However, the stable mass production of graphene with a favorable growth rate and quality remains a grand challenge. Herein, graphene glass fiber fabric (GGFF) was successfully developed through the controllable growth of graphene on non-catalytic glass fiber fabric, employing a synergistic binary-precursor CVD strategy to alleviate the dilemma between growth rate and quality. The binary precursors consisted of acetylene and acetone, where acetylene with high decomposition efficiency fed rapid graphene growth while oxygen-containing acetone was adopted for improving the layer uniformity and quality. Notably, the bifurcating introducing-confluent premixing (BI-CP) system was self-built for the controllable introduction of gas and liquid precursors, enabling the stable production of GGFF. GGFF features solar absorption and infrared emission properties, based on which the self-adaptive dual-mode thermal management film was developed. This film can automatically switch between heating and cooling modes by spontaneously perceiving the temperature, achieving excellent thermal management performances with heating and cooling power of ∼501.2 and ∼108.6 W m−2, respectively. These findings unlock a new strategy for the large-scale batch production of graphene materials and inspire advanced possibilities for further applications.

Strategy-based optimization and life cycle environmental impact assessment of a stable photovoltaic power-to-hydrogen system

With the growing global emphasis on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to a low-carbon economy, renewable hydrogen is expected to play a vital role in the chemical industry. However, there is a contradiction between the continuous and stable hydrogen demand of chemical process systems and the intermittent and fluctuating nature of renewable energy systems when coupling them together in the industrial chemical production. There are currently few studies addressing year-round stable hydrogen load systems while considering renewable energy intermittency and capacity optimization. Moreover, the comprehensive life cycle environmental impact study of such stable renewable-hydrogen production system is extremely limited. Therefore, this study focuses on a photovoltaic power-to-hydrogen system that can operate stably for 8,760 h per year, specifically targeting its application in the chemical industry. Two operating strategies of the hydrogen system were considered: fully off-grid and ultra-light grid-connected scenarios. The capacity configuration under each scenario was optimized using gird search algorithm, with the objective of minimizing the levelized cost of hydrogen. Based on the optimization results, the energy flow network, cost-effectiveness, and comprehensive life cycle environmental impacts of such system were analyzed. The results show that the ultra-light grid-connected hydrogen production system, due to the support of the power grid, has improved the reliability of the hydrogen production system and significantly reduced the capacity configuration of system components, thereby demonstrating better performance in terms of economics and overall lifecycle environmental impact compared to a completely off-grid hydrogen production system. Its global warming potential (GWP) and levelized cost of hydrogen under electricity sales scenario are 12% and 31% lower, respectively, compared to fully off-grid hydrogen production. Considering China’s future demand for large-scale renewable hydrogen, ultra-light grid-connected hydrogen production may become the primary transitional pathway in the near to medium term.

Experimental study on Finding stable catalytic methane decomposition for hydrogen production

This study attempts to find active and stable catalysts for H2 production from catalytic methane decomposition (CMD). Experimental results show that metal-based (Ni, Fe, and Ni–Fe alloy) and carbon-based (biochar and activated carbon) catalysts are gradually deactivated due to carbon deposition during the CMD reaction. Although the CMD performance can be enhanced using bimetallic catalysts supported by either metal oxide (Al2O3) or activated carbon, deactivation due to carbon deposition is still inevitable. It was also found the carbon-based carbon catalyst has lower activity as compared with the metal-based catalysts. When using commercially available nickel foams with pore per inch (PPI) higher than 90 as the catalysts, stable H2 production can be obtained. The reasons for obtaining the stable CMD are attributed to high surface area and catalyst active sites, better heat transfer characteristics, and enhanced Ni dispersion of Ni. For the reaction temperature of 900 °C and the nickel foam with a PPI of 110, the stable methane conversion of 90% can be obtained without COx production.

Development of Situation Awareness Model in Robotic Spot-welding (RSW) System based on Sensor Data Visualization

The advancement of prognostics and health management (PHM) using the industrial internet of things (IIoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) has enabled stable mass production with assured quality. However, the manufacturing industry often faces variable conditions like design and material changes. Before applying PHM systems, it is crucial to design a system that recognizes these changes. This study developed a robust situation awareness model for a robotic spot-welding (RSW) system, resilient to reduced training data, using sensor data visualization and convolutional neural networks (CNN). Four variable situations were established based on thickness and material changes: GI steel 0.6 t, GI steel 1.0 t, mild steel 0.8 t, and GA steel 0.8 t, with GI steel 0.8 t as the reference. Data were collected using process parameters (welding current and electrode force) for each situation. A fuzzy-based energy pattern image (FEPI) visualization technique was applied to visualize energy differences in the spot-welding process from four sensors (current, voltage, electrode force, displacement). Using these techniques, thickness and material variation awareness models were constructed. The classification accuracy of CNN models trained on time-series data was evaluated to verify the effectiveness under reduced training data conditions.

Capacity Degradation Assessment of Lithium-Ion Battery Considering Coupling Effects of Calendar and Cycling Aging

Capacity degradation of lithium-ion batteries largely determines the cost, performance and environmental impact of various products such as renewable energy production systems, portable electronics, and electric vehicles. Degradation assessment is thus of great importance for prognostic and health management of batteries, which ensures a stable production and operation. There are typically two leading sources contributing to the degradation of a lithium-ion battery, namely, cycling aging during charge/discharge cycles and calendar aging during idle states. However, most existing studies on degradation assessment either only consider a single source or ignore the coupling of these two sources, which makes the evaluation inefficient. A common observation in practice is that a battery tends to degrade faster when it experiences charge/discharge cycles continuously for a longer time. To capture this feature, this paper introduces the concept of the cumulative uninterrupted cycling duration (CUCD), which is defined as the consecutive operation duration since a battery ends the idle state. The CUCD can also help to model the coupling between the calendar and cycling aging. This paper then proposes to model the drift rate of cycling aging as a function of the CUCD and the functional form is determined with the monotonic spline. We estimate the model parameters by maximizing the likelihood function. Hypothesis testings toward the significance of the coupling between two aging sources and the monotonicity of the drift rate function under cycling aging are also provided. The effectiveness and the superiority of the model are validated using numerical and real case studies. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> —This study aims to characterize the degradation of lithium-ion battery simultaneously considering calendar and cycling agings and the coupling effect. Unlike previous research that only supplied experimental results to qualitatively illustrate the existence of the coupling effect between these two aging sources, this study provides procedures to quantitatively test the significance of such an effect. In addition, previous research ignored the coupling effect in the degradation modeling as it is difficult to capture, this study propose the concept of CUCD to characterize it. The CUCD is also introduced as a stress factor for cycling aging, which is based on the fact that a battery will degrade faster when it experiences charge/discharge cycle continuously for a longer time. Hypothesis testing is also provided to illustrate this monotonicity. To deal with another challenge that the expert knowledge of the functional form between cycling aging and CUCD is unavailable except for the monotonicity, a nonparametric method with the shape-restricted spline is adapted. The estimation procedures for the model parameters are also presented.

Analysis of possibilities for stabilizing hydrocarbon production depending on the stage of development

Of key importance for planning the sustainable development of territories is the potential for stable production of hydrocarbon reserves, which can be expressed by the time of its duration. In the practice of developing oil and gas fields, two methods are known to stabilize production: through geological and technological measures that increase the productivity of wells and by regulating their operating modes. The second method, on the contrary, involves limiting the growth of selections at the initial stage of development. Due to this, the further decline in production turns out to be slower. Accordingly, the need for geological and technological measures is also decreasing. To describe the quantitative characteristics of production stabilization in both cases, a mathematical apparatus has been developed, based on the equations of state of hydrocarbons, the laws of underground hydrodynamics, as well as the work of specialists in the field of analysis and forecasting of the production of hydrocarbon reserves. It has been established that the processes of development of recoverable reserves of both oil and gas are subject to the same laws, and therefore can be described by means of one generalizing equation. Based on the equation, formulas are derived for calculating the duration of a stable production period depending on both the efficiency of intensification technologies and the degree of capacity redundancy, as well as the availability of recoverable reserves and the degree of their production. Calculations of the duration of the stable production stage for specific geological and technological conditions are presented. Keywords: hydrocarbon production; geological and technological measures; operating mode; reserves development.

Selection and Genetic Analysis of High Polysaccharide-Producing Mutants in Inonotus obliquus.

Inonotus obliquus, a medicinal fungus, has garnered significant attention in scientific research and medical applications. In this study, protoplasts of the I. obliquus HS819 strain were prepared using an enzymatic method and achieved a regeneration rate of 5.83%. To enhance polysaccharide production of I. obliquus HS819, atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) technology was employed for mutagenesis of the protoplasts. Through liquid fermentation, 32 mutant strains exhibiting diverse characteristics in morphology, color of the fermentation broth, mycelial pellet size, and biomass were screened. Secondary screening identified mutant strain A27, which showed a significant increase in polysaccharide production up to 1.67 g/L and a mycelial dry weight of 17.6 g/L, representing 137.67% and 15% increases compared to the HS819 strain, respectively. Furthermore, the fermentation period was reduced by 2 days, and subsequent subculture cultivation demonstrated stable polysaccharide production and mycelial dry weight. The genome resequencing analysis of the HS819 strain and mutant strain A27 revealed 3790 InDel sites and mutations affecting 612 functional genes associated with polysaccharide synthesis. We predict that our findings will be helpful for high polysaccharide production through genetic engineering of I. obliquus.

The combination of RNA-seq transcriptomics and data-independent acquisition proteomics reveal the mechanisms and function of different gooses testicular development at different stages of laying cycle

Egg production performance is an important economic trait in the poultry industry. In previous studies, attention has often been paid to the growth and development of the ovaries, while there has been less research on the testicular tissue of male goose. Due to various factors, there are usually significant differences in the process of testicular spermatogenesis among different goose breeds. The Jilin white goose (JL) is a high-production local goose species in China, domesticated from Anser cygnoides, which has a high egg-laying performance and the egg-laying period can last from February to July. In the production of goose within Jilin Province, the female goose of Jilin White goose is considered as an important maternal parent of synthetic lines, and ganders from Hungarian white goose (HU), Wanxi white goose (WX) and Jilin white goose are the main male parents. Each year, all 3 gander species begin to exhibit breeding capacity in February and reach the peak of reproductive capacity by April, marked by high fertilization rates. With the gradual increase in temperature, the testicular tissue of Hungarian and Wanxi goose gradually diminishes in its ability to produce sperm. the testicular tissue undergoes significant shrinkage by the end of June, resulting in a near loss of sperm production capability, thereby yielding low fertilization rates. However, the Jilin White goose demonstrates the ability to maintain a stable sperm production capacity. Individuals with low sperm motility contribute to increased seed production costs and pose constraints on the industrial development of livestock and poultry varieties. In this study, transcriptomics and proteomics data from gooses testicular of 3 different goose breeds inclouding Jilin white goose, Wanxi white gooseand Hungary white goose sampled in 2 stages, peak of laying cycle (PLC) and end of laying cycle (ELC). In a comparative analysis between PLC and ELC groups (ELC vs. PLC) of 3 breeds, we identified 401,340,6651 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 18,225,323 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), respectively. Differentially expressed genes and proteins were significantly enriched in Gene Ontology (GO) terms such as phosphotransferase activity, cytoskeletal protein binding, microtubule motor activity, channel activity and carbohydrate metabolic process. The KEGG enrichment analysis of the DEGs in testicular showed that most differentially expressed mRNAs participate in the KEGG pathways, including ECM-receptor interaction, MAPK signaling pathway, carbon metabolism, Cell cycle, VEGF signaling pathway, Lipoic acid metabolism and p53 signaling pathway. The differential expression of 4 selected DEGs (SPAG6, NEK2, HSPA4L, SERF1A) was verified by qRT-PCR, and the results were consistent with RNA-seq data. In conclusion, this study reveals the differences in gene expression regulation in testicular tissues of different goose species, and screening candidate genes and proteins related to spermatogenesis.

Restricted Irrigation Regimes and Rapeseed High-Yielding Genotypes Can Be Applied to Cope With the Water Shortage Crisis and More Stable Oil Production

Restricted Irrigation Regimes and Rapeseed High-Yielding Genotypes Can Be Applied to Cope With the Water Shortage Crisis and More Stable Oil Production

Improving the sustainability of milk production across different climate regions in China

Unprecedented climate change and ever-increasing demand for dairy products call for solutions that can ensure stable and sustainable milk production in different climate regions. Fully-enclosed dairy farms act as a promising option while its economic and environmental performance is poorly studied. Here, we evaluated the potential of improvement on milk yield and milk supply inequality among regions by developing fully-enclosed dairy farms throughout China, as well as their economic feasibility and environmental impacts. Results showed that: (1) fully-enclosed dairy farms present a 33 % higher milk yield per lactating cow together with a 38 % lower coefficient of variation in milk production across climate regions than semi-enclosed ones; (2) greenhouse gas and NH3 emissions of fully-enclosed dairy farms are effectively declined compared with semi-enclosed ones; (3) the inequality in fresh milk supply can be reduced by 51 % through strategically locating fully-enclosed dairy farms around cities; and (4) industrial optimization on the internal structure of fully-enclosed dairy farms is economically feasible across different climate regions in China, with an average improvement of 54 %. Our analysis suggests to develop fully-enclosed dairy farms surrounding urban areas for meeting milk demand alongside positive effects on environmental sustainability, which also offers a lens for the livestock sector to define better policies that improve the sustainability of milk production on the planet.

Optimization Design of Deep-Coalbed Methane Deliquification in the Linxing Block, China

The production of deep-coalbed methane (CBM) wells undergoes four stages sequentially: drainage depressurization, unstable gas production, stable gas production, and gas production decline. Upon entering the stable production stage, the recovery rate of deep CBM wells is constrained by bottom hole flowing pressure (BHFP). Reducing BHFP can further optimize CBM productivity, significantly increasing the production and recovery rate of CBM wells. This paper optimizes the deliquification process for deep CBM in the Linxing Block. By analyzing the production of deep CBM wells, an improved sucker rod pump deliquification process is proposed, and a method considering the flow in the tubing, annulus, and reservoir is established. Using the production data of Well GK-25D in the Linxing CBM field as an example, an optimized design of the improved rod pump deliquification process was undertaken, with design parameters including the depth of the sucker rod pump, the stroke length, and stroke rate. The results show that the improved process significantly lowers the pressure at the coalbed, enhancing CBM well production by 12.24%. The improved sucker rod pump process enriches deliquification technology for deep CBM, offering a new approach for its development and helping to maximize CBM well productivity.