Stable Phase Research Articles

Continuous Glucose Monitoring for the Diagnosis of Post-Transplantation Diabetes Mellitus and Impaired Glucose Tolerance From Years One to Five After Kidney Transplantation—A Prospective Pilot Study

Post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) and prediabetes are associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in kidney transplant recipients (KTR), when diagnosed by an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT). Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) display low concordance with the oGTT in the early phase posttransplant. For this prospective cross-sectional pilot study, 41 KTR from years one to five after transplantation without known preexisting PTDM (defined by HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (NGSP) or 48 mmol/mol (IFCC) at last visit or glucose-lowering therapy) were recruited at the Charité Transplant Outpatient Clinic. For each study participant HbA1c, FPG and an oGTT were followed by CGM. 38 of the 41 patients recruited had sufficient CGM-recordings (≥10 days). PTDM and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), as defined by the gold standard oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT)-derived 2-h plasma glucose (2hPG), were diagnosed in one (3%) and twelve (32%) patients, respectively. HbA1c exhibited good test characteristics regarding IGT (ROC-AUC: 0.87); sensitivity/specificity of HbA1c-threshold 5.7% (NGSP) or 39 mmol/mol (IFCC) were 1.0/0.64, respectively. Best performing CGM-readouts mean sensor glucose and percent of time >140 mg/dL (%TAR (140 mg/dL)) displayed acceptable diagnostic performance (ROC-AUC: 0.78 for both). Thus, HbA1c can aid in timely diagnosis of IGT in the stable phase after kidney transplantation.

Fabrication of Ultrathin Ferroelectric Al0.7Sc0.3N Films under Complementary-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Compatible Conditions by using HfN0.4 Electrode.

Aluminum scandium nitride (AlScN) has emerged as a promising candidate for next-generation ferroelectric memories, offering a much higher remanent charge density than other materials with a stable ferroelectric phase. However, the inherently high coercive field requires a substantial decrease in film thickness to lower the operating voltage. Significant leakage currents present a severe challenge during the thickness scaling, especially when maintaining compatibility with complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication standards. This study adopts a HfN0.4 bottom electrode, which minimizes lattice mismatch with Al0.7Sc0.3N (ASN), forming a coherent bottom interface that effectively reduces leakage currents even at thickness <5nm. CMOS-compatible HfN0.4/ASN/TiN stack, deposited without vacuum break between each layer, demonstrates exceptional scalability, confirming the ferroelectricity of ASN films at thicknesses down to 3nm. The coercive voltage is decreased to 4.35V, significantly advancing low-voltage AlScN devices that align with CMOS standards.

Morphology and structural properties of thin rubrene crystallites grown on graphite

Abstract Crystallization of rubrene, progressing from an amorphous phase to a triclinic meta-stable and ultimately to the orthorhombic stable phase, offers broad applications not only in organic electronic devices but also for in-depth studies of optical and electronic properties, including exciton distribution and dynamics. We investigate the crystallization of rubrene on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), aiming at the growth of the preferred rubrene orthorhombic phase, which has been reported to have one of the highest charge mobilities in organic semiconductors. This is achieved through controlled heating and enhanced partial pressure. Through precise control of the initial deposition on the substrate, we investigate the growth habit of rubrene crystals by high-rate heat treatment beyond the second crystallization temperature. Furthermore, this work addresses thermal stability and photodegradation across various morphologies.

Highly Persistent and Robust Emulsion Stabilized by Hierarchical Cellulose Microgel through Stereo-hindrance under Extreme Conditions.

Emulsion stabilization oil-in-water under harsh conditions (e.g., hypersaline, acid and alkali, and high temperature) is a great challenge for conventional emulsion stabilizers, including surfactants or particles. Herein, a persistent and robust emulsion under harsh conditions is achieved via a sustainable solution based on a hierarchical cellulose microgel (h-CMG). h-CMG in aqueous suspension establishes stable 3D networks by its nanotentacles and microbody, which can spatially hinder the approach and coalescence of droplets to each other and stabilize the emulsion. Unlike the emulsion stabilized by minimizing the interfacial energy and protecting the water/oil interface, the emulsion spatially stabilized by h-CMG exhibits extensive tolerance to extreme conditions and the feature of stable high internal phase emulsion (80%, v/v). The related droplet size and emulsion volume are almost unchanged in the pH range of 1 to 14, in NaCl aqueous solution of 2 mol/L, or even at 80 °C for 12 h. This genuine biobased emulsifier is highly favorable to the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries without the risk of nanotoxicity, and it also can provide a reliable emulsifier for the chemical and drilling industries involving harsh operation circumstances.

Thermodynamic modeling of the structure of alkali aluminophosphate glasses and their ionic conductivity

AbstractThis study presents the structural and ionic conductivity thermodynamic modeling for glasses with compositions in the system 50M2O‐xAl2O3‐(50 − x)P2O5, with M = Li or K. The Shakhmatkin and Vedishcheva thermodynamic model (SVTDM), or associated solutions model, has been previously used in successfully predicting the structure of simple binary phosphate glasses and it has now been employed with the aim to discerning the model's capability to predict the structural changes induced in the phosphate network by the addition of alumina. The results have been furthermore validated through their comparison with literature experimental data on the structural characterization of the glasses by 31P NMR measurements as well as on ionic conductivity determined by impedance spectroscopy. Although this methodology demonstrates good agreement with experimental data on the structure of aluminophosphate glasses, some disparities persist, potentially arising from experimental uncertainties. However, SVTDM faces limitations, including the need for comprehensive knowledge of stable phases and their formation energies. Predictions of ionic conductivity, though promising, exhibit deviations from experimental values, attributed to factors such as the influence of the chemical environment on dielectric properties. To enhance accuracy in conductivity prediction, a deeper understanding of additional variables such as dielectric constant and attempt frequency is imperative.

An explicitly magnetic modified embedded atom method formalism for coupled spin dynamics and molecular dynamics

Abstract In this paper, we augment the modified embedded atom method formalism to include magnetic spin-spin interactions for elements with a persistent magnetic moment. While previous spin coupling methods have been based on pair potentials, our Magnetic MEAM formalism, which we term MagMEAM, incorporates the many-body and angular effects of MEAM allowing for the strength of the magnetic interaction to vary with atomic environment. In particular, this allows potentials using this formalism to differentiate the magnetic interaction of different stable phases of magnetic elements such as the ferritic and austenitic phases of iron. This, in turn, allows for a more robust and realistic description of magnetism in polymorphic materials than was previously possible. The motivation for MagMEAM, including the insufficiency of magnetic pair potentials, is presented and the structure of the formalism is developed. A sample iron potential is developed using this formalism and shown to exceed the capabilities of existing magnetic pair potentials by simultaneously reproducing the magnetic energy of both martensite and austenite as well as the dynamic mechanical and magnetic properties of martensite. This newly designed formalism will allow for deeper explorations in the the complex interaction between different phases of polymorphic magnetic materials at the molecular dynamics scale.&amp;#xD;

Research on combined damage characteristics of underwater armor-piercing and explosion based on supercavitating projectile

Recent studies of supercavitating projectiles primarily focus on the formation and evolution of the cavity, as well as its underwater ballistic characteristics, while neglecting the terminal damage effects. Little attention has been given to exploring the combined damage effects of armor-piercing-explosion supercavitating projectiles (APESP). Therefore, this study comparatively analyzes the response processes and failure modes of an underwater aluminum alloy cylindrical shell target under the action of three different types of loads: armor piercing, explosion, and combined armor-piercing and explosion. This study investigates the underwater combined damage mechanisms of the APESP, clarifies each damage phase under the combined effect, discusses the advantages of damage resulting from the combined armor-piercing and explosion effect based on the target responses and damage modes, and explores the reasons for dissipation of explosion energy. The results show that: the APESP combines localized point damage characteristics of armor piercing with overall surface damage features of underwater explosion. Depending on load stages and target responses, the target response process under the action of the APESP can be divided into the hydrodynamic ram phase, penetration phase, shock wave phase, stable vibration phase, and bubble pulsation phase. The entire physical system can be abstracted as a low-frequency series spring system (equivalent to bubble pulsation frequency) with high-frequency external energy input, based on the energy relationship of the medium and the structure. The concept of the 'blower effect' is proposed based on target behavior during the stable vibration phase. Following the application of different loads, the plastic deformation of the target in a stable state is ranked as: underwater explosion > combined armor-piercing and explosion > underwater armor piercing. Supercavity, shell casing and penetration hole will cause the dissipation of explosion energy.

Bi-Stable Metamaterials with Intrinsic Memory for Selective Wave Filtering Based on Frequency and Amplitude.

Analytical, numerical, and experimental methods are used to investigate the utility of metamaterials in controlling harmonic waves based on both their amplitude and frequency. By programming the metamaterials to support bi-stable configurations (i.e., two stable phases), the required conditions are elucidated for a transition wave (i.e., a topological soliton) to nucleate due to harmonic excitation, causing a phase change within ourmetamaterial. As each of these phases has its own unique transmission frequency range, such phase change is harnessed to control harmonic waves based on both their amplitude and frequency. As a demonstration of principle, a low/high-pass filter is shown by tuning the same metamaterial to change phase; from transmission to attenuation and vice versa. In addition, phase transitions taking place while preserving the metamaterial's state of attenuation or transmission are shown. Such materials can continue their functionality (i.e., either attenuation or transmission of waves) while keeping a record of extreme events that can cause their transition (i.e., have memory). These metamaterials can be useful in the next generations of advanced and functional acoustic devices.

Electron transport and quantum phase transitions in cumulene-connected C80H20 fulleryne: DFT and tight-binding studies

Molecular bridges are opening up exciting new applications in diverse fields, improving the efficiency of conductive inks, enhancing the performance of devices such as organic light-emitting diodes and low-cost solar cells, and advancing the development of highly sensitive sensors, chemical reactions, drug delivery systems, and more. In this paper, we study the electron transport properties of a C80H20 fulleryne (dodecahedryne) connected to two cumulene electrodes. Using density functional theory (DFT), we determine the optimal molecular bridge structure. Based on the IR vibration spectra, different stable phases of the molecular bridge are obtained. The corresponding tight-binding (TB) parameters of the cage are obtained by assigning appropriate values of the length and type of bonds for the fulleryne cage through matching the HOMO-LUMO gap between the DFT calculations and the TB parameters. The electron transport for the desired structures is investigated using the obtained tight-binding parameters and the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) method. Finally, it is concluded that among the five possible configurations for the cumulene-dodecahedryne -cumulene molecular bridge, only one specific configuration—where the electrodes are one edge apart—exhibits metallic behavior, while other positions act as insulators. In addition, the system exhibits quantum phase transitions from metal to semiconductor and from insulator to metal in the presence of critical electric fields. The ability to control quantum phase transitions in these molecular systems can be leveraged to develop qubits for quantum computing. The unique properties can be utilized to design advanced molecular electronic devices.

Evaluation into the effect of lignocellulosic biochar on the thermal properties of shape stable composite phase change materials

Biochar is suitable for preparing shape stable composite phase change materials (sscPCMs) due to the advantages of cost-effective, environmentally, and sustainability. However, the heat properties of biochar-based sscPCMs were not consistent. To investigate how different types of biochar influence the thermal properties of sscPCMs, three types of sscPCMs were successfully prepared using peanut shell biochar (PSC), poplar wood biochar (PWC), and corn straw biochar (CSC) as framework materials and combined with stearic acid (SA). A comprehensive analysis of the thermal properties of three sscPCMs was performed, taking into account thermal conductivity, phase change latent heat, encapsulation efficiency, crystallization rate, and energy storage efficiency. The study indicated that among the three types of sscPCMs, SA/PWC sscPCMs demonstrated excellent comprehensive performance. The phase change latent heat of SA/PWC reached 100.13 J/g, and the thermal conductivity was 0.38 W/mK. Compared to SA/PSC, the phase change latent heat of SA/PWC increased by 45.96 %, with only a 28.30 % reduction in thermal conductivity. In comparison to SA/CSC, the thermal conductivity of SA/PWC improved by 18.75 %, while the phase change latent heat decreased by only 14.02 %. In addition, the proportions of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin played a crucial role in determining the thermal properties of sscPCMs. This study clarified the mechanism by which biochar influences the thermal characteristic of sscPCMs, offering valuable insights for choosing biochar framework materials.

Strain-Induced Tunable Enhancement of Piezoelectricity in a Novel Molecular Multiferroic Material.

Multiferroics are appealing because of application potentials in data storage devices, sensors, transducers, and energy harvesters. Molecular multiferroics emerge as a promising alternative to inorganic multiferroics due to flexibility, light weight, low toxicity, solution processing, structural diversity, and chemical tunability. While researches have predominantly focused on perovskite structures, studies on molecular ionic multiferroics remain relatively limited. It is urgent to creatively build a novel platform for studying and developing the coupling and interaction between the stress, electricity, and magnetism. Knowing this, the work focuses on a novel organic-inorganic hybrid multiferroic N-ethyl-N-(fluoromethyl)-N-methylethylammonium tetrabromoferrate (III) showing coexisting magnetic and electric orderings. It undergoes antiferromagnetic, ferroelectric, and ferroelastic transitions. Notably, under a strain of 2.0%, the piezoelectric response increases tenfold, and the coercive field of ferroelectric polarization is reduced by half. The strain-induced enhancement of piezoelectricity is rarely reported in molecular multiferroics. Density functional theory is employed to predict that the mechanism of the large piezoelectric response under strain engineering is related to the cation rotation and phase switching between the stable phase and an energetically competitive metastable phase. This study creates a new paradigm to develop molecular multiferroics and future microelectronic devices for energy conversion.

Defining Stable Phases of Open Quantum Systems

The steady states of dynamical processes can exhibit stable nontrivial phases, which can also serve as fault-tolerant classical or quantum memories. For Markovian quantum (classical) dynamics, these steady states are extremal eigenvectors of the non-Hermitian operators that generate the dynamics, i.e., quantum channels (Markov chains). However, since these operators are non-Hermitian, their spectra are an unreliable guide to dynamical relaxation timescales or to stability against perturbations. We propose an alternative dynamical criterion for a steady state to be in a stable phase, which we name uniformity: Informally, our criterion amounts to requiring that, under sufficiently small local perturbations of the dynamics, the unperturbed and perturbed steady states are related to one another by a finite-time dissipative evolution. We show that this criterion implies many of the properties one would want from any reasonable definition of a phase. We prove that uniformity is satisfied in a canonical classical cellular automaton, and we provide numerical evidence that the gap determines the relaxation rate between nearby steady states in the same phase, a situation we conjecture holds generically whenever uniformity is satisfied. We further conjecture some sufficient conditions for a channel to exhibit uniformity and therefore stability. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Detecting muscle fatigue among community-dwelling senior adults with shape features of the probability density function of sEMG

BackgroundPhysical exercise is an important method for both the physical and mental health of the senior population. However, excessive exertion can lead to increased risks of falls, severe injuries, and diminished quality of life. Therefore, simple and effective methods for fatigue monitoring during exercise are highly desirable, particularly in community settings. The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of real-time detection of exercise-induced fatigue using surface Electromyogram (sEMG) features, including the kurtosis and skewness of the Probability Density Function (PDF) in the community settings to solve the issues of low sensitivity and high computational complexity of commonly used sEMG features.MethodssEMG signals from six forearm muscles were recorded during hand grip tasks at 20% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) task-to-failure contractions from 30 healthy community-dwelling elders at their respective community centers. PDF shape features of the sEMG, namely kurtosis and skewness, were computed from 25 s of non-fatigue stable phase and 25 s of fatigue data for comparison. Statistical tests were conducted to compare and test for the significance of these features. We further proposed a novel fatigue indicator, Temporal-Mean-Kurtosis (TMK) of channel-averaged kurtosis, to detect fatigue with relatively low computational complexity and adequate sensitivity in community settings. ANOVA and post-hoc analyses were performed to examine the performance of TMK.ResultsStatistically significant differences were found between the non-fatigue period and the fatigue period for both kurtosis and skewness, with increasing values when approaching fatigue. TMK was shown to be sensitive in detecting fatigue with respect to time with lower computational complexity than the Sample Entropy.ConclusionThis study investigated PDF shape features of sEMG signals during a handgrip exercise to identify muscle fatigue in older adults in community experiments. Results revealed significant changes in kurtosis upon fatigue, indicating that PDF shape features were suitable convenient detectors of muscle fatigue in community experiments. The proposed indicator, TMK, showed potential sensitivity in tracking muscle fatigue over time in community-based settings with limited computational complexity, highlighting the promise of sEMG’s PDF features in detecting muscle fatigue among the elderly.

Coupling CALPHAD Method and Entropy-Driven Design for the Development of an Advanced Lightweight High-Temperature Al-Ti-Ta Alloy.

In this study, a new lightweight Al-Ti-Ta alloy was developed through a synergistic approach, combining CALPHAD methodology and entropy-driven design. Following compositional optimization, the Al87.5Ti6.25Ta6.25 (at.%) alloy was fabricated and isothermally heat-treated at 475 °C for 24 h to attain equilibrium. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses revealed a dual-phase microstructure comprising a 50 vol.% FCC matrix enriched in Al and 50 vol.% Al3(Ti,Ta)-type intermetallic phase (IP). Notably, the FCC phase exhibited a high-melting transition temperature of 660 °C, surpassing conventional Al-Si cast alloys. Phase-specific nanomechanical properties were evaluated using Nanoindentation. Microindentation tests demonstrated exceptional microhardness of approximately 3300 MPa. These results indicate the alloy's superior hardness compared to conventional alloys such as Al-Si (A390), 7075 Al alloy, and CP-Ti, even exceeding Ti-64 alloy at a 15% lower density. The alloy's stability under prolonged heat treatment at 475 °C, reflected by stable phases, microstructure, and mechanical properties, highlights its enhanced thermal stability, which can be attributed to entropy-driven phase stabilization. This study underscores the effectiveness of integrating entropy-driven design strategy with CALPHAD predictions for the accelerated development of advanced Al-based alloys.

Unlocking underground hydrogen storage potential: Geochemical characterization of North Dakota's geological formation

Underground hydrogen storage offers a promising solution for sustainable energy, with geologic formations such as salt caverns, aquifers, and depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs identified as suitable options for safely storing hydrogen. Some studies have been carried out to investigate hydrogen-rock-fluid interactions. However, none have simultaneously combined experimental analysis and geochemical modeling of the equilibrium and kinetic reactions using a well-characterized North Dakota carbonate formation as a case study to investigate its geochemical characterization and implications. This research explores the mineralogical and fluid composition of specific depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs in North Dakota while investigating the intricate geochemical interplays between hydrogen gas, fluid, and rock formations. This study focused on the Red River Formation, a primary hydrocarbon-producing entity in North Dakota, to unveil its potential for underground hydrogen storage (UHS). This formation's stratigraphic complexity and extensive hydrocarbon yield underscores its significance. We conducted experiments combining analytical tests and geochemical modeling using core samples from the Red River Formation. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were employed to decipher mineralogical and elemental constituents. This study covers areas such as the Bicentennial, Coyote Creek, Horse Creek, and Medicine Poll Hills Fields and identified common minerals such as calcite, dolomite, anhydrite, and quartz, along with essential elements such as oxygen, magnesium, aluminum, and silicon. Geochemical simulations were also performed to evaluate the equilibrium and kinetic reactions expected during hydrogen gas injection into this formation. Our findings revealed stable mineral phases, the absence of detrimental environmental impacts, promising prospects for hydrogen storage in the studied carbonate reservoirs without geochemical alterations and promising a sustainable pathway toward net-zero carbon emissions.

First Principle Study of Electronic, Optoelectronic, and Thermoelectric Properties of Zintl Phase Alloys BaAg2X2 (X = S, Se, Te) for Renewable Energy

Novel Zintl phases exhibiting promising thermoelectric properties have garnered considerable traction, largely attributed to the accuracy of computational estimates. In the present investigation, the density functional theory-based WIEN2k code is employed to analyze the structural, optoelectronic, and transport behavior of the BaAg2X2 (X = S, Se, Te) Zintl phase. All these compositions belong to the stable trigonal phase with nominal expansion in the unit cell with the replacement of S with Se and Te. A negative value of enthalpy of formation of -2.30, -2.0, and -1.80 for BaAg2S2, BaAg2Se2, and BaAg2Te2, respectively, assures their thermodynamic stability. These compositions demonstrate dynamic stability, as evidenced by the nonexistence of negative (-ve) frequency values in their phonon spectra. Increasing the size of chalcogens enhances the spin-orbit coupling and reduces the bandgap value from 2.10 - 1.55 eV. The examination of optical response suggests that studied compositions display high absorption and low energy loss in the visible range, rendering them suitable for optoelectronic devices. The temperature-dependent transport behavior is computed using BoltzTrap code, and the RT value of power factor is recorded as 0.89 × 1011, 0.65 × 1011, and 0.54 × 1011 Wm− 1K− 2 for BaAg2X2 (X = S, Se, Te). A high power factor value at elevated temperatures indicates the promising efficacy of studied compositions in thermoelectric device applications.

Designing for the chemical conversion coating on AZ91 magnesium alloy by equalising interface potential difference

The formation of intermetallic compounds leads to heterogeneous chemical compositions and galvanic corrosion in alloy materials, which are widely recognised as primary contributors to non-uniform conversion coatings and poor corrosion resistance. This study implements a strategy aimed at regulating surface chemical composition and equalising interfacial potential differences to develop an Al-Mg-V chemical conversion coating on AZ91 magnesium alloy. The surface characteristics and corrosion resistance of the coating are investigated. The results demonstrate that the coating integrates the discretely distributed intermetallic compounds (Mg17Al12) into a continuous and stable cathode phase. The framework structure composed of Mg and Al effectively equalises the interfacial potential differences, reducing the potential difference from 300mV to 40mV. The coating enhances the polarization resistance of the AZ91 substrate by approximately 400 times and reduces the self-corrosion current density by three orders of magnitude. After a 186-hour neutral salt spray test, no corrosion is observed. The corrosion inhibiting structure formed by V hydroxides/oxides fill the pores and acts as a passivator on the surface, and imparts self-repair capabilities to the coating. The design concept of this chemical conversion coating is expected to be applied to other alloy materials.

Is beudantite a stable host phase of arsenic and lead? New insights from molecular-scale kinetic analyses

Is beudantite a stable host phase of arsenic and lead? New insights from molecular-scale kinetic analyses

The coupling dynamic characteristics and vibration suppression of a double-beam structure with two linear oscillators installed separately

This paper investigates the coupling dynamic characteristics of a double-beam structure with two linear oscillators that generate harmonic concentrated excitation and the vertical elastic support boundary, including the Sommerfeld effect and the synchronization behavior. The governing equations of motion with boundary conditions are developed using Hamilton's principle. The Sommerfeld effect near the resonance region is characterized by transient power balance analysis, and the critical power of the motor is given to allow the system to pass through the resonance region. The theoretical condition for the synchronous behavior of two linear oscillators is derived using the average method, and its stability is also determined. The synchronization characteristics are analyzed and compared with the numerical steady-state response of typical physical parameters. Results show good agreement. Further, on the condition of the linear oscillators exhibiting synchronous behavior, sensitive working regions and parameters are sought to suppress the dynamic loads transmitted from the system to the foundation. The parameter optimization results show that the stable phase difference plays a crucial role in vibration suppression within the appropriate range of sensitive parameters. This study effectively extends the theoretical criteria for synchronous behavior on complex structures and is expected to provide ideas for vibration suppression strategies of multi-driving sources acting on multi-groups of elastic structures.

Crystallographic Characterization of Gypsum Synthesized from Marine Wastes: Babylonia japonica, Olive sayana, and Conasprella bermudensis

The study synthesized gypsum nanocrystals using conventional wet chemical precipitation methods from marine mollusks like Babylonia Japonica, Olive Sayana, and Conasprella bermudensis. Different characterization techniques like Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) were used to confirm the formation of the nanocrystals. XRD data assessed various structural parameters, including the dimension of the unit cell, crystallinity index, specific surface area, lattice parameters, dislocation density, and macrostrain. The Rietveld refinement study did not reveal the formation of alternate phases, and the predicted lattice parameters, Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM), and X-ray density contradicted the actual data. The synthesized gypsum displays crystallite dimension within the acceptable range of < 200 nm, as calculated using various XRD model equations. Additionally, the values for strain (2× 10-4 to 4 × 10-4), stress (-1×107 to 2×107 N/m2), and energy density (2.87 × 102 to 2.16× 103 J/m3) were also estimated for the synthesized samples. The preferential growth calculation indicates stable phase formation of gypsum along the (020) and (040) plane. Furthermore, The study compared the properties of gypsum, including pH, conductivity, and potential difference (PD), in soil extraction and an aqueous medium.