Stable Anodes For Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

A graded structure of silicon/carbon composite powder for highly stable lithium ion battery anode

Silicon has much higher theoretical specific capacity than traditional graphite materials (3579 mAh g−1vs. Graphite: 372mAh g−1). However huge volumetric expansion (∼300%) of silicon seriously reduces its cyclic stability as anode in lithium-ion batteries. Though reduce the size of silicon based composites to nanoscale and tuning their porosity have been extensively studied, above strategies reduce the vibration density of the anode material unsurprisingly, which is not conducive to the advantage of high volumetric capacity anode. In this work, we design a unique graded silicon/carbon powder to maintain excellent energy storage performance at high vibration density. The composite of graded structure is constructed by first particles and second particles. The construction strategy is proved to be adoptable to achieve cost effective production of high performance silicon/carbon composite anode for development of advanced lithium-ion battery. Under the premise of industrial powder materials’ production technologies, a graded structure silicon/carbon composite with optimized synthetic condition shows high-reversible capacity of 827.4 mAh g−1 at 200 mAh g−1 (equal to 1464.5 Ah L−1) and it capacity remains at 715.0 mAh g−1 after 800 cycles, with a capacity retention rate of 86.37%, which shows high cycle life.

Blackberry Seeds-Derived Carbon as Stable Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

The suitability of biocarbons derived from blackberry seeds as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries has been assessed for the first time. Blackberry seeds have antibacterial, anticancer, antidysentery, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, and potent antioxidant properties and are generally used for herbal medical purposes. Carbon is extracted from blackberries using a straightforward carbonization technique and activated with KOH at temperatures 700, 800, and 900 °C. The physical characterization demonstrates that activated blackberry seeds-derived carbon at 900 °C (ABBSC-900 °C) have well-ordered graphene sheets with high defects compared to the ABBSC-700 °C and ABBSC-800 °C. It is discovered that an ABBSC-900 °C is mesoporous, with a notable Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of 65 m2 g-1. ABBSC-900 has good electrochemical characteristics, as studied under 100 and 1000 mA g-1 discharge conditions when used as a lithium intercalating anode. Delivered against a 500 mA g-1 current density, a steady reversible capacity of 482 mA h g-1 has been achieved even after 200 cycles. It is thought that disordered mesoporous carbon with a large surface area account for the improved electrochemical characteristics of the ABBSC-900 anode compared to the other ABBSC-700 and ABBSC-800 carbons. The research shows how to use a waste product, ABBSC, as the most desired anode for energy storage applications.

Embedding silicon nanoparticle in porous carbon fiber for highly stable lithium-ion battery anode

Silicon is considered as one of the best anode material candidates for future lithium-ion battery. The composite engineering of silicon/carbon matrix is of great importance to prevent the silicon volume change. Traditional method of carbon coating although provide mechanical support but the ion transport is blocked by carbons. Herein, we developed a novel nanoporous carbon matrix synthesized by polymer template. The silicon/carbon nanoporous fiber anode shows high stability and high-rate performance thanks to the strong binding and robust porous structure between silicon nanoparticles and carbon matrix. The silicon/carbon nanoporous fiber anode provides high capacity of 992 mAh/g after 200 cycles at 1C rate and stable cycle retention of 84.4% after 200 cycles at 2C rate, and also shows impressive rate capacity retention of 68.2% at 2C compared with 34.5% retention of bare silicon anode.

Para Grass-Derived Porous Carbon-Rich SiOx/C as a Stable Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Para Grass-Derived Porous Carbon-Rich SiO_<i>x</i>/C as a Stable Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Design and Construction of Porous Silicon Materials as Stable Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Silicon is considered to be the most promising anode material for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), but its application is limited by the severe capacity decline due to volume expansion of up to 300%. Considering the inward accumulation of the stress produced during the actual lithiation process and the stabilizing effect of oxygen element, structural design and surface oxygen content regulation work together to improve the cyclic stability of silicon. Herein, we report the design and construction of novel porous silicon materials with regulated pore structure and surface oxygen content. The facile strategy for the synthesis of the materials is using Mg2Si and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as Si resource, and the oxygen in the feedstock is ingeniously used at the same time. A series of Si anode materials with different pore structure and surface oxygen content were obtained by adjusting the proportion of Mg2Si and TEOS. Using 0.5 g of Mg2Si and 1 g of TEOS to prepare the material, the electrode reaches the optimum electrochemical performance with a discharge capacity of 935.9 mAh g–1 after 100 cycles and 587.2 mAh g–1 after 300 cycles at 0.5 and 1 A g–1, respectively. This work provides a new strategy for the design and preparation to boost stable lithium ion storage of silicon anode materials.

Three-dimensional hierarchically porous MoS2 foam as high-rate and stable lithium-ion battery anode

Architected materials that actively respond to external stimuli hold tantalizing prospects for applications in energy storage, wearable electronics, and bioengineering. Molybdenum disulfide, an excellent two-dimensional building block, is a promising candidate for lithium-ion battery anode. However, the stacked and brittle two-dimensional layered structure limits its rate capability and electrochemical stability. Here we report the dewetting-induced manufacturing of two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide nanosheets into a three-dimensional foam with a structural hierarchy across seven orders of magnitude. Our molybdenum disulfide foam provides an interpenetrating network for efficient charge transport, rapid ion diffusion, and mechanically resilient and chemically stable support for electrochemical reactions. These features induce a pseudocapacitive energy storage mechanism involving molybdenum redox reactions, confirmed by in-situ X-ray absorption near edge structure. The extraordinary electrochemical performance of molybdenum disulfide foam outperforms most reported molybdenum disulfide-based Lithium-ion battery anodes and state-of-the-art materials. This work opens promising inroads for various applications where special properties arise from hierarchical architecture.

Facile green and sustainable synthesis of MnO@rGO as electrochemically stable anode for lithium-ion batteries

• A facile green strategy is developed to synthesize the MnO-based anode materials. • MOF derived carbon matrix and graphene greatly enhance the conductivity. • The MnO@rGO shows high reversible capacity and superior electrochemical stability. Although metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derived MnO-based materials exhibit high reversible capacity over commercial anode materials, their practical application is still impeded due to the drawbacks of conventional synthetic methods, such as environmental hazards and economic costs. Herein, we report a facile and eco-friendly water-based route for the in-suit synthesis of Mn-MOF precursors, which are applied to prepare MnO and MnO@rGO anode materials through one-step pyrolysis. When fabricated as anode for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), MnO@rGO composite achieves superior electrochemical performance in comparison to pristine MnO. Exceedingly, it retains high reversible capacity of 920 mAh g −1 even at 2000 mA g −1 after 160 cycles, which is around 1.8 times of pristine MnO.

Stable anodes for lithium-ion batteries based on tin-containing silicon oxycarbonitride ceramic nanocomposites

Tin nanoparticles are a promising candidate for Li-ion battery anodes to replace carbon materials due to their high theoretical Li-ion storage capacity (994 mAh/g), which is much higher than that of graphite (372 mAh/g). However, the poor cycling stability of tin emerged from large volume expansion, and contraction remains a challenging issue. To overcome these limitations, we designed Sn-containing silicon oxycarbonitride ceramic nanocomposites (Sn/SiOCN) by the chemical reaction of tin acetate with poly(vinyl)silazane Durazane 1800 in ice bath under argon, followed by the pyrolysis of as-obtained precursors at 1000 °C for 3 h under argon atmosphere. The Sn/SiOCN nanocomposites with different Sn contents are tested as anodes for lithium-ion batteries, delivering a high-discharge capacity of ∼320 mAh/g at a current density of 2220 mA/g and extremely long cycling stability even at high charging rates (approximately 90% of the capacity is maintained after 1000 cycles). The outstanding electrochemical performance of Sn/SiOCN nanocomposites can be attributed to the improved charge transfer process due to the incorporation of metallic Sn nanoparticles into the amorphous SiOCN ceramic matrix, as revealed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) characterization. In situ XRD results confirm the formation of lithium-rich alloy phase Li7Sn2 during the lithiation process.

One-step synthesis of uniformly distributed SiOx-C composites as stable anodes for lithium-ion batteries.

SiOx is one of the most promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), due to its high theoretical capacity and low cost. However, the huge volume expansion and low electron/ion diffusion rate hinder its further commercial applications. Herein, a simple molecular polymerization method is developed to synthesize N,P co-doped SiOx-C composites (denoted as SiOx-C@CNT), in which SiOx and carbon are uniformly dispersed at the atomic level, and the embedded carbon nanotubes improve the lithium ion diffusion kinetics. Benefiting from the unique structure, the SiOx-C@CNT composites exhibit a high reversible capacity of 848 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and long cycling stability (84.0% capacity retention after 1500 cycles). More impressively, the LiCoO2∥SiOx-C@CNT full battery also exhibits stable cycle life (only 4.7% capacity loss after 300 cycles at 1 C). These results show the application potential of the SiOx-C@CNT anode in LIBs.

Electrophoretic deposition of ZnFe2O4 – Carbonaceous composites as promising anode for lithium-ion batteries

A facile electrophoretic deposition technique is developed to prepare composite films of ZnFe2O4 (ZFO) and different carbonaceous materials such as carbon nanotubes and reduced graphene oxide for stable lithium-ion battery anode. The as-deposited films exhibit superior cycling stability with no capacity fade and good rate capability. High reversible capacities of 840 and 870 mAhg−1 were obtained after 100 cycles at 0.5 Ag−1 for ZFO-CNT and ZFO-RGO electrodes, respectively. The contribution of capacitive charge storage in the electrochemical performance is analyzed.

Spontaneous formation of the conformal carbon nanolayer coated Si nanostructures as the stable anode for lithium-ion batteries from silica nanomaterials

Nanostructured-silicon with a conformal carbon coating (Si@C) is a promising anode-material for the next-generation lithium-ion battery (LIB). However, silicon nanostructure and the carbon nanocoating usually are formed in the separated processing steps, making the entire synthesis process costly, complicated and time-consuming. Herein, we propose a process in which silica nanomaterials (i.e., diatomite and stöber sphere) are firstly converted into Mg2Si. After the converted Mg2Si further reacts with CaCO3, a conformal carbon nanolayer (1–5 nm) spontaneously grows on the newly formed Si nanostructures to obtain Si@C. Especially, diatomite-derived Si@C delivers a reversible capacity of 1359.7 mA h g−1 at 4 A g−1, and retains 764.6 mA h g−1 even after 500 cycles. The process reported in this study can provide a scalable way to synthesize high-performance Si@C anode materials for LIBs.

Si/C particles on graphene sheet as stable anode for lithium-ion batteries

Silicon is considered as one of the most promising anodes for Li-ion batteries (LIBs), but it is limited for commercial applications by the critical issue of large volume expansion during the lithiation. In this work, the structure of silicon/carbon (Si/C) particles on graphene sheets (Si/C–G) was obtained to solve the issue by using the void space of Si/C particles and graphene. Si/C–G material was from Si/PDA-GO that silicon particles was coated by polydopamine (PDA) and reacted with oxide graphene (GO). The Si/C–G material have good cycling performance as the stability of the structure during the lithiation/dislithiation. The Si/C–G anode materials exhibited high reversible capacity of 1910.5 mA h g−1 and 1196.1 mA h g−1 after 700 cycles at 357.9 mA g−1, and have good rate property of 507.2 mA h g−1 at high current density, showing significantly improved commercial viability of silicon electrodes in high-energy-density LIBs.

Fabrication of TiO2@C/N composite nanofibers and application as stable lithium-ion battery anode

In this work, a flexible film composed of TiO2 nanoparticles embedded in N-doped carbon nanofibers (TiO2@C/N) was synthesized and used as free-standing electrode material for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) without conductive additives, current collectors and binders. The TiO2@C/N electrode presented high initial discharge capacity of 1054.7 mAh g−1 and superior cycle stability, which was due to the large number of highly exposed TiO2 nanocrystal enriching the charge transfer channels, and the carbon nanofiber skeleton with high structural integrity and mechanical flexibility. The result indicated that the TiO2@C/N composite nanofibers were good anode candidate for LIBs.

Ultrathin Silicon Nanowires Produced by a Bi-Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching Method for Highly Stable Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes

Silicon is widely studied as a high-capacity lithium-ion battery anode. However, the pulverization of silicon caused by a large volume expansion during lithiation impedes it from being used as a next generation anode for lithium-ion batteries. To overcome this drawback, we synthesized ultrathin silicon nanowires. These nanowires are 1D silicon nanostructures fabricated by a new bi-metal-assisted chemical etching process. We compared the lithium-ion battery properties of silicon nanowires with different average diameters of 100[Formula: see text]nm, 30[Formula: see text]nm and 10[Formula: see text]nm and found that the 30[Formula: see text]nm ultrathin silicon nanowire anode has the most stable properties for use in lithium-ion batteries. The above anode demonstrates a discharge capacity of 1066.0[Formula: see text]mAh/g at a current density of 300[Formula: see text]mA/g when based on the mass of active materials; furthermore, the ultrathin silicon nanowire with average diameter of 30[Formula: see text]nm anode retains 87.5% of its capacity after the 50th cycle, which is the best among the three silicon nanowire anodes. The 30[Formula: see text]nm ultrathin silicon nanowire anode has a more proper average diameter and more efficient content of SiOx. The above prevents the 30[Formula: see text]nm ultrathin silicon nanowires from pulverization and broken during cycling, and helps the 30[Formula: see text]nm ultrathin silicon nanowires anode to have a stable SEI layer, which contributes to its high stability.

Electrophoretic deposition of antimony/reduced graphite oxide hybrid nanostructure: A stable anode for lithium-ion batteries

Rechargeable batteries are ubiquitous in today’s world and find numerous applications starting from electronic gadgets to electric vehicles owing to their high energy density and battery life. Antimony (Sb) is considered a promising alternative anode to graphite, offering excellent theoretical capacity (660 mAh g−1) for the development of high energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, Sb suffers from rapid capacity fade during galvanostatic cycling in LIBs owing to intrinsic volumetric strain (∼135%). Here, we demonstrate poly(acrylic acid) and nickel nitrate assisted electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of Sb/RGO anode on the copper foil is a viable option for electrode preparation over traditional doctor blade tape casting route. The EPD-Sb/RGO anode offers a stable discharge and charge capacity of ∼498.1 mAh g−1 and ∼497.8 mAh g−1, respectively, up to 100 cycles at a high current rate of 0.5 A g−1. Microstructural analysis shows that Sb and RGO deposited uniformly on copper foil and develop a sandwich-like structure of Sb nanoparticles interspersed in-between RGO planes. It is demonstrated that poly(acrylic acid) and nickel nitrate assisted sterically stabilized Sb/RGO composite mass remains intact on Cu foil post 100 cycles for EPD-Sb/RGO electrode may be the reason for stable capacity, conspicuously absent for electrode prepared by tape casting route.

Fabrication of helical SiO2@Fe–N doped C nanofibers and their applications as stable lithium ion battery anodes and superior oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

Helical silica nanofibers have been prepared based on a sol-gel transcription approach. After covering a layer of m-phenylenediamine formaldehyde resin and consequent carbonization, SiO2@Fe–N doped C nanofibers with C content of 33.7 wt% and N content of 3.86 wt% were produced successfully. When applied as the electrode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), they exhibit a high reversible capacity of 1274 mA h g−1 in the 1000th cycle and superior rating capability, implying the possibility as outstanding candidate anode materials for LIBs. Additionally, owing to the doping of Fe2O3 and N, the nanofibers also exhibit a well-performed oxygen reduction reaction activity, which is comparable to the commercial Pt/C catalyst.

Highly stable lithium-ion battery anode with polyimide coating anchored onto micron-size silicon monoxide via self-assembled monolayer

Silicon monoxide (SiO) with a high Li storage capacity is an attractive material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. Though, micron-size SiO, which is easier to handle and manufacture, undergoes particle cracking during charge and discharge, leading to fast capacity fading. In this work, we design a robust coating system to accommodate the large volume change of the SiO particles using a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) to covalently bond the active material with a high-modulus polyimide (PI) coating. The SAM is essential as it enhances the adhesion between the particles and the coating, preventing the delamination of the PI coating. The SiO material with the coating demonstrates a stable capacity of 1310.7 mAh g−1 under a current rate of 150 mA g−1 for 100 cycles. The electrode is stable even for 300 cycles at a current rate of 1000 mA g−1. Full cell test with LiFePO4 positive electrode also shows stable cycle performance with 86% capacity retention after 200 cycles.

Pure-phase β-Mn2V2O7 interconnected nanospheres as a high-performance lithium ion battery anode.

This work primarily exhibits a systematic study of the large-scale hydrothermal synthesis of β-Mn2V2O7 interconnected nanospheres without templates. An optimal combination of hydrothermal/annealing/atmosphere parameters is identified for the pure phase, which exhibits an excellent cycling performance of 760 mA h g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 over 120 cycles and a rate capability of 470 mA h g-1 at 2 A g-1 as an anode for a lithium ion battery. Guidelines have been provided for the first time for the synthesis of β-Mn2V2O7, which opens broad opportunities for this earth-abundant chemical in electrochemical devices.

A facile and green synthesis approach to derive highly stable SiOx-hard carbon based nanocomposites for use as the anode in lithium-ion batteries

We present an efficient synthesis technique to derive highly stable anode for lithium-ion batteries.

Ionic liquid electrodeposition of Ge nano-film on Cu wire mesh as stable anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Germanium-based materials as anode can improve the capacity of lithium-ion battery because of its excellent lithium-ion storage ability. But the application of Ge anode is hampered by the huge volume variation during de/lithiation processes. Herein, a Ge/Cu wire mesh (Ge/Cu-WM) electrode is prepared by ionic liquid electrodeposition, where the Ge nano-film is deposited on Cu wire mesh. The unique structure of Ge/Cu-WM electrode not only buffers the volume expansion but also enhances electron migration and electron transport during lithiation. The Cu3Ge is observed by XRD, which confirms that the Ge nano-film tightly attach to the Cu wires. All structural properties give the electrode excellent electrochemical performance, where a capacity of 633 mAh/g after 100 cycles at 0.1 C is obtained. The reasonable structure and improved cycling stability make Ge-based anodes highly attractive for lithium-ion battery applications.