Stable Iodine Research Articles

Stable single helical C- and I-chains inside single-walled carbon nanotubes**Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2011CB808200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11504150 and 51320105007), and the Cheung Kong Scholars Program of China.

The helicity of stable single helical carbon chains and iodine chains inside single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is studied by calculating the systematic van der Waals interaction energy. The results show that the optimal helical radius increases linearly with increasing tube radius, which produces a constant separation between the chain structure and the tube wall. The helical angle exhibits a ladder-like decrease with increasing tube radius, indicating that a large tube can produce a small helicity in the helical structures.

Stable double helical iodine chains inside single-walled carbon nanotubes

The helicity of stable double helical iodine chains inside single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is studied by calculating the systematic interaction energy. Our results present clear images of stable double helical structures inside SWCNTs. The optimum helical radius and helical angle increase and decrease with increasing diameter, respectively. The tube's diameter plays a leading role in the helicity of encapsulated structures, while the tube's chirality may induce different metastable structures. This study indicates that the observed double helical iodine chains in experiments are not necessarily the optimum structures, but may also be metastable structures.

Preparation, property of the complex of carboxymethyl chitosan grafted copolymer with iodine and application of it in cervical antibacterial biomembrane

Cervical erosion is one of the common diseases of women. The loop electrosurgical excisional procedure (LEEP) has been used widely in the treatment of the cervical diseases. However, there are no effective wound dressings for the postoperative care to protect the wound area from further infection, leading to increased secretion and longer healing time. Iodine is a widely used inorganic antibacterial agent with many advantages. However, the carrier for stable iodine complex antibacterial agents is lack. In the present study, a novel iodine carrier, Carboxymethyl chitosan-g-(poly(sodium acrylate)-co-polyvinylpyrrolidone) (CMCTS-g-(PAANa-co-PVP), was prepared by graft copolymerization of sodium acrylate (AANa) and N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) to a carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCTS) skeleton. The obtained structure could combine prominent property of poly(sodium acrylate) (PAANa) anionic polyelectrolyte segment and good complex property of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) segment to iodine. The bioactivity of CMCTS could also be kept. The properties of the complex, CMCTS-g-(PAANa-co-PVP)-I2, were studied. The in vitro experiment shows that it has broad-spectrum bactericidal effects to virus, fungus, gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. A CMCTS-g-(PAANa-co-PVP)-I2 complex contained cervical antibacterial biomembrane (CABM) was prepared. The iodine release from the CABM is pH-dependent. The clinic trial results indicate that CABM has better treatment effectiveness than the conventional treatment in the postoperative care of the LEEP operation.

The history of radioiodine therapy beginnings

This report contains historical review of radioiodine therapy invention and clinical implementation for the treatment of patients with diffuse toxic goiter and differentiated thyroid cancer. In 1923 Henry Plummer has strongly recommended to prescribe stable iodine in patients with Grave’s diseases after surgery in order to prevent thyrotoxic storm. Radioactive isotopes of iodine for the first time were obtained by Enrico Fermi in 1934 in laboratory. Clinical implementation of radioiodine was started in 40 th years of past century. In 1940 experimentally have been shown that thyroid gland with Grave’s disease accumulated as much as 80% of radioiodine administered activity. Saul Hertz was the first physician who used radioactive iodine in January, 1941 with purpose to treat diffuse toxic goiter patients. Samuel Seidlin was first who used radioiodine in March, 1943 to treat patient with functioned differentiated thyroid cancer metastases. In Russia radioiodine treatment of patients started since 1982 in Medical Radiological Research Centre (former Institute of Medical Radiology), Obninsk.

Thyroid side effects prophylaxis in front of nuclear power plant accidents

The better knowledge of the mechanisms of nuclear incidents and lessons learned from accidents in the recent past to improve the effectiveness of measures taken following a nuclear accident exposure to fallout of radioactive iodine isotopes. Thus, immediate, passive measures, such as containment, and stopping consumption of contaminated products are paramount. The earliest possible administration of stable iodine as potassium iodide (KI) reduces significantly (up to 90% if taken at the same time of the accident) thyroid radioactive contamination. These tablets should be given in priority to children and pregnant women. The side effects are minor. KI is not recommended for persons aged over 60years, or for adults suffering from cardiovascular disorders.

Preliminary Investigation on the Rapid and Direct AMS Measurement of 129I in Environmental Samples without Chemical Separation

AbstractAccelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is the most sensitive method for measuring 129I in environmental samples available today, with a detection limit of about 10–15 for 129I/127I. A drawback of the technique is the time-consuming chemical separation required to prepare AMS targets from raw samples. This step significantly limits applications requiring rapid analyses and large numbers of samples, for example, in monitoring studies associated with nuclear accidents. This work introduces a direct method for 129I measurements by AMS that does not require chemical separation. In this approach, stable iodine (127I) is added to a matrix of niobium (Nb) powder and mixed with dried raw sample. This mixture is pressed directly into a sputter target for AMS analysis. Two types of environmental samples have been tested in this work, seaweed and sediment. No anomalous behavior was noted in the Cs+ sputtering behavior of the targets prepared from these materials. The 129I/127I ratios and 129I concentrations measured by this rapid method were found to be in agreement with reported values that used a conventional AMS method for the same material. Based on our findings, we expect that such rapid measurements can be applied to a wide variety of materials, in addition to seaweed and sediment, as long as the sputtering-induced adverse effects do not prevent the stable operation of the ion source. The method is especially useful for screening large numbers of samples before more precise analyses are made.

Radioiodine as an adjuvant therapy and its role in follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer.

Papillary and follicular cancers of thyroid are the most common varieties of differentiated thyroid cancers exhibiting excellent long-term prognosis when carefully managed. Being a slow-growing malignancy, guidelines exist on the staging, preoperative risk stratification, and management of these cancers to increase the overall survival of these patients. Radioactive iodine has a central role in differentiated thyroid malignancies. It has the same physical properties as stable iodine, thus both normal and malignant thyrocytes cannot differentiate radioactive from stable iodine. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) cells concentrate cytocidal amounts of Iodine -131 (131 I) by trapping (the function of the sodium iodine symporter, or NIS) and organifying the iodide ion to produce levothyroxine and triiodothyronine. We shall discuss the role of radioiodine in the management and followup of DTC patients.

Reliability of Questionnaire Data in the Distant Past: Relevance for Radiation Exposure Assessment.

Interviews with questionnaires are often employed to provide information that may be used for exposure assessment, although the reliability of such information is largely unknown. In this work, the consistency of individual behavior and dietary data collected by means of personal interviews during two study screenings was evaluated. Data were collected for a cohort of about 11,000 persons exposed to 131I in childhood and adolescence shortly after the Chernobyl accident. The best recollection was found for residential history, milk consumption patterns, and, to a lesser degree, stable iodine administration, while reproducibility of responses about consumption of milk products and leafy vegetables was poor. Consistency of information reported during the personal interviews by the study subjects younger than 10 y at the time of the accident was somewhat lower than for the subjects aged 10-18 y. The authors found slightly better reproducibility of responses for female study subjects than for male subjects and when the time span between two interviews was shorter. In the majority of instances, the best consistency in responses was observed when the mother was interviewed during both screenings rather than the subject. Information that was collected during two personal interviews was used to calculate two sets of thyroid doses due to 131I intakes. This study shows that, because dose-related measurements are available for all study subjects, the quality of individual behavior and dietary data has, in general, a small influence on the results of the retrospective dose assessment. For studies in which dose-related measurements are not available for all study subjects and only modeling is used for dose reconstruction, high quality individual behavior and dietary data for the study subjects are required to provide realistic and reliable dose estimates.

Synthesis and structural characterization of microporous N4O4-donor Schiff base macrocycle: Study of host–guest interactions and iodine sorption

A novel N4O4-donor macrocyclic Schiff base (1,6,20,25-tetraaza-2,5:8,9:17,18:21,24:27,28:36,37-hexabenzo-10,16,29,35-tetraoxa-cyclooctatriakonta-1,6,20,25-tetraen) (1) was prepared by a [2 + 2] cyclocondensation reaction of the corresponding dialdehyde and diamine. The crystal and molecular structure was determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and the compound was additionally characterized by IR, Raman and NMR spectroscopy, thermal and elemental analysis. In the crystal the molecules of the macrocycle are connected by a series of weak hydrogen bonds into tubular structures, thus forming an open porous structure with nanometre sized pores (around 18% of the void volume). Recrystallization of 1 from chloroform and dichloromethane led to the formation of the chloroform solvate (1×CLF), and the dichloromethane solvatomorph (1×DCM). The chloroform solvate was treated with iodine vapour in a sealed chamber thus forming a stable iodine host–guest complex (1×I2). From the spectroscopic, crystal structure, and thermal analysis studies of 1×CLF, 1×DCM and 1×I2 it can be deduced that the compound forms stable host–guest complexes without any changes in the organic framework. The host:guest ratio was found to be 1:1, 1:3 and 2:1 for chloroform, dichloromethane and iodine complexes, respectively. The adsorption studies of activated 1×CLF showed a small uptake of CO2 at 298 K.

A Study of Thyroid 131I Activity of Five Human Subjects Exposed to a Radioactive Plume at Tamura City in Fukushima.

Thyroid 131I activities were determined for five human subjects from a disaster medical assistance team of Fukui Prefectural Hospital. The team was dispatched to the Tamura City Sports Park, 40 km from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. They were exposed to a radioactive plume on 15 March 2011. In vivo measurements at Fukui Prefectural Hospital were conducted around 17 h after the team left the park. A thyroid counter equipped with a 51-mm-diameter × 51-mm-thick NaI(Tl) detector with a 20-mm-thick lead collimator was used. Mock iodine (133Ba and 137Cs) with a thyroid uptake neck phantom was used for calibration. On 16 March 2011, at 11:30, thyroid activity of a member of the team age 53 y, who was never administered stable iodine, was 268 ± 38 Bq. The remaining four men, aged 49, 35, 34, and 27 y, ingested two stable iodine pills (a total of 100 mg of potassium iodide) approximately 36 h before being exposed to the plume. Their thyroid activity values were 249 ± 86 Bq, 676 ± 107 Bq, 569 ± 96 Bq, and 1,082 ± 119 Bq, respectively. An inverse relationship between age and thyroid activity was observed among those who ingested potassium iodide before exposure, indicating that stable iodine administration may have a protective effect. Thyroid 131I activity was reduced by approximately 70% in the oldest person. This can be explained by the iodine metabolism in the thyroid of younger individuals being significantly faster than that of older individuals.

Inter-Taxa Differences in Iodine Uptake by Plants: Implications for Food Quality and Contamination

Although iodine is not essential for plants, they take it up readily and, in foodchains, are significant sources of iodine for organisms with an essential requirement for it. During several nuclear accidents radioiodine has been an important component of releases of radioactivity and has caused serious contamination of foodchains. Differences in iodine uptake by different plant taxa are, therefore, important to nutritional and radioecological studies. Using techniques we have developed for a range of other elements, we analyzed inter-taxa differences in radioiodine uptake by 103 plant species and between varieties of two species, and analyzed them using a recent, phylogenetically-informed, taxonomy. The results show that there are significant differences in uptake above and below the species level. There are significant differences between Monocots and Eudicots in iodine uptake, and, in particular, hierarchical ANOVA revealed significant differences between Genera within Families. These analyses of the taxonomic origin of differences in plant uptake of iodine can help the prediction of crop contamination with radioiodine and the management of stable iodine in crops for nutritional purposes.

Improvement of production and quality research of bakery products enriched with iodine

In view of the acute problem of iodine deficiency, which threatens by a number of pathological conditions of person, it is proved a necessity of creating mass consumption food products including bakery products rich in iodine compounds resistant to outside influence. With this purpose it is proposed improvements of bakery using iodine-protein additives containing stable iodine compounds, whose use is safe for the human body. It is proved the rationality of adding 1 % by weight of flour additives in the product that can compensate for 50 % of the daily requirement of iodine. Researches of organoleptic and physical and chemical parameters of quality of bakery products with iodine-protein additive require to carry the product to the rich products of highest grade in accordance with DSTU P-4585: 2006 Rich bakery products. General specifications. Use the iodine-protein additive in content of bakery products allow compensate the lack of iodine and also to ensure high quality of end product.

Changes in the chemical form of exogenous iodine in forest soils and their extracts.

Information about the chemical form of exogenous iodine in soil is important for predicting the mobility and behaviour of radioiodine in the terrestrial environment. In this study, soil samples collected at various depths in a pine forest in Rokkasho, Japan, were spiked with stable iodine (as iodide or iodate); after incubation of the spiked soils for 1 or 14 d, the chemical forms of iodine were investigated in both the soils and their water extracts. In surface soil and its extracts, inorganic iodine was found to have been transformed to organically bound forms after incubation for 14 d, resulting in a decrease in the amount of water-extractable iodine in the soil. In contrast, in subsurface soil, which had low organic matter content, the predominant chemical form of iodine after incubation did not differ from that in the spiked soil, and the amount of water-extractable iodine did not decrease noticeably.

Iodine derivatives of chemically modified gum Arabic microspheres

Acetylated gum Arabic (AGA) derivatives with different degrees of substitution (DS 0.97-2.74) were synthesized using acetyl chloride and a base under varying reaction conditions. The AGA derivatives were obtained in the form of microspheres and thereafter stable iodine products were prepared by doping the microspheres with an iodinating agent, iodine monochloride (ICl). The reaction between electrophilic iodine and polar carbonyl groups was studied by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and UV-VIS spectroscopies. The products were also characterized by DSC, TGA and SEM studies. The incorporated iodine was released in aqueous medium as iodide ions (I−). A reaction scheme has been proposed for the iodination and de-iodination of the gum derivatives. This work suggests that the iodine derivatives of modified gum Arabic could be used as a source of iodide ions which is the nutritional form of iodine.

Accelerator mass spectrometry analysis of ultra-low-level (129)I in carrier-free AgI-AgCl sputter targets.

Separation of carrier-free iodine from low-level iodine samples and accurate measurement of ultra-low-level (129)I in microgram iodine target are essential but a bottleneck in geology and environment research using naturally produced (129)I. This article presents a detection technique of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) for accurate determination of ultra-low-level (129)I in carrier-free AgI-AgCl sputter targets. Copper instead of aluminum was selected as the suitable sample holder material to avoid the reaction of AgI-AgCl powder with aluminum. Niobium powder was selected as thermally and electrically conductive matrix to be mixed with AgI-AgCl powder, in order to obtain and maintain a stable and high iodine ion current intensity, as well as less memory effect and low background level of (129)I. The most optimal ratio of the Nb matrix to the AgI-AgCl powder was found to be 5:1 by mass. The typical current of (127)I(5+) using AgI-AgCl targets with iodine content from 5 to 80μg was measured to be 5 to 100nA. Four-year AMS measurements of the (129)I/(127)I ratios in standards of low iodine content and the machine blanks showed a good repeatability and stability.

Lipotoxicity, a potential risk factor for the increasing prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism?

Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is an important public health problem worldwide for its increasing prevalence and potential deleterious effects, whereas its etiology has not been fully elucidated. Lipotoxicity exerts extensive and serious impact on human health, but so far, the potential effect of lipotoxicity on thyroid is unclear. The objective of the study was to assess the association between serum triglyceride levels and the risk for SCH. We conducted a population-based case-control study. A total of 24 100 subjects with similar and stable iodine nutrition status were recruited from China. Cases of 5033 SCH patients were identified and equal controls were matched by age, gender, and region. Conditional logistic regression was used to analyze the association between serum triglyceride levels and risk for SCH. Hypertriglyceridemia was associated with an approximately 35% increased risk for SCH in both men (odds ratio 1.325; 95% confidence interval 1.002-1.753) and women (odds ratio 1.397; 95% confidence interval 1.217-1.604), even after adjustment for potential confounders. Notably, the risk for SCH increased progressively following the elevation of serum triglyceride levels. Compared with individuals with serum triglyceride levels less than 0.97 mmol/L, the risk for SCH increased approximately 1.9-fold in men and 1.4-fold in women, respectively, when triglyceride levels were greater than 1.99 mmol/L. Our findings suggested that hypertriglyceridemia was positively associated with the risk for SCH.

Size Control in the Nanoprecipitation Process of Stable Iodine (¹²⁷I) Using Microchannel Reactor-Optimization by Artificial Neural Networks.

In this study, nanosuspension of stable iodine ((127)I) was prepared by nanoprecipitation process in microfluidic devices. Then, size of particles was optimized using artificial neural networks (ANNs) modeling. The size of prepared particles was evaluated by dynamic light scattering. The response surfaces obtained from ANNs model illustrated the determining effect of input variables (solvent and antisolvent flow rate, surfactant concentration, and solvent temperature) on the output variable (nanoparticle size). Comparing the 3D graphs revealed that solvent and antisolvent flow rate had reverse relation with size of nanoparticles. Also, those graphs indicated that the solvent temperature at low values had an indirect relation with size of stable iodine ((127)I) nanoparticles, while at the high values, a direct relation was observed. In addition, it was found that the effect of surfactant concentration on particle size in the nanosuspension of stable iodine ((127)I) was depended on the solvent temperature. Nanoprecipitation process of stable iodine (127I) and optimization of particle size using ANNs modeling.

Effects of hydrosulfide and pH on iodine release from an alumina matrix solid confining silver iodide

ABSTRACTAlumina matrix solidification is a hot isostatic pressing (HIP) technique used to immobilize radioactive iodine (129I) in the form of silver iodide. In the present study, an alumina matrix solidification sample with a porosity of 12.9% was obtained by performing HIP at 175 MPa and 1200°C for 3 hours on a simulated spent silver-sorbent saturated with stable iodine. Material Characterization Centre-1 (MCC-1) leaching tests for the simulated waste form were performed using hydrosulfide (HS-) as a reductant at concentrations ranging from 3 × 10-7 M to 3 × 10-3 M and at pH values ranging from 8.0 to 12.5. Leached iodine concentrations were below the detection limit for ICP-MS measurements at HS- concentrations of 3 × 10-7 M and 3 × 10-5 M. This result was due to the stability of AgI. At an HS- concentration of 3 × 10-3 M, iodine leaching rapidly increased within 10 days. The maximum iodine concentration in the solution was 4.33 × 10-3 M, which corresponds to 85% dissolution of the initial iodine. This value was measured after 552 days under an HS- concentration of 3 × 10-3 M at pH 11. An analysis of specimen cross-sections suggested the following reaction: 2AgI + HS- = Ag2S + 2I- + H+. The pH affected matrix aluminum dissolution but did not significantly affect the iodine leaching behavior. Furthermore, the normalized mass loss of iodine was larger than that of aluminum by a factor greater than 104, which is due to the large porosity and the dissolution of interior AgI of the solid.

Radiation protection monitoring zone population NPP according to experts in case of emergency

The purpose of this study was to peer review the implementation of protective measures to limit public exposure surveillance zone NPP in case of emergency considering laws and regulations. Survey method using expert assessments were used. Experts were formed in four groups who are respon sible for radiation protection of various groups surveillance zone of RNPP. Requirements to selections experts were professional experience not less than 10 years, the profile and post. For primary empirical data was used simple ordering of values of an even or consistent comparison. According to experts, measures warning, provision of stable iodine preparations, provision of collective (protective constructions, hiding place) and personal protective equipment (clothing, gauze bandages, respirators, mask), material and technical equipment at the Rivne NPP could be significantly different in rural and urban sur veillance zone in the case of emergency. Group risk in case of an emergency, can become students of rural schools surveillance zone due to imperfect warning system and lack of shelter facilities. There is no consensus among experts on radiation protection assessments of various groups surveillance zone, including provision of means of individual and collective protection, preparedness protective actions in case of emergency. State radiation protection surveillance zone Rivne NPP, including a system of organizational, techni cal, biomedical, financial and economic measures to prevent and respond to the National Assembly, does not meet the laws of Ukraine "On Nuclear Energy Use and Radiation Safety" and "On protection of population and territories from emergency situations of technogenic and natural character ", requiring State Nuclear Regulatory Inspectorate (SNRI) of Ukraine on this question.

A model to secure a stable iodine concentration in milk

BackgroundDairy products account for approximately 60% of the iodine intake in the Norwegian population. The iodine concentration in cow's milk varies considerably, depending on feeding practices, season, and amount of iodine and rapeseed products in cow fodder. The variation in iodine in milk affects the risk of iodine deficiency or excess in the population.ObjectiveThe first goal of this study was to develop a model to predict the iodine concentration in milk based on the concentration of iodine and rapeseed or glucosinolate in feed, as a tool to securing stable iodine concentration in milk. A second aim was to estimate the impact of different iodine levels in milk on iodine nutrition in the Norwegian population.DesignTwo models were developed on the basis of results from eight published and two unpublished studies from the past 20 years. The models were based on different iodine concentrations in the fodder combined with either glucosinolate (Model 1) or rapeseed cake/meal (Model 2). To illustrate the impact of different iodine concentrations in milk on iodine intake, we simulated the iodine contribution from dairy products in different population groups based on food intake data in the most recent dietary surveys in Norway.ResultsThe models developed could predict iodine concentration in milk. Cross-validation showed good fit and confirmed the explanatory power of the models. Our calculations showed that dairy products with current iodine level in milk (200 µg/kg) cover 68, 49, 108 and 56% of the daily iodine requirements for men, women, 2-year-old children, and pregnant women, respectively.ConclusionsSecuring a stable level of iodine in milk by adjusting iodine concentration in different cow feeds is thus important for preventing excess intake in small children and iodine deficiency in pregnant and non-pregnant women.