Family Stability Research Articles

Marriage economics, bargaining and strategic agency: Egyptian-Syrian intermarriage practices in the context of displacement

Based on forty-eight qualitative interviews with Syrian refugee women and their families, this study explores the dynamics of Syrian-Egyptian marriages formed after displacement. Grounded in acculturation, marriage economics, and social exchange theories, I ask: what role is played by both cultural customs and displacement in dictating the Egyptian-(displaced)Syrian intermarriage trajectories and power dynamics in these unions? And how did Syrian women and Egyptian men leverage cultural differences to maximize their own benefits? The results outline how urfi (customary) marriage and marriage economic traditions differ between these two often homogenized (and continuously Orientalized) cultures, impacting the marital relationship’s nature, bargaining power and success. Beyond the passive exploitation narrative that hounds these highly stigmatized arrangements, the analysis illuminates how these marriages are often a result of immediate utilitarian and financial intersecting interests between the men and the women, they still carry long-term effects influencing the spousal balance of power. Nonetheless, some Syrian women leveraged cultural differences to maximize their gains and mitigate the implications of displacement and uprooting demonstrating a strategic and dialogical acculturation. The study concludes by highlighting the impact of displacement on marriage dynamics, shedding light on financial and power imbalances while highlighting how social and moral factors such as family support and socioeconomic factors influence the marriage dynamic. Contribution: The study sheds light on inter-Arab marriages in displacement contexts and broadens understanding within the larger spectrum of Arab marital dynamics, stimulating nuanced conversations about the sociology of marriage and family in the Arab world.

Factors associated with housing stability for Aboriginal families in South Australia: a prospective cohort study

Stable, affordable and safe housing is a key determinant of health and wellbeing. Evidence from an Australian population-based cohort of 344 Aboriginal mothers and children aged 5-9 years shows that tenure type, financial difficulties and women’s experience of partner violence are key drivers to housing stability. Stable housing was defined as moving house ≤ two times in the previous five years. Women had higher odds of stable housing if they had not reported partner violence in the last year (Adj. OR = 2.2, 95%CI 1.1–4.3) and reported fewer financial difficulties (Adj. OR= 2.2, 95%CI 0.9–5.4). Women in private rental had lower odds of stable housing (Adj. OR = 0.4, 95%CI 0.2–0.7) compared to women in government subsidised rental housing. Understanding factors that support housing stability is crucial to ensure the best outcomes for young Aboriginal children and families at a critical period in the life course.

Childhood Environmental Instabilities and Their Behavioral Implications: A Machine Learning Approach to Studying Adverse Childhood Experiences.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) include a range of abusive, neglectful, and dysfunctional household behaviors that are strongly associated with long-term health problems, mental health conditions, and societal difficulties. The study aims to uncover significant factors influencing ACEs in children aged 0-17 years and to propose a predictive model that can be used to forecast the likelihood of ACEs in children. Machine learning models are applied to identify and analyze the relationships between several predictors and the occurrence of ACEs. Key performance metrics such as AUC, F1 score, recall, and precision are used to evaluate the predictive strength of different factors on ACEs. Family structures, especially non-traditional forms such as single parenting, and the frequency of relocating to a new address are determined as key predictors of ACEs. The final model, a neural network, achieved an AUC of 0.788, a precision score of 0.683, and a recall of 0.707, indicating its effectiveness in accurately identifying ACE cases. The model's ROC and PR curves showed a high true positive rate for detecting children with two or more ACEs while also pointing to difficulties in classifying single ACE instances accurately. Furthermore, our analysis revealed the intricate relationship between the frequency of relocation and other predictive factors. The findings highlight the importance of familial and residential stability in children's lives, with substantial implications for child welfare policies and interventions. The study emphasizes the need for targeted educational and healthcare support to promote the well-being and resilience of at-risk children.

The Carceral State, Social Disorganization, and Firearm Homicides in Chicago

Black and other racially minoritized groups are overrepresented among those who experience firearm homicide. There has been a stark increase in incarcerated populations in the US since the 1980s, largely due to differential drug sentencing, of which racially minoritized individuals are also overrepresented; social disorganization theory postulates that community and family instability resulting from incarceration can further worsen crime. To understand the association of race-specific incarceration with race-specific firearm violence rates in Chicago, Illinois, through the lens of social vulnerability and family instability. This cross-sectional study with a retrospective cohort design utilized homicide data for the city of Chicago from January 1, 2001, to August 31, 2019. Demographic data at the census block level was obtained from the 2010 decennial census. Incarceration rates were obtained by race and ethnicity at the census tract level from the Opportunity Atlas. Data analysis occurred from January to June 2023. Race-specific incarceration rates were the primary exposures of interest. The Social Vulnerability Index and single-parent households were studied as mediators. Race-specific firearm homicide rates were the outcomes of interest. Structural equation modeling was used to understand the mediating effect of social vulnerability and single-parent households on the association of incarceration with firearm homicides. A total of 46 312 census blocks were evaluated. Black-specific incarceration rates were found to be associated with Black-specific firearm homicides (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.70; 95% CI, 1.50-1.94), but there was no association for Hispanic incarceration rates (IRR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.75-1.28) or White incarceration rates (IRR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.39-1.16). In the association of Black incarceration rates with Black firearm homicide rates, social vulnerability did not mediate the interaction, but the percentage of single-parent households mediated 23% of the interaction. This study found that higher rates of incarceration were associated with increased rates of firearm homicides among Black communities alone; this association was found to be mediated partially through the density of single-parent households in these areas, suggesting that social disorganization resulting from mass incarceration may perpetuate firearm homicides. Targeted policies addressing mass incarceration and the disparities therein may be a means of reducing urban firearm homicides.

Look into the Future: Life Values and Orientations of Modern Youth in Yakutia

The article contributes to the discussion about the values and life strategies of modern youth using the example of a study of students in the northern region of Russia. The article presents some results of a sociological survey aimed at studying the life world, social and political orientations of students of three federal universities of Yakutia (NEFU, ASICA, ChSIPhES). Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of the distribution of life values and orientations, factors of success and happiness, as well as the ratio of the respondents' civil and regional identities. The sociological study ‘Students of Russia: Civic Culture and Life Strategies’ was conducted by the Centre of Political Science of SPR FCTAS RAS in April-May 2023. The object of the study is Russian students. The study used a quota-proportional all-Russian sample with interdependent characteristics of the general population: gender, age, place of residence, level of education received and areas of higher education. The sample size is 6389 respondents, with 468 students in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The data analysis revealed the priority of material-economic and socio-emotional life values in the individual matrices of young people. Material prosperity, interesting work, family stability, emotional ties with family members and friends, education, as well as autonomy, independence, individualism are the most significant in the lives of students. The spatial levels of identity and the degree of emotional attachment to local and global territorial communities, as well as the attitude of young people in Yakutia to Russia have been revealed. Student youth optimistically builds an image of the future of Yakutia and Russia, relying on traditional values and family, while being open to the global society, mostly relying on their own experience and competences.

Lived experiences of COVID-19 disease: a qualitative meta-synthesis

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, various aspects of human life were changed around the world. The present study aimed to provide a systematic review of the available evidence on lived experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This is a systematic review of the meta-synthesis type. Evidence from studies from 2019 to 2021 was used. Keywords of lived experiences, experiences, people, nation, patients, community, COVID-19, corona, and corona disease were searched in PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases. The Newcastle–Ottawa scale was used to evaluate the quality of articles. A qualitative meta-synthesis was performed by a researcher based on a three-step meta-synthesis method described by Thomas and colleagues. MAXQDA 10 was used for data analysis. The present study is based on the guidelines for Enhancing transparency in reporting the meta-synthesis of qualitative research (ENTREQ). The reliability of this study had a Kappa coefficient of 0.660 with a consistency rate of 98.766%. Results: Finally, the data from 11 articles were analyzed. The main and sub-themes obtained in this study included negative aspects (chaos, hustle associated, dualities, bad body, value decay, seclusion, psychological challenges) as well as positive aspects (opportunities arising from the individual, family, and social stability). Conclusion: Problems of life during COVID-19 should be considered as part of the COVID-19 pandemic care program. Individual assessments should normally be considered in a public health crisis. It is recommended to conduct serious, in-depth, and practical research in this field.

State Policy of Far East Development: How to Ensure Accelerated Progress?

Against the backdrop of the authorities’ efforts to accelerate the development of the Far East, dissatisfaction remains, an indicator of which is the trend of population decline. The article argues that the growing financial flow, with the same approach, without a precise formula of the goal, without the definition of priorities, will not give the desired result. It is proposed to accelerate the transition from a resource-export model of the economy to a new industrialization. The justification of priorities is based on combining the efforts of the subjects of the federation of the macroregion, involving the potential of the country’s entrepreneurs focused on Asian markets, and integration cooperation with the countries of the AsiaPacific region.The widest field for cooperation is seen in the field of exploration of the World Ocean, space exploration and in the field of Culture. Such a turn increases the attractiveness of the Far East and increases the demand for labor. It will be necessary to see a different solution to demographic problems. If the State is the main beneficiary of population growth, it is obliged to recognize the birth and upbringing of children in the family as productive work, which is remunerated, counted in the length of service, and provided with a pension.The stability of a young family is determined by the availability of housing, and the key to having many children is a house “on the ground”. But the house is not financial bondage, not a mortgage, but an incentive for expanded reproduction. The course towards industrialization provides an opportunity for a decent income for the head of the family, the work of women is paid, and a roof over their heads is a guarantee of a stable and large family. And the Far East is a testing ground where a model is created, control mechanisms are polished, and efficiency is demonstrated.

Traversing Precarity: The Socioeconomic Mobility of Female Migrant Building Workers in China

This article is located at the nexus of three bodies of geographical research. First, we respond to calls for careful and considered engagement with conditions, subjectivities, and experiences of precarity. Second, we contribute to the small but critically rich literature exploring structural organization of building industries and the everyday lives of workers. Third, we offer new ontological and epistemological momentum for long-standing study of migration in China. In doing so we interrogate ethnographic research focused on female migrants who work long hours, rarely take holidays, endure physical and emotional tiredness, extreme temperatures, dirty and dusty working conditions, family dislocations and, for some, challenging communal living. With an average age in the mid-forties, respondents nonetheless had moved from farms, factories, or both to building sites to secure higher salaries as well as contractual, financial, and familial stability. Few expressed concerns regarding working conditions nor articulated experiences of anxiety, uncertainty, and unmoored-ness at “the edges” of society. Drawing on feminist, materialist, and more-than-representational insights into resistance, resilience, and reworking, we unpack this empirical terrain, highlighting how female building workers respond to and shape relations of power, in and through mundane labor and domestic and family struggles. Overall, we contribute to progress in decolonizing geographical knowledge complexes.

From Myths, Ci and Fu Works to Temple Worship: A New Inquiry into the Evolution of Fu Fei 宓妃, the Goddess of the Luo River

Luo Shen 洛神 (The Goddess of the Luo River), also known as Fu Fei 宓妃 (Consort Fu), governed the Luo River and was a deity with distinctive representativeness and influence in the Luoyang area of China. To date, research has been centered around literary works and paintings, particularly Luoshen Fu 洛神賦, with little exploration into the belief of the Goddess of the Luo River. In this paper, specific and detailed textual research is made on the origins and historical transformations, as well as functional shifts, of the Goddess of the Luo River from the perspective of belief in the deity. Based on extant ancient documents and stele inscriptions and combined with anthropological field research, five new ideas are described. First, rituals honoring the Luo River were present in ancient times, yet the deity of the Luo River was initially a male entity called Luo Bo 洛伯, not the goddess Consort Fu. Second, Consort Fu first appears in Li Sao 離騷 as a goddess from the Kunlun Mountains. Third, during the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220), driven by the political and cultural needs of rulers to maintain regime stability, the Goddess of Kunlun, Consort Fu, became the Goddess of the Luo River. Fourth, in the medieval period, the image of the Goddess of the Luo River underwent a historic transformation, evolving from a deity governing the Luo River to a beauty yearning for secular love, merging with the historical figure of Zhen Fei 甄妃 (Consort Zhen) from the Cao Wei dynasty (220–266), forming a unified literary and artistic figure that significantly broadened the social influence of the Goddess of the Luo River. Fifth, the state-sponsored worship of the Goddess of the Luo River reached its peak during the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties, and afterward, it gradually declined to a local folk belief due to a shift in the political center. The transition of the belief in the Goddess of the Luo River from official to folk realms, deeply intertwining with people’s lives, is a historical reflection of the eastward shift in the imperial center after the Tang dynasty. It also signifies a transformation of the function of the belief in the Goddess of the Luo River, from a political guardian deity ensuring the nation’s peace and the government’s stability to a protective deity for ordinary people’s family stability and prosperity of descendants.

Patterns of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Neurocognitive Development

Early life adversity is associated with higher risk of many adult health problems, including mental illness, substance abuse, suicide attempt, and chronic diseases. Many previous studies investigated adversities one at a time or investigated the health toll associated with the cumulative number of adversities. To examine the co-occurrence of adversities among children and how specific patterns of adversities are associated with neurocognitive development. This cohort study used data from the Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP), which enrolled a national sample of women during pregnancy and followed their offspring to ages 7 to 8 years, between 1959 and 1974. The CPP was a community-based study conducted in 12 US medical centers. The CPP sample was ascertained through prenatal clinics and is diverse with respect to race and socioeconomic status. Data analysis was performed from August 2023 to March 2024. A latent class analysis was conducted of 12 adverse childhood experiences that occurred between birth and 7 years to identify common patterns of childhood adversities. Five neurocognitive tests were used to measure children's visual-motor, sensory-motor, auditory-vocal, intelligence quotient, and academic skills. The analysis sample included 49 853 offspring (25 226 boys [50.6%]); 24 436 children (49.0%) had low probability of experiencing any adversity, whereas the remaining half were classified into 5 groups reflecting distinct patterns of childhood adversities: parental harshness and neglect, 1625 children (3.3%); parental separation and poverty, 8731 children (17.5%); family instability, 3655 children (7.3%); family loss, instability, and poverty, 1505 children (3.0%); and crowded housing and poverty, 9901 children (19.9%). Children in 4 of these groups had lower neurocognitive scores than children with a low probability of experiencing adversity, with standardized mean differences ranging from -0.07 (95% CI, -0.11 to -0.03) to -0.86 (95% CI, -1.06 to -0.65). These findings suggest that adverse childhood experiences are associated with deficits in children's neurocognitive functions. It is important to understand the complexity in children's exposure to adversity and the resulting developmental consequences, as well as the underlying mechanisms, to help support children exposed to adversity and foster healthier and resilient trajectories of development.

Resonant chains in triple-planet systems

The mean motion resonance is the most important mechanism that may dominate the dynamics of a planetary system. In a multi-planetary system consisting of $N planets, the planets may form a resonant chain when the ratios of orbital periods of planets can be expressed as the ratios of small integers $T_1: T_2: :T_N=k_1: k_2: k_N$. Due to the high degree of freedom, the motion in such systems could be complex and difficult to depict. In this paper, we investigate the dynamics and possible formation of the resonant chain in a triple-planet system. We defined the appropriate Hamiltonian for a three-planet resonant chain and numerically averaged it over the synodic period. The stable stationary solutions -- apsidal corotational resonances (ACRs) -- of this averaged system, corresponding to the local extrema of the Hamiltonian function, can be searched out numerically. The topology of the Hamiltonian around these ACRs reveals their stabilities. We further constructed the dynamical maps on different representative planes to study the dynamics around the stable ACRs, and we calculated the deviation ($ of the resonant angle in the evolution from the uniformly distributed values, by which we distinguished the behaviour of critical angles. Finally, the formation of the resonant chain via convergent planetary migration was simulated and the stable configurations associated with ACRs were verified. We find that the stable ACR families arising from circular orbits always exist for any resonant chain, and they may extend to a high eccentricity region. Around these ACR solutions, regular motion can be found, typically in two types of resonant configurations. One is characterised by libration of both the two-body resonant angles and the three-body Laplace resonant angle, and the other by libration of only two-body resonant angles. The three-body Laplace resonance does not seem to contribute to the stability of the resonant chain much. The resonant chain can be formed via convergent migration, and the resonant configuration evolves along the ACR families to eccentric orbits once the planets are captured into the chain. Ideally, our methods introduced in this paper can be applied to any resonant chain of any number of planets at any eccentricity.

Cohabitation and Marriage Formation in Times of Fertility Decline: The Case of Sweden in the Twenty-First Century

Developments over time in the prevalence of marriage and cohabitation formation has long received much interest, but less is known about more recent developments for different population subgroups in European countries. This applies as well to Sweden, a country considered a forerunner in family-demographic change. In contrast, much attention has been paid to the falling birth rates during the 2010s, and explanations that focus on the role of increasing uncertainties. In the Swedish case, the fertility decline has been documented across all main socio-demographic subgroups. The objective of this study is to examine whether the same situation holds for first marriage and cohabitation formation during the 2010s and the exceptional years of the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on Swedish population registers, including with new cohabitation data, we present annual indices of first marriage formation (1991–2022) and cohabitation formation (2012–2022) across a number of socio-demographic strata. We demonstrate a continuous decline in first marriage formation since the early 2010s with an additional sharp dip during the pandemic and a post-pandemic recovery. In contrast, there was a remarkable stability in cohabitation formation during 2012–2022. Although socio-demographic groups differ in their overall levels of marriage and cohabitation formation, the recent trends are strikingly similar across groups. Cohabiting couples, across population subgroups, have become less inclined to transition their union status to a more committed level, as manifested by marriage or parenthood. This occurred in spite of a positive economic climate in the 2010s and stable family policies, indicating that other forces are at play.

Living Together Apart: Size and Significance of Co-Residency Following Relationship Breakdown in Contemporary Britain

In this article, we seek to establish the importance of living together apart (LTA), where ex-partners continue to co-reside following relationship breakdown. Although LTA is commonplace, it has been almost completely overlooked by family sociology and social policy. Because LTA is conceptually unrecognised, there is little empirical information and because there is so little information, it remains conceptually unrecognised. In this article, we attempt to break out from this loop. First, we place LTA within the context of partnership change. Second, we estimate the quantitative magnitude and qualitative significance of LTA in Britain. We use a survey concerned with owner-occupier LTA to indicate population characteristics and aggregate behaviour. This is accompanied by qualitative analysis of Mumsnet forums on LTA, to develop insight into understandings and relationships. Drawing on these findings, we argue that LTA is both a significant household form and important relationship type.

Determinants of Financial Inclusion in Kenya: A Demand-Side Perspective

This study sought to analyze the underlying financial inclusion determinants in Kenya. The study applies ordinal logit regression to examine the effect of the residential area, gender, education level, marital status, and employment type on financial inclusion. Financial inclusion is measured by developing a financial inclusion index for ten binary financial services variables. From the index, three financial inclusion levels are designed. These include low financial inclusion with scores of zero to three, medium with scores of four to six, and high level with scores of seven to ten. The estimates of the ordinal model are statistically significant for all factors considered except gender. Area of residence, age, education type, income, and marital status positively affect the log odds of financial inclusion, while employment is negatively linked. Education, employment, and marital status have interaction effects on financial inclusion. This study recommends that the Kenyan government formulate and strengthen policies to tackle challenges such as gender disparity, rural bank infrastructure development, fostering an environment conducive for entrepreneurship to address unemployment and income disparities, advocating for secondary school completion, and addressing social issues impacting family stability, including separation or the absence of marriage.

The Verse Ayah "Affection and Mercy" and its Legal Effects on the Spouses

Objectives: The objective of this discussion is to highlight the importance of marital life as a foundational element in building strong families and cohesive societies. It aims to emphasize the roles of both spouses, with the woman providing passion and tenderness, and the man offering strength and security. Additionally, the discussion seeks to underscore the significance of love, understanding, and legislative systems within Islam in nurturing harmonious marital relationships. Methods: This discussion employs a qualitative approach, drawing upon Islamic teachings and principles to explore the dynamics of marital relationships. It relies on textual analysis and interpretation to elucidate the roles and responsibilities of spouses as outlined in Islamic doctrine. Results: The discussion reveals that Islam places great importance on fostering love, understanding, and mutual respect within marital relationships. It emphasizes the complementary roles of spouses in providing emotional support and security, which are essential for the stability and happiness of families. Islamic legislative systems are designed to promote harmony and prosperity within families, thereby contributing to the well-being of society as a whole. Conclusion: In conclusion, marital life is regarded as a cornerstone of family and societal stability in Islam. The affection and mercy between spouses are considered fundamental to achieving marital bliss and prosperity. By adhering to Islamic teachings and principles, couples can cultivate strong, resilient relationships based on love, understanding, and mutual respect. Ultimately, nurturing healthy marital relationships contributes to the formation of cohesive and thriving societies, reflecting the values of compassion, cooperation, and unity upheld by Islam.

Assessing the Economic Impact of Coffee Farming on Rural Communities in Colombia

Purpose: The aim of the study was assessing the economic impact of coffee farming on rural communities in Colombia Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Assessing the economic impact of coffee farming on rural communities in Colombia reveals significant findings. Coffee farming is a major source of employment and a primary contributor to household income in these areas, supporting the economic stability of numerous families. Moreover, the coffee industry’s demand for labor not only boosts local employment rates but also contributes to regional economic development through the generation of export revenues. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Dependency theory, livelihoods approach & dual economy model may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the economic impact of coffee farming on rural communities in Colombia. Implement CBPR methods to involve coffee farmers in the research process, ensuring that their firsthand experiences and insights inform the study. Advocate for policies that support fair trade practices.

Sound of sirens, echoes of trauma: unpacking socioeconomic vulnerabilities in the Israel-Hamas conflict

ABSTRACT This article investigates socioeconomic determinants correlated with PostTraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms during the May 2021 Hamas-Israel conflict, primarily the effects of rocket strikes on Israeli civilians. Its findings reveal a stark disparity in PTSD risks across different socioeconomic groups with individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds exhibiting a notably higher propensity for PTSD symptoms than people with higher education and stable family backgrounds. The article’s implications extend far beyond the immediate context of the Israel-Hamas conflict. By highlighting the socioeconomic dimensions of PTSD, it advocates for more comprehensive, context-sensitive mental health strategies. Such strategies are crucial for addressing the complex array of factors influencing mental health in conflict zones, ultimately paving the way for more resilient and supportive communities.

Interacción genotipo por ambiente de Solanum quitoense (Lam.) usando el modelo AMMI

The basis for genetic improvement for the cultivation of lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam.) in Colombia is limited. Research related to genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) and stability in agronomic traits is scarce. To identify outstanding genotypes, GEI and the stability of fruit weight (FW), ascorbic acid (AA), and yield of 10 half-sib families (HSF) were evaluated. At the locations of San Pedro de Cartago, Arboleda, Tangua and La Union of the department of Nariño (Colombia), four trials were established under the randomised complete block design with four repetitions. To analyse GEI, the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model and some AMMI stability parameters were used. In yield, the HSF7 and the control presented specific adaptation for Tangua, with 12.82 and 13.41 t ha-1, respectively and FW greater than 100 g. In Arboleda, HSF29 obtained the highest yield (16.14 t ha-1) with an FW of 100.53 g. HSF4, HSF28 and HSF49 reached yields above 9.0 t ha-1 and a FW greater than 100 g; therefore, they are recommended for any of the environments evaluated given their stability. HSF25 in AA and HSF29 in yield presented specific adaptation in Arboleda. Stable families across environments and with good yield were HSF4, HSF28, and HSF49, HSF4 and HSF28 showed higher values in two of the three traits, and HSF49 was outstanding in all three variables. These families can be used in plant breeding programmes as parents or distributed to farmers as improved varieties.

The Trauma of Separation: Lifelong Health Implications on Children.

In the United States, there are millions of globally displaced children who travel with family to seek immigration relief, many of whom have experienced family separation or live under the constant threat of separation. Family separation constitutes a significant trauma with lifelong impacts on a child's mental health, physical health, and development. This review provides a summary of the various contexts within which family separation occurs as well as the current literature on long-term health sequelae. These include mental illness, externalizing behaviors, developmental challenges, family stability, economic impacts, and educational attainment. Given the number of newcomer children in the US, it is paramount that pediatric clinicians develop a holistic understanding of their needs and the effects of separation to provide evidence-based care and to advocate for the prevention of this trauma for all future migrant families. [Pediatr Ann. 2024;53(5):e167-e170.].

The Evolution of the Phase Space Structure Along Pitchfork and Period-Doubling Bifurcations in a 3D-Galactic Bar Potential

We investigate how the phase space structure of a Three-Dimensional (3D) autonomous Hamiltonian system evolves across a series of successive Two-Dimensional (2D) and 3D pitchfork and period-doubling bifurcations, as the transition of the parent families of Periodic Orbits (POs) from stability to simple instability leads to the creation of new stable POs. Our research illustrates the consecutive alterations in the phase space structure near POs as the stability of the main family of POs changes. This process gives rise to new families of POs within the system, either maintaining the same or exhibiting higher multiplicity compared to their parent families. Tracking such a phase space transformation is challenging in a 3D system. By utilizing the color and rotation technique to visualize the Four-Dimensional (4D) Poincaré surfaces of section of the system, i.e. projecting them onto a 3D subspace and employing color to represent the fourth dimension, we can identify distinct structural patterns. Perturbations of parent and bifurcating stable POs result in the creation of tori characterized by a smooth color variation on their surface. Furthermore, perturbations of simple unstable parent POs beyond the bifurcation point, which lead to the birth of new stable families of POs, result in the formation of figure-8 structures of smooth color variations. These figure-8 formations surround well-shaped tori around the bifurcated stable POs, losing their well-defined forms for energies further away from the bifurcation point. We also observe that even slight perturbations of highly unstable POs create a cloud of mixed color points, which rapidly move away from the location of the PO. Our study introduces, for the first time, a systematic visualization of 4D surfaces of section within the vicinity of higher multiplicity POs. It elucidates how, in these cases, the coexistence of regular and chaotic orbits contributes to shaping the phase space landscape.