Stable Electrical Output Research Articles

Harvesting Hydropower via a Magnetoelastic Generator for Sustainable Water Splitting.

Energy consumption and the resulting climate change are the two major challenges to human sustainability. Hydrogen (H2) is a form of environmentally friendly renewable energy with an extremely high energy density of 143 MJ kg-1. Water splitting is a practical and cost-effective approach to generate H2 through the decomposition of H2O by electrolysis with an external power supply. Herein, we introduce a compelling platform technology for self-powered water splitting by using a soft magnetoelastic generator to convert hydropower into electricity as a sustainable power supply for electrolysis. At a rotating speed of 469 rpm, the hydropower harvester is able to convert flowing kinetic energy into electricity and produce a high current density of 2.99 mA cm-2 at a low resistance of 60 Ω. The magnetoelastic generator is intrinsically waterproof since the magnetic field can penetrate the water molecules. As a demonstration, the device maintained a stable electrical output even in underwater situations after over 7,000 cyclic operations. The generated electricity from hydropower could produce H2 at a rate of 1.93 × 10-3 mL min-1. In conclusion, this work provides a compelling method for self-powered water splitting by using flowing kinetic energy.

Thermoelectric Response Characteristics of Bi2Te3 Based Semiconductor Materials

Abstract In actual operation, the operating environment temperature of thermoelectric devices are constantly changing and rarely remain stable, and the electrical output characteristics of thermoelectric devices are largely determined by thermoelectric materials. In response to this question, the thermoelectric properties of thermoelectric materials (p and n type Bi 2 Te 3 {\mathrm{Bi}_{2}}{\mathrm{Te}_{3}} ) are measured under different temperature difference environments. The Seebeck coefficient, resistivity, and thermal conductivity of the specimens at T = 300 – 600 K T=300\text{--}600\hspace{0.1667em}\text{K} were measured by CTA-4 and CLA1000 (laser flash method), respectively; the thermal and electrical output responses of the thermoelectric materials under different temperature difference conditions were collected in real time by using a self-built thermoelectric performance test platform, thermal/electrical test system with infrared thermal imager, and voltage acquisition system, respectively. The experimental results show that when the temperature difference between the two ends of the specimen increases uniformly, the electrical output signal amplitude also increases uniformly; when the temperature difference is stable, the two ends of the specimen also produce a stable electrical output signal. After stabilization, the electrical output signal amplitude also decreases uniformly when the temperature decreases at a uniform rate. In the temperature range of 298 ∼ 573 K 298\sim 573\hspace{0.1667em}\text{K} , the larger the temperature difference between the two ends of the specimen was, the larger the amplitude of the electrical output signal was after stabilization; and vice versa. The greater the loading rate of the thermal load was, the greater the rate of increase of the electrical output signal amplitude at both ends of the specimen was, and the steady-state equilibrium time required was less.

Fully stretchable, porous MXene-graphene foam nanocomposites for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing

The growing demand for intelligent wearable electronic devices has spurred the rapid developments of high-performance deformable power supplies such as triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with high output performance. However, the intrinsically stretchable TENGs especially those prepared with low-cost manufacturing approaches still suffer from poor performance. To address the challenge, this paper presents a fully stretchable TENG consisting of an intrinsically stretchable MXene/silicone elastomer and silver nanowires (Ag NWs)-graphene foam nanocomposite. The intrinsically stretchable TENG exhibits high output performance (voltage, current, and power of 73.6 V, 7.75 μA, and 2.76 W m−2), long-term reliability, and stable electrical output under various extreme deformation conditions. In addition to the application on the human skin and clothing for human motion monitoring and detecting the strength training postures, the intrinsically stretchable TENG can also harvest the intermittent mechanical energy from human bodies to charge various energy storage units such as commercial capacitors for driving wearable electronic devices. The resulting systems have been demonstrated in applications from home anti-theft to water resources early warning systems, which provide the proof-of-the-concept demonstrations for the next-generation standalone device platforms.

Active Deformable and Flexible Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Super-Light Clay

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are demonstrated to possess great superiority in the field of low-frequency and high-entropy energy harvesting. Here, a kind of friction material, super-light clay (SLC), with outstanding stretchability and shape/size changeability is introduced to develop contact-separation triboelectric nanogenerators (SLC-TENGs), which exhibit outstanding flexible, shape-changeable, and adaptable properties but simple preparation processes. A high and stable electrical output can be achieved from the simple-structured SLC-TENG. The peak power density of the SLC-TENG output reaches up to 0.33 W/m2 under an effective contact with an area of 9 cm2 and an external load resistance of 50 MΩ. In addition, a balloon-structured TENG was also prepared with the filling of several SLC balls. The electrical signals can be generated even just by a slight shaking, revealing great application potential in the Internet of Things systems and self-powered sensors by energy harvesting from wind, ocean, human body movements, etc.

A Hygroscopic Janus Heterojunction for Continuous Moisture-Triggered Electricity Generators.

Moisture-triggered electricity generator (MEG) harvesting energy from the ubiquity of atmospheric moisture is one of the promising potential candidates for renewable power demand. However, MEG device performance is strongly dependent on the moisture concentration, which results in its large fluctuation of the electrical output. Here, a Janus heterojunction MEG device consisting of nanostructured silicon and hygroscopic polyelectrolyte incorporating hydrophilic carbon nanotube mesh is proposed to enable ambient moisture harvesting and continuous stable electrical output delivery. The nanostructured silicon with a large surface/volume ratio provides strong coupling interaction with water molecules for charge generation. A polyelectrolyte of polydiallyl dimethylammonium chloride (PDDA) can facilitate charge selective transporting and enhance the effectiveness of moisture-absorbing in an arid environment simultaneously. The conductive, porous, and hydrophilic carbon nanotube mesh allows water to be ripped through as well as the generated charges being collected timely. As such, any generated charge carriers in the Janus heterojunction can be efficiently swept toward their respective electrodes, because of the device asymmetric contact. A MEG device continuously delivers an open-circuit voltage of 1.0 V, short-circuit current density of 8.2 μA/cm2, and output power density of 2.2 μW/cm2 under an ambient environment (60% relative humidity, 25 °C), which is a record value over the previously reported values. Furthermore, the infrared thermal measurements also reveal that the moisture-triggered electricity generation power is likely ascribed to surrounding thermal energy collected by the MEG device. Our results provide an insightful rationale for the design of device structure and understanding of the working mechanism of MEG, which is of great importance to promote the efficient electricity conversion induced by moisture in the atmosphere.

Extreme environment-adaptable and fast self-healable eutectogel triboelectric nanogenerator for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing

Hydrogel-based triboelectric nanogenerators (H-TENGs) are emerging as an appealing platform for the wearable electronics owing to their attractive mechanical flexibilities and conductive properties. However, time- and energy-consuming polymerization process of hydrogel and inevitable freezing of water within hydrogel networks at sub-zero temperature severely limit the practical applications of H-TENGs. To address the issues, we herein report a transparent, stretchable, anti-freezing, and self-healable TENG based on the ultrafast fabricated eutectogels for energy harvesting and self-powered sensors. The eutectogel electrode is initially constructed by a dynamic oxidation and coordination system composed of sulfonated lignin (SL) and Fe3+. After immersed in deep eutectic solvent (DES), the obtained eutectogels with high stretchability (~450%), transparency (93.5%) and ionic conductivity (8.70 mS cm−1) can be retained even in extreme temperature as low as − 80 °C. Notably, the eutectogel assembled TENGs (E-TENGs) show high and stable electrical output performances including open-circuit voltage of 105 V, short-circuit current of 0.5 µA, short-circuit charge of 10 nC, and power density up to 53 mW m−2. The E-TENG with a self-charging system can easily light up 20 light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and charge up capacitors to drive commercial electronics by harvesting energy. Moreover, as a proof of concept, the flexible E-TENG can serve as a self-powered biomechanical sensor to realize the real-time monitoring of various human motions, which provide a promising and versatile platform for environment adaptable hydrogel-based TENG with reliable output performance and self-healing ability.

Stretchable, Breathable, and Stable Lead-Free Perovskite/Polymer Nanofiber Composite for Hybrid Triboelectric and Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting.

Halide-perovskite-based mechanical energy harvesters display excellent electrical output due to their unique ferroelectricity and dielectricity. However, their high toxicity and moisture sensitivity impede their practical applications. Herein, a stretchable, breathable, and stable nanofiber composite (LPPS-NFC) is fabricated through electrospinning of lead-free perovskite/poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) and styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS). The Cs3 Bi2 Br9 perovskites serve as efficient electron acceptors and local nucleating agents for the crystallization of polymer chains, thereby enhancing the electron-trapping capacity and polar crystalline phase in LPPS-NFC. The excellent energy level matching between Cs3 Bi2 Br9 and PVDF-HFP boosts the electron transfer efficiency and reduces the charge loss, thereby promoting the electron-trapping process. Consequently, this LPPS-NFC-based energy harvester displays an excellent electrical output (400V, 1.63 µA cm-2 , and 2.34 W m-2 ), setting a record of the output voltage among halide-perovskite-based nanogenerators. The LPPS-NFC also exhibits excellent stretchability, waterproofness, and breathability, enabling the fabrication of robust wearable devices that convert mechanical energy from different biomechanical motions into electrical power to drive common electronic devices. The LPPS-NFC-based energy harvesters also endure extreme mechanical deformations (washing, folding, and crumpling) without performance degradation, and maintain stable electrical output up to 5 months, demonstrating their promising potential for use as smart textiles and wearable power sources.

Enhanced Output Performance of Piezoelectric Nanogenerators by Tb-Modified (BaCa)(ZrTi)O3 and 3D Core/shell Structure Design with PVDF Composite Spinning for Microenergy Harvesting.

Flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENG) have attracted great attention due to their stable electrical output and promising applications in the Internet of Things. To develop a high-performance PENG, a significant relationship among material, structure, and performance precipitates us to design its rational construction. Herein, Tb-modified (BaCa)(ZrTi)O3 (BCZT) particles have been fabricated into a 3D structure (3D-Tb-BCZT) by the freeze-drying method, and the innovative 3D core/shell structure of 3D-Tb-BCZT-coated 3D-Tb-BCZT/PVDF composite fibers was carried out through the coaxial electrospinning method. The innovative structure can significantly enhance correlation between adjacent piezoelectric particles and improve stress-transfer efficiency, which can be proven by experimental results and COMSOL simulation. As a result, the improved PENG shows a significantly enhanced output of 48.5 V and 3.35 μA as compared to the PENG with the conventional electrospinning process (15.6 V and 1.32 μA). Due to the advantages of light weight, soft flexibility, and high deformation sensitivity of composite fibers, PENG-based fibers can harvest various mechanical energies in daily life such as biological motion, noise vibration, and wind energies. More importantly, the PENG is sufficient enough to power an electronic device for sustained operation by capturing wind energies through power management circuit design, which further promotes the practical application process of a self-powered system.

Boosting moisture induced electricity generation from graphene oxide through engineering oxygen-based functional groups

Harvesting energy from ubiquitous moisture is attracting growing interest for directly powering electronic devices. However, it is still challenging to fabricate high-performing moisture-electric generators (MEGs) with high and stable electric output. Herein, we report a simple strategy to modify the oxygen-based groups of graphene oxide using hydrochloric acid treatment, which boosts the electric output based on the device structure of graphene oxide/polyvinyl alcohol (GO/PVA) MEGs. The resulting MEG enables a stable voltage of 0.85 V and a current of 9.28 μA (92.8 μA∙cm-2), which are among the highest values reported so far. More excitingly, electric output gets further improved by simply assembling four MEG units in series or parallel. Moreover, the MEG shows great commercial potential for flexible and wearable applications. Driven by these advancements, the assembled MEGs can successfully power sensors and calculators. This work opens a new era of advance for a new energy conversion technology able to directly powering electronic devices.

Underwater Monitoring Networks Based on Cable-Structured Triboelectric Nanogenerators.

The importance of ocean exploration and underwater monitoring is becoming vital, due to the abundant biological, mineral, energy, and other resources in the ocean. Here, a self-powered underwater cable-based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is demonstrated for underwater monitoring of mechanical motion/triggering, as well as searching and rescuing in the sea. Using a novel double-layer winding method combined with ferroelectric polarization, a self-powered cable-structured sensor with a stable electrical output has been manufactured, which can accurately respond to a variety of external mechanical stimuli. A self-powered cable sensing network woven using smart cables can comprehensively transmit information, such as the plane position and dive depth of a submersible. More precisely, it can analyze its direction of movement, speed, and path, along with transmitting information such as the submersible's size and momentum. The developed self-powered sensor based on the cable-based TENG not only has low cost and simple structure but also exhibits working accuracy and stability. Finally, the proposed work provides new ideas for future seabed exploration and ocean monitoring.

Two-dimensional nanofluidics for blue energy harvesting

Blue energy harvesting based on the ion flow obtained from seas and rivers provides a clean, stable and continuous electric output that is highly dependent on ion-selective membranes (ISMs) that conduct single ions. In recent years, ISMs constructed based on two-dimensional (2D) nanofluidics have demonstrated promising application prospects in blue energy harvesting due to their facile fabrication, excellent ion selectivity and high ion flux. In this review, the principles of 2D nanofluidics in regulating ionic transport are firstly proposed and discussed, including ion selectivity and ultrafast ion transmission, which are considered as two critical factors for achieving highly efficient blue energy harvesting. The advantages of 2D nanofluidics towards blue energy harvesting are analyzed to reveal the necessity of this review. The construction of 2D nanofluidic membranes based on several typical materials and their recent research advances in salinity gradient- and pressure-driven blue energy harvesting are also summarized in detail. Finally, the existing challenges of 2D nanofluidic membranes regarding blue energy harvesting applications are discussed to provide new insights for the development of high-performance blue energy harvesting systems based on 2D nanofluidics.

Highly reliable triboelectric bicycle tire as self-powered bicycle safety light and pressure sensor

Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of bicycle users has increased, raising concerns regarding bicycle safety. Although various small electronic devices have been used to ensure bicycle safety, such devices require an external battery, which introduces certain limitations such as recharging requirements. Several researchers have investigated methods to sustainably harvest energy from bicycles. Triboelectric-generator-based solutions, which can utilize the mechanical motion of a rolling tire can serve as the auxiliary power source of small electronics or self-powered sensors. However, research on practical and reliable bicycle-related triboelectric nanogenerators is limited. In this study, a triboelectric bicycle tire (TBT) was developed, considering the actual material/structure of commercial bicycle tires, and the novel electricity-generation mechanism was clarified. As the TBT system had a fully inserted (packaged) structure, it could generate extremely stable electrical output for 120,000 cycles. The electrical performance was quantitatively analyzed depending on the design parameters and riding situation. The findings demonstrated that the TBT system can be effectively used to enhance bicycle safety; according to the peak magnitude and waveform data, the TBT system can function as a self-powered bicycle pressure sensor. Second, the freestanding-mode TBT system can be utilized as a self-powered bicycle safety light in real time, demonstrated by its ability to power LEDs.

A high performing piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerator based on a large deformation of the novel lantern-shaped structure

Energy shortage has been the most serious problem for generations. With the continuous consumption of fossil energy, there is an urgent need to find a renewable and sustainable energy source. However, the mechanical energy is ubiquitous and adequate in daily life. With the development of nanotechnology, nanogenerators can utilize and convert mechanical energy into electric energy, which provides an effective solution in modern society. Besides, the combination of functional materials, the coupling mechanism between piezoelectricity and triboelectricity as well as other methods can improve the output properties of nanogenerators to a large extent. Hence, in this paper, the raw materials of polyvinylidene fluoridetrifluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE), barium titanate (BTO) together with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are innovatively mixed to obtain both outstanding piezoelectricity and flexibility. In addition, from the structural perspective, the lantern-shaped nanogenerator (LSNG) with large deformation rate up to 86% and tri-piezoelectric and single-triboelectric coupling mechanisms is well fabricated. The output voltage, current and power density can go up to 171.2 V, 107.6 μA and 0.6 mW/cm2, respectively. What’s more, the pressure sensitivity of the LSNG approaches 46.37 ± 0.5 mV N−1 (R2 = 0.997) in the pressure ranging from 5 N to 25 N. The whole LSNG can maintain a stable electrical output even after 10,000 periodic operation cycles. Simulations were performed by using COMSOL and ANSYS in order to investigate the principle of the electricity generating and the relationship between strain and stress of the overall structure. Additionally, it can serve as a generator to light up several LED lights and collect mechanical energy from large deformations. Furthermore, it can serve as a sensor for detecting slight movements, mechanical position and realizing the patient positioning if integrated into the hospital floors. What’s more, it can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy from vehicles, bicycles, pedestrians, etc. in a large scale once they are placed under the pavements. In the future, this LSNG will play an important role in converting the vibration energy into electric energy. In the future, this LSNG will play an important role in converting the vibration energy into electric energy.

Research on Hydraulic Conversion Technology of Small Ocean Current Turbines for Low-Flow Current Energy Generation

Ocean energy is a kind of renewable energy contained in seawater, which has the characteristics of large total reserves, sustainable use, and its being green and clean. Influenced by rising oil prices and global climate change, an increasing number of countries are attaching great importance to the strategic position of ocean energy in the future energy sector, and are formulating national ocean energy development roadmaps and conducting research and development on ocean energy technologies. Ocean current energy is a widely existing kind of ocean energy with abundant reserves. However, due to the low current velocity in most of the deep sea, low current energy has not been effectively exploited. In this paper, the Blade element momentum (BEM) theory based on Vortex column theory is used to design a special airfoil for low current energy applications, and a prototype turbine with rotor diameter of 4.46 m and tip speed ratio (TSR) of 6 is fabricated. In order to achieve stable electric power output, this paper designs a hydraulic conversion power generation control system with flexible control, and the hydraulic system working pressure designed to 21 MPa. In this paper, we conducted towing experiments on the prototype of an ocean current energy turbine, with hydraulic transmission and a control power generation system applied to the low flow rate, and achieved the target of hydraulic motor speed in the range of 14.7~15.9 r/min and steady-state speed accuracy in the range of ±1%. The research conducted in this paper can provide a research basis for the efficient exploitation of low-flow ocean current energy.

3D printed bidirectional rotatory hybrid nanogenerator for mechanical energy harvesting

In the world of automotive technologies, a tremendous amount of small-scale rotational energy is wasted and not being converted into a usable energy form. A rotatory triboelectric nanogenerator can be a fortune technology to harvest such waste mechanical energy and convert it into electricity. In this regard, we developed a fully three-dimensional (3D) printed bidirectional rotatory hybrid nanogenerator (BR-HNG) to convert waste rotational energy into electricity, via a contact and separation mode mechanism. Initially, a single HNG was fabricated with porous sodium niobate and polydimethylsiloxane polymer (i.e., NaNbO3/PDMS) composite film, which was operated vertically against the aluminum to optimize a high and stable electrical output. After the robust and stability test of the single HNG, multiple HNGs were integrated into a 3D printed bidirectional rotatory frame to harvest the rotational energy. It was observed that the BR-HNG had a stable and high electrical direct current voltage of 37.5 V. Furthermore, the BR-HNG was attached to a bicycle to harvest the rotational energy while bicycling in everyday human life and power up various portable electronics.

Effects of marine environment on electrical output characteristics of PV module

In the context of green ships, solar photovoltaic (PV) as an important clean energy technology has attracted the attention of many scholars in the shipping industry. To ensure the stable electrical output of PV modules is the premise for the effective use of solar photovoltaic technology on ships. Different from the terrestrial environment, the disturbance of marine environmental factors to the electrical output characteristics of PV modules should be considered. It is clear that salt spray and seawater are the most important marine environmental factors that affect the electrical output characteristics of PV modules, and the corresponding mechanism is analyzed. A marine environment simulation experimental platform for PV modules is built, and experiment verification is carried out. The results show that salt spray and seawater have different perturbations on the electrical output characteristics of PV modules, and the effects will change with the change of salt spray and seawater. The combined influence of salt spray on the electrical output of the PV module is a maximum power reduction of about 6%, and the combined influence of seawater on the electrical output of the PV module is a maximum power increase of about 20%. The experiment results can provide the research basis for further research on environmental disturbance suppression methods for PV modules.

A stretchable, harsh condition-resistant and ambient-stable hydrogel and its applications in triboelectric nanogenerator

During practical applications, energy harvesting devices such as TENGs always face complex harsh environment such as acidic, alkaline, and saline conditions. Even if the whole device (at least the electrode of the device) was protected by encapsulated approach, an inevitable contact between the electrode and the external harsh environment by the possible slight leakage would still cause seriously damage to the electrode materials. Consequently, it's of great significance to develop durable TENG materials that could be anticorrosive and harsh environmental resistant under a wide range of extreme conditions. In this work, a chemically robust and ultra-durable hydrogel (Cyc-hydrogel) was prepared by a self-polymerization reaction under room temperature. When we use the Cyc-hydrogel as the electrode of TENGs pretreated by extremely harsh conditions such as strong acidic, alkaline, and high concentration of saline solutions, respectively, the corresponding TENG's output performances could be kept relatively stable. Furthermore, even pretreated by simulated seawater which contained a high salinity, the resultant Cyc-hydrogel can still ensure a relatively stable electrical output performance when serving as the electrode of the TENGs. Our as-prepared hydrogel suggested great potentials for TENGs’ electrode material because of the inevitable slight leakage of the encapsulation device. • A chemically robust and ultra-durable hydrogel was prepared. • The TENG's output performances could be kept unaffected after the Cyc-hydrogel underwent strong acidic, alkaline, and saline solutions treatments. • The TENG's output performances could be kept stable after the Cyc-hydrogel underwent simulated seawater treatment.

Super-Durable and Highly Efficient Electrostatic Induced Nanogenerator Circulation Network Initially Charged by a Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Harvesting Environmental Energy.

Triboelectric nanogeneration is a burgeoning and promising technology for harvesting low-frequency mechanical energy from the environment, but the energy conversion efficiency and service life of the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) device are limited by the inevitable frictional resistance between the tribo-surfaces. Herein, we propose an electrostatic induction nanogenerator (EING) circulation network (EICN) by integrating an arbitrary number of EING units for harvesting low-frequency mechanical energy. Because of absolute conquering of the friction resistance between the tribo-surfaces, the average power density of the EING device in the EICN by the initial charge injection (from a TENG or a power supply) is more than a 15-fold enhancement compared with the previous swing-structured TENG. The EICN can recover to the stable and optimal electrical output state in 90 s without external charge injection, even if the external triggering interrupts for 40 min and then restarts, demonstrating the excellent application feasibility of this strategy. To display the practical application scenario for harvesting large-scale mechanical energy from the environment, a high-performance and ultralow-friction TENG is designed for the initial charge injection to the EICN. Moreover, portable electronic devices are powered successfully to realize the self-powered sensing and remote marine environmental monitoring when an EICN with three EINGs is triggered by the real water wave. This EICN strategy not only can harvest low-frequency swing type mechanical energy but also has the capacity of harvesting the rotational mechanical energy after reasonable structure modification, providing an excellent candidate for large-scale blue energy harvesting in practical applications.

A fluorinated polymer sponge with superhydrophobicity for high-performance biomechanical energy harvesting

Human body contains various biomechanical energy, which emerges as a pervasive and sustainable energy resource for wearable electronics in the era of Internet of Things. We have developed a fluorinated polymer sponge based triboelectric nanogenerator (FPS-TENG) that provides stable electrical output over a wide range of ambient humidity. The humidity resistance due to excellent hydrophobic property of the fluorinated polymer sponge can overcome the adverse effects of moisture. The FPS-TENG also exhibits high durability even after enduring heavy abrasion. The output voltage of the FPS-TENG is three times higher than that of the pristine polymer film (PPF) based TENG. When assembled with hydrophobic copper (HC) contact electrodes, the FPS-TENG retains almost 90% electrical output over 20–85% relative humidity. Moreover, super durability is achieved by quasi-bulk-phase functionalization. After 1 mm-thickness abrasion of the fluorinated polymer sponge, the output voltage is degraded by only 10%. Under the optimal operating conditions, the FPS-TENG delivers a maximum power density of 0.89 W m −2 at a load resistance of 10 MΩ. The fluorination enhanced triboelectrification and the surface superhydrophobicity induced humidity-stability make the FPS-TENG a sustainable power source for the wearable bioelectronics in the era of Internet of Things. • Moisture-resistant triboelectric nanogenerator was developed. • Fluorination treatment effectively improves hydrophobicity. • Quasi-bulk-phase functionalization enables super durability. • Parametric experimental results yield optimal material design.

A Stretchable Highoutput Triboelectric Nanogenerator Improved by MXene Liquid Electrode with High Electronegativity

AbstractGrowing demand in intelligent wearable electronics raises an urgent requirement to develop deformable and durable power sources with high electrical performance. Here, a stretchable and shape‐adaptive triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based on a MXene liquid electrode is proposed. The open‐circuit voltage of an MXene‐based TENG reaches up to 300 V. The excellent fluidity and highly electronegativity of the MXene liquid electrode, gives the TENG long‐term reliability and stable electrical output regardless of diverse extreme deformations. With harvesting mechanical energy from hand tapping motion, the TENG in a self‐charging system can charge up capacitors to drive wearable electronics. Moreover, the TENG can be attached to both human skin and clothes as a human motion monitoring sensor, which can inspect the frequency and amplitude of various physiological movements. This work provides a new methodology for the construction of stretchable power sources and self‐powered sensors, which have potential applications in diverse fields such as robotics, kinesiology, and biomechanics.