Stable Disequilibrium Research Articles

«Жила-была одна баба». Семейная драма священнической жены Людмилы Капитоновой (по материалам государственного архива республики Татарстан)

Introduction. The article uses a concrete historical example through an anthropological approach to make one of the first attempts in Russian historiography to highlight the problem of the place, role and position of women within the family and intra-church relations of the early XX century. Materials and methods. The analysis of archival material demonstrates a complex system of communication and deep psychological and cultural contradictions in the environment of the provincial parish clergy of the period under review. A woman was assigned a subordinate role in it, while her violation of the traditional order turned into adverseconsequences. Results. The increase in the level of education of women and, as a result, the strengthening of their intellectual, legal and cultural emancipation in the post-reform period, ran into patriarchal attitudes of the church environment. The clash of tradition and innovation resulted in acute interpersonal and intragroup conflicts, during which the parties often annihilated basic ethical rules. It is noteworthy that, acting as an arbiter in the clashes of subordinates, the hierarchy sought to counteract the penetration of cultural and psychological innovations into the Orthodox community. It happened that such protectionism went against the canons and legislation of the church, turning into a violation of the key principles of justice. Nevertheless, thanks to this orientation and practical approaches, the church sought to achieve mental homogeneity of the clergy and internal stability of the system in conditions of external social turbulence. Conclusion. The author comes to the conclusion that the church society was a closed system with a very peculiar matrix of norms and rules, hanging in a stable disequilibrium between traditionalism and post-reform modernism. The church, which was based on a patriarchal way of life, was not ready for the correction of gender roles in the conditions of innovative changes, even where this did not pose a direct threat to its cultural tradition.

СИСТЕМАТИЗАЦІЯ КРИТЕРІЇВ ІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЇ ТА ПАРАМЕТРІВ ПОЗИЦІОНУВАННЯ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД: ІННОВАЦІЙНИЙ АСПЕКТ

The article deepens theoretical and methodical provisions on the attractive image formation for the territorial communities in terms of systematization of their identification criteria and positioning parameters, strengthened in this context local innovative aspect of the implementation of sustainable development concept. The theoretical and methodical provisions regarding the marketing tools of economic entities at the local level have been analysed, which made it possible to research the territorial community as a complex and innovatively active system characterized by emergence and synergistic metasystem connections between its elements that require ordering. This ordering became possible due to the methodological research platform, which based on the positions of the systemic and integrated approach, D. Forrester counterintuitive method of system dynamics, A. Marshall partial equilibrium approach and the principle of stable disequilibrium. The authors proved that the process of determining and ordering identification criteria and positioning parameters depends on the existing institutional frames for the functioning and development of territorial communities, which have a narrowing effect on the search opportunities and alternatives in choice. The discreteness of the coverage of the unique characteristics, which made it possible to distinguish the community among many others based on the established scientific hypothesis, justified the choice of 15 identification criteria and 13 positioning parameters that form the idea of a territorial unit. The provisions of the article systematized of certain criteria and parameters by constructing appropriate classification schemes based on a descending hierarchical chain of classification taxa “class – type – criterion / parameter – result (value) of criterion / parameter”. This made it possible to distinguish between the classes of identification criteria into key and auxiliary ones, and the classes of positioning parameters into single (quantitative) and complex (qualitative) ones. The article proves importance of the implementation of identification criteria and positioning parameters in the practice of the territorial communities strategizing to improve their innovative activity and determine key development positions in a strategic perspective.

Психологическая концепция преодоления: теория, методология, диагностика

Introduction. This paper (a) provides an overview of various theoretical and methodological approaches to studying the concept of ‘overcoming’, (b) presents terminological, semantic, and functional approaches to the analysis of the concept of ‘overcoming’ in the structure of athletes’ self-consciousness, and (c) demonstrates associations between the phenomenon of ‘will’ and the concept of ‘overcoming’ from various perspectives. In particular, we examine philosophical, psychological, pedagogical, psychophysiological, and socio-psychological determinants that influence our approach to studying the phenomenon of overcoming. This study represents a first attempt to carry out the methodological, theoretical, and critical analysis of the issue of overcoming in psychology. We systematized previous ideas and concepts about the phenomenon of ‘overcoming’, formulated our working definition of this concept, and distinguished levels of overcoming. For the first time, the phenomenon of ‘overcoming’ is comprehensively studied in terms of physical and psychological regulatory determinants.
 Theoretical Basis. We discuss in detail basic theories, principles, and concepts including the dialectical principle, the principle of transgressiveness, the principle of stable disequilibrium of living systems, and the principle of self-determination. This section (a) provides the main conceptual framework for the psychological theory of overcoming, (b) considers the impact of the concept of resilience, the extra-situational theory of activity, the idea of passionarity and liminality, and (c) concentrates on the psychology of extreme situations, psychological barriers, and risk issues. Explanatory determinants of the phenomenon of overcoming include the ‘freedom reflex’ and the ‘goal reflex’ by I. P. Pavlov, the ‘principle of dominance’ by A. A. Ukhtomsky, the synergistic ideas of the ‘concept of nonequilibrium systems’ by I. Prigogine, the ‘concept of passionarity’ by L. Gumilev, and conceptual perspectives of P. K. Anokhin, B. G. Ananiev, N. A. Bernshtein, E. S. Bauer and other scientists.
 Results and Discussion. We elaborated a scheme for functional analysis of retrospective autobiographical questionnaire data and also developed an algorithm for semantic analysis of empirical data. The results of the content analysis enabled us to introduce a structural and dynamic characteristic of the phenomenon of overcoming and to clarify psychological parameters of the concepts of ‘will’ and ‘overcoming’. We (a) carried out the semantic analysis of various concepts of the phenomenon of overcoming, (b) introduced a level-based concept of overcoming, and (c) attempted to conceptualize the concept of ‘will’ and its associations with the paradigm of ‘overcoming’.

Genetic gradient of a host–parasite pair along a river persisted ten years against physical mobility: Baltic Salmo salar vs. Gyrodactylus salaris

The Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the Tornio River in the Northern Baltic Sea basin accommodates a monogenean ectoparasite, Gyrodactylus salaris. The aim of the study was to understand the population structure of apparently co-adapted host-parasite system: no parasite-associated mortality has been reported. The parasite burden among salmon juveniles (parr) was monitored along 460km of the river in 2000–2009. Among the parr, 33.0% were infected (nfish=1913). The genetic structure of the parasite population was studied by sequencing an anonymous nuclear DNA marker (ADNAM1, three main genotypes) and mitochondrial CO1 (three clades, six haplotypes). During the ten years, the parasite population was strongly and stably genetically differentiated among up- and downstream nurseries (nADNAM1=411, FST=0.579; nCO1=443, FST=0.534). Infection prevalence among the smolts migrating to sea was higher than in the sedentary parr populations (82.2%, nfish=129). The spatial differentiation observed among the sedentary juveniles was reflected temporally in the smolt run: parasite genotypes dominating the upper part of the river arrived later than downstream dwellers (medians June 4 and June 2) to the trap 7km from the river mouth. The nuclear and mitochondrial markers were in stable disequilibrium which was not relaxed in the contact zone or among the smolts where the parasite clones often met on individual fish. Only five parasite specimens on smolts (nworms=217) were putative recent sexual recombinants. The contribution of extant salmon hatcheries into the infection was negligible. The host salmon population in Tornio River is known to show significant spatial differentiation (FST=0.022). The stable spatial genetic structure of the parasite against the high physical mobility suggested a possibility of local co-adaptation of the host-parasite subpopulations.

Evolutionarily stable disequilibrium: endless dynamics of evolution in a stationary population.

Evolution is often conceived as changes in the properties of a population over generations. Does this notion exhaust the possible dynamics of evolution? Life is hierarchically organized, and evolution can operate at multiple levels with conflicting tendencies. Using a minimal model of such conflicting multilevel evolution, we demonstrate the possibility of a novel mode of evolution that challenges the above notion: individuals ceaselessly modify their genetically inherited phenotype and fitness along their lines of descent, without involving apparent changes in the properties of the population. The model assumes a population of primitive cells (protocells, for short), each containing a population of replicating catalytic molecules. Protocells are selected towards maximizing the catalytic activity of internal molecules, whereas molecules tend to evolve towards minimizing it in order to maximize their relative fitness within a protocell. These conflicting evolutionary tendencies at different levels and genetic drift drive the lineages of protocells to oscillate endlessly between high and low intracellular catalytic activity, i.e. high and low fitness, along their lines of descent. This oscillation, however, occurs independently in different lineages, so that the population as a whole appears stationary. Therefore, ongoing evolution can be hidden behind an apparently stationary population owing to conflicting multilevel evolution.

Networks Formation to Assist Decision Making

This paper examines network formation among a connected population with a preference for conformity and leadership. Agents build stable personal relationships to achieve coordinated actions. The network serves as a repository of collective experiences so that cooperation can emerge from simple, myopic, self-serving adaptation to recent events despite the competing impulses of conformity and leadership and despite limiting individuals to only local information. Computational analysis reveals how behavioral tendencies impact network formation and identifies locally stable disequilibrium structures.

“She’s got the ticket to ride, but she don’t care” (The Beatles, 1965) The epidemiology of Gyrodactylus salaris in the best wild salmon river in the Baltic Sea basin

Event Abstract Back to Event “She’s got the ticket to ride, but she don’t care” (The Beatles, 1965) The epidemiology of Gyrodactylus salaris in the best wild salmon river in the Baltic Sea basin Perttu Koski1* and Jaakko Lumme2 1 Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Finland 2 University of Oulu, Department of Biology, Finland Tornionjoki river system is nowadays the most productive wild salmon river in the Baltic Sea water catchment area. We followed the subclinical Gyrodactylus salaris infection of salmon parr at four indicator areas during 2000-2012 (number of fish, nfish=2571). The uppermost tributary, River Lätäseno (460 km from the river mouth), had the highest mean apparent prevalence (47.4%) and the lowest part, R. Tornionjoki along the Finnish-Swedish border, the lowest (11.0%). The infection was more common in two summer old and older (mean 31.1%) than in the parr of the first summer (mean 10.1%). The associations of the watercourse sections and the age of the parr with the infection were clear in binary logistic regression. Adjusted odds ratio was 6.7 in R. Lätäseno, 2.4 in R. Könkämäeno and 1.9 in R. Muonionjoki in comparison with R. Tornionjoki. Possible water quality determinants (e.g. high aqueous aluminum concentrations) behind this upside-down pattern need further research. The genetic structure of the parasite population was studied by sequencing an anonymous nuclear DNA marker (ADNAM1, three main genotypes) and mitochondrial CO1 (three clades, six haplotypes). During the ten years 2000-2009, the parasite population was strongly and stably genetically differentiated among up- and downstream nurseries (nADNAM1 = 411, fixation index based on genotype/haplotype frequencies, FST = 0.579; nCO1 = 443, FST = 0.534). The nuclear and mitochondrial markers were in stable disequilibrium which was not relaxed in the contact zone or among the smolt where the parasite clones often met on individual fish. The host salmon population in Tornio River is known to show significant spatial differentiation (FST = 0.022). The stable spatial genetic structure of the parasite against the high physical mobility suggested a possibility of local co-adaptation of the host-parasite subpopulations. Acknowledgements Several other researches in addition to the authors of the references participated in the monitoring or molecular biology work of Gyrodactylus: Ville Vähä and Kari Pulkkinen, Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Petra Heikkinen and Liisa Alaoutinen, Evira and Laura Törmänen, University of Oulu. References Anttila, P., Romakkaniemi, A., Kuusela, J., Koski, P.. 2008. Epidemiology of Gyrodactylus salaris (Monogenea) in the River Tornionjoki, a Baltic wild salmon river. Journal of Fish Diseases 31, 373-382. Lumme, J., Anttila, P., Rintamäki, P., Koski, P., Romakkaniemi, A.. 2016. Genetic gradient of a host – parasite pair along a river persisted ten years against physical mobility: Baltic Salmo salar vs. Gyrodactylus salaris. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 45, 33-39. Keywords: Gyrodactylus salaris, Salmo salar, Epidemiology, Prevalence, Parasite dispersal, Baltic Sea, local adaptation Conference: AquaEpi I - 2016, Oslo, Norway, 20 Sep - 22 Sep, 2016. Presentation Type: Poster Topic: Aquatic Animal Epidemiology Citation: Koski P and Lumme J (2016). “She’s got the ticket to ride, but she don’t care” (The Beatles, 1965) The epidemiology of Gyrodactylus salaris in the best wild salmon river in the Baltic Sea basin. Front. Vet. Sci. Conference Abstract: AquaEpi I - 2016. doi: 10.3389/conf.FVETS.2016.02.00007 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 05 Sep 2016; Published Online: 14 Sep 2016. * Correspondence: PhD. Perttu Koski, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Oulu, Finland, perttu.koski@evira.fi Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. 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Who is in control of the international monetary system?

Although the financial and economic crisis did not directly hit the international monetary system, it has lead to the rethinking of the overall architecture that underpins the world economy. Can the current system of floating currency blocs with dollar-based trade and reserves withstand the strains of the global adjustment ahead? It is time to consider alternatives. This article argues that the existing system needs to evolve into a multicurrency one in which a number of international currencies, ideally representing the main trading areas, have the function of storing value and providing the unit of measure. A multicurrency system would respond more flexibly to the demand for liquidity and would provide a way to diversify the accumulation of reserve assets. It is also more appropriate for the increasingly multipolar world economy. The article discusses how in today's larger and more integrated world economy the dependence on the dollar as the basis of both trade flows and financial reserves has become excessive, creating some fundamental imbalances. However, while the rationale for change is clear, the current system is locked in a form of stable disequilibrium where the status quo carries the lowest risk for most players in the short-term. Any abrupt move away from the dollar could trigger trade flow disruption and exchange value losses. Policy cooperation should keep the imbalances under control and manage the transition to a more stable system. The system will evolve, albeit gradually. Looking at the steps taken by some countries, notably China, there is the gathering impression that this decade is one of transition, rather than a ‘Bretton Woods moment’. Any reshaping will have to bring in the views of the ‘rising powers’, China in particular, and their concerns about the limitations of the existing system and the increasingly asymmetric burden of adjustment that it imposes.

Chaotic price dynamics, increasing returns and the Phillips curve

Chaotic behavior of prices can emerge as a robust result from a very simple and standard price adjustment process. Consider the dynamics of prices adjusting according to supply and demand in economies with increasing returns to scale. Increasing returns in production implies the existence of a globally attracting set of prices, containing a stable disequilibrium price, within which the motion of the system is chaotic. This property holds for any step size in the price adjustment process when consumption and leisure are complementary. We prove that long-run statistical properties of the system's behavior in this set are described by an ergodic measure. Price dynamics drive the system into the globally attracting region, and then chaotic motion takes over. On average according to this measure there is excess supply. We suggest possible empirical implications of our analysis, particularly with respect to the relationship between wages changes and the demand for labor, the “Phillips curve”.

Toward a Third Revolution in Economic Thinking:

Pantaleoni used to say that there are two categories of economists—those who can, in the sense of being able to produce original work, and those who cannot. A more meaningful and more useful distinction can be made between those who reason about the given problems in terms of stable equilibrium (most of them classicists) and those who do their thinking in terms of unstable equilibrium (actually stable disequilibrium) and sheer disequilibrium (most of them modern and contemporary scientists).

THE EFFECTS OF OVERDOMINANCE ON LINKAGE IN A MULTILOCUS SYSTEM

ABSTRACT Computer simulations were performed with overdominant multiple alleles among tightly linked multiple loci under a multiplicative fitness model. The quantity X 2/N(n - 1) was introduced as a new measure of linkage disequilibrium which, unlike previously available measures, can be applied to multiple allele models, where N is the sample size, and n is the number of alleles at the locus possessing fewest alleles. Simulations showed that (1) With multiple (three or four) alleles, the approach to stable disequilibrium is slower and the amount of disequilibrium established is weaker than in a two allele system. (2) The number of complementary chromosomes is a function of number of alleles and of population size. (3) As population size increases, the rate of the approach to stable disequilibrium is slower. (4) There is an optimum selection coefficient which minimizes the transient fixation probability of alleles when linkage is present. (5) The absence of linkage disequilibrium is in most cases not a practical method of testing the hypothesis of balancing selection of genetic polymorphisms because it depends strongly on population size in determining linkage disequilibria.