Stability Of ZnO NPs Research Articles

Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory efficiency of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using Polianthes tuberosa flower concentrate

Aim: In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized using Polianthes tuberosa flower concentrate. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory efficiency of the green synthesized ZnO NPs were analysed under in vitro conditions. Methodology: Nanoparticles formation was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy. Size, shape and morphology of the green synthesized ZnO NPs was determined by SEM coupled with EDAX and AFM. Molecular and elemental compositions of the nanoparticle were determined by XRD and FT-IR analyses. Results: X-ray diffraction analysis depicted the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO NPs with a particle size of 80 nm. The FT-IR analysis illustrated the functional groups responsible for the encapsulation and stabilization of ZnO NPs. At micromolar concentration, ZnO NPs was found to inhibit the growth of selected skin pathogens and suppress biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Interpretation: P. tuberosa flower concentrate and green synthesized ZnO Nps inhibited the growth of bacterial and fungal pathogen in a dose-dependent manner. Biofilm inhibitory efficiency and anti-inflammatory activity of the zinc oxide nanoparticle illustrated that it can be used for treating skin infections. Key words: Anti-biofilm, Anti-inflammatory, Polianthes tuberosa, Zinc oxide nanoparticles

Evaluation of the cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, and molecular docking of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles derived from pumpkin seeds.

This study aimed to investigate the characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) produced from Cucurbita pepo L. (pumpkin seeds) and their selective cytotoxic effectiveness on human colon cancer cells (HCT 116) and African Green Monkey Kidney, Vero cells. The study also investigated the antioxidant activity of ZnONPs. The study also examined ZnONPs' antioxidant properties. This was motivated by the limited research on the comparative cytotoxic effects of ZnO NPs on normal and HCT116 cells. The ZnO NPs were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Transmission Electron Microscope/Selected Area Electron Diffraction (TEM/SAED), and Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) for determination of chemical fingerprinting, heat stability, size, and morphology of the elements, respectively. Based on the results, ZnO NPs from pumpkins were found to be less than 5 μm and agglomerates in nature. Furthermore, the ZnO NPs fingerprinting and SEM-EDX element analysis were similar to previous literature, suggesting the sample was proven as ZnO NPs. The ZnO NPs also stable at a temperature of 380°C indicating that the green material is quite robust at 60-400°C. The cell viability of Vero cells and HCT 116 cell line were measured at two different time points (24 and 48 h) to assess the cytotoxicity effects of ZnO NP on these cells using AlamarBlue assay. Cytotoxic results have shown that ZnO NPs did not inhibit Vero cells but were slightly toxic to cancer cells, with a dose-response curve IC50 = ~409.7 μg/mL. This green synthesis of ZnO NPs was found to be non-toxic to normal cells but has a slight cytotoxicity effect on HCT 116 cells. A theoretical study used molecular docking to investigate nanoparticle interaction with cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), exploring its mechanism in inhibiting CDK2's role in cancer. Further study should be carried out to determine suitable concentrations for cytotoxicity studies. Additionally, DPPH has a significant antioxidant capacity, with an IC50 of 142.857 μg/mL. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Pumpkin seed extracts facilitated a rapid, high-yielding, and environmentally friendly synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. Spectrophotometric analysis was used to investigate the optical properties, scalability, size, shape, dispersity, and stability of ZnO NPs. The cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs on Vero and HCT 116 cells was assessed, showing no inhibition of Vero cells and cytotoxicity of cancer cells. The DPPH assay was also used to investigate the antioxidant potential of biogenic nanoparticles. A molecular docking study was performed to investigate the interaction of ZnO NPs with CDK2 and to explore the mechanism by which they inhibit CDK2's role in cancer.

Bio-waste and natural resource mediated eco-friendly synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their photocatalytic application against dyes contaminated water

In recent years, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are being investigated for their photocatalytic application in remediation of dye contaminated water. The utilization of bio-waste and natural resources (plant parts such as fruit, leaves, flowers etc.) materials for the synthesis of ZnO NPs leads to advancement as compared to conventional physical and chemical methods in order to produce inexpensive, eco-friendly and long-term stabilized NPs. The bio-waste and natural resources mediated ZnO NPs synthesis approach eliminates the possibility of hazardous chemical by-products as well as complexity of the reaction steps. In this perspective, this review emphasizes the strategies for the synthesis and stabilization of ZnO NPs using extracts of various bio-waste and plant based materials. The role of phytochemicals from different bio-wastes and their mechanism are discussed here for the ZnO NPs synthesis. A special focus is given to the photocatalytic application of bio-waste mediated ZnO NPs for the remediation of dye contaminated water. In addition, current challenges and prospects for practical application in real environmental fields are also highlighted.

Green Synthesis Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Sapindus Mukorossi Fruit Extact, Characterization And Their Antioxidant Activity

In this paper we presented a biogenic method for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Sapindus mukorossi fruit extract. Currently, green synthesis route is most promising route for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles in which various plant parts are being used. Nanomedicine utilizes biocompatible nanomaterials for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles were initially noticed through visual colour change from dark brown to yellow and further confirmed by surface plasmonic resonance band at 341 nm using UV-Visible spectroscopy. Morphology and size were determined by TEM, XRD analysis revealed the crystalline nature and spherical shape with less than 16 nm average size of synthesized ZnO NPs. The stability of ZnO NPs was due to capping of oxidized polyphenols which was established by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study. It could be concluded that S. mukorossi can be used efficiently in the production of potential antioxidant ZnO NPs for commercial application. The antioxidant activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles was determined using a DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Results indicated that synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles of S. mukorossi fruit could effectively scavenge the free radicals which shows effective antioxidant activity

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Cocos nucifera leaf extract: characterization, antimicrobial, antioxidant and photocatalytic activity.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been successfully prepared using Cocos nucifera leaf extract and their antimicrobial, antioxidant and photocatalytic activity investigated. The structural, compositional and morphological properties of the NPs were recorded and studied systematically to confirm the synthesis. The aqueous suspension of NPs showed an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption maxima of 370 nm, indicating primarily its formation. X-ray diffraction analysis identified the NPs with a hexagonal wurtzite structure and an average particle size of 16.6 nm. Fourier transform infrared analysis identified some biomolecules and functional groups in the leaf extract as responsible for the encapsulation and stabilization of ZnO NPs. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis showed the desired elemental compositions in the material. A flower-shaped morphology of ZnO NPs was observed by scanning electron microscopy, with a grain size of around 15 nm. The optical properties of the NPs were studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy, and the band gap was calculated as 3.37 eV. The prepared ZnO NPs have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against T. harzianum and S. aureus, with a zone of inhibition of 14 and 10 mm, respectively. The photocatalytic behaviour of ZnO NPs showed absorbance degradation at around 640 nm and it discoloured methylene blue dye after 1 h, with a degradation maximum of 84.29%. Thus, the prepared ZnO NPs could potentially be used in antibiotic development and pharmaceutical industries, and as photocatalysts.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Amygdalus scoparia Spach stem bark extract and their applications as an alternative antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-diabetic agent

For the first time in this study, Zinc oxide nanoparticles were biosynthesized by the eco-friendly and cost-effective procedure using Amygdalus scopariastem bark extract then used as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and anti-diabetic agents. The characterization techniques confirmed the biosynthesis, crystalline nature, structure, size, elemental composition of ZnO NPs and bioactive compounds that exist inA. scopariaextract accounting for Zn2+ ion reduction, capping and stabilization of ZnO NPs. The ZnO NPs displayed remarkable inhibitory activity againstE. coli, E. aerigenes,S. aureus, P. oryzae, F. thapsinum, and F. semitectum compared toantibiotic standards. The ZnO NPs showed significant inhibitory effects on cancer cell lines, while it had no toxic effect on Vero normal cell line. The ZnO NPs (30 mg/kg)-treated diabetic rats showed significantly higher levels of insulin and lower AST, ALT and blood glucose compared with the STZ induced diabetic group and other treated groups (P < 0.05). The ZnO NPs- and extract-treated rats showed significantly higher levels of IR, GluT2, and GCK expression and lower TNFα expression compared with the STZ induced diabetic rats. Our findings showed that ZnO NPs represented an outstanding performance for biological applications.

Acorus calamus mediated green synthesis of ZnONPs: A novel nano antioxidant to future perspective

Green synthesis of Nanoparticles gained much momentum because of its therapeutic uses and also has environmental benefits over traditional chemical methods. The present study describes the cost-effective eco-friendly synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles from Acorus Calamus aqueous extract widely used as medicine in the traditional ayurvedic system of Kerala. The SEM analysis shows the synthesized ZnONPs are spherical and hexagonal wurtzite in structure and it was confirmed by the XRD data. The FTIR spectra revealed the role of Chemical moieties in the formation and stabilization of ZnONPs. The Acorus Calamus ZnONPs shows promising antioxidant activity and it shed light upon the role of phenolic compounds transferred from the plant during synthesis. The in vivo application of ZnONPs was very limited in the literature. The Acorus calamus ZnONPs may expect to serve as an alternative antioxidant supplement against disorders caused by oxidative stress and infections.

High colloidal stability ZnO nanoparticles independent on solvent polarity and their application in polymer solar cells

Significant aggregation between ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) dispersed in polar and nonpolar solvents hinders the formation of high quality thin film for the device application and impedes their excellent electron transporting ability. Herein a bifunctional coordination complex, titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (Ti(acac)2) is employed as efficient stabilizer to improve colloidal stability of ZnO NPs. Acetylacetonate functionalized ZnO exhibited long-term stability and maintained its superior optical and electrical properties for months aging under ambient atmospheric condition. The functionalized ZnO NPs were then incorporated into polymer solar cells with conventional structure as n-type buffer layer. The devices exhibited nearly identical power conversion efficiency regardless of the use of fresh and old (2 months aged) NPs. Our approach provides a simple and efficient route to boost colloidal stability of ZnO NPs in both polar and nonpolar solvents, which could enable structure-independent intense studies for efficient organic and hybrid optoelectronic devices.

Biosynthesis, Characterization and Mechanism of Formation of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Petroselinum Crispum Leaf Extract.

The study aimed at synthesizing ZnO NPs using Petroselinum crispum extract, commonly known as parsley, as a source of biosynthesis without utilizing chemical agents for reducing, capping and stabilizing agent. Recently, the biosynthesis of nanoparticles has been widely explored due to the wide range of vital applications in nanotechnology. Biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles, ZnO NPs, have become increasingly important since they have many applications and are environmentally friendly. The innovation of this investigation is that the nanosized ZnO NPs can be formed from one-pot reaction without utilizing any external stabilizing and reducing agent which is not plausible via the current procedures. The biosynthesized ZnO NPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to investigate the optical, chemical, structural, and morphological properties. These techniques exhibited that the property of the biosynthesized ZnO NPs is analogous with the standard NPs prepared from dissimilar methods. Investigating the plausible mechanism of formation and stabilization of ZnO NPs by biomolecules of Petroselinum crispum leaf extract was another vital feature of this study.

Comparison of Antibacterial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles Fabricated by Two Different Methods and Coated on Tetron Fabric

Background: Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have wide applications in various industries, especially they have been known for their antibacterial effects in polymers and textile fibers. ZnO NPs were produced by two different solutions and milling methods. Different techniques were used in order to select the most effective methods for coating the fabric with ZnO NPs. The microstructures and the composition of the ZnO NPs were investigated using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Additionally, the antibacterial activity of the treated fabric against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria was investigated. The overall experimental findings show that the highest inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus in the sample of fabric which covered with ZnO NPs synthesized by the solution method. Methods: In the solution method, ZnO NPs were synthesized by dissolving zinc chloride in 1, 2 Ethanediol and mixing with aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. In milling method, firstly, zinc sulfide nanoparticles were prepared through reaction between zinc acetate and Thioacetamide and then by milling and oxidation the zinc sulfide nanoparticles, ZnO NPs were synthesized. In order to deposition ZnO NPs on the Tetron fabric, it was fully drawn and fixed on a frame. After that, acrylic copolymer resin was added into distilled water and ZnO NPs were added in another beaker to ethanol. The two beakers were then placed in the ultrasonic bath for a certain time. Finally, the fabric was dipped into the beaker containing resin for some moment and then immersed into the beaker containing ZnO NPs. During these processes, both beakers were in the ultrasonic bath. After drawing out the fabric from second beaker, it was dried in air. This procedure was performed for both types of ZnO NPs fabricated by two mentioned methods. Antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs coated on the fabric against two types of bacteria was studied by agar diffusion method. Results: XRD patterns of synthesized powders from both methods were identified as ZnO NPs. Sharp diffraction peaks indicate good crystallinity of ZnO NPs. The morphology of the ZnO NPs fabricated by both methods which was analyzed by field emission SEM shows that the ZnO particles synthesized by milling and solution methods are in nano scale at the range of 26 - 29 nm and 9 - 11 nm, respectively. The highest inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus was shown for the fabric which coated by ZnO NPs produced by the solution method. It was seen, the antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs fabricated by solution method was higher than that of milling method. Conclusion: ZnO NPs were synthesized by two different methods and the antibacterial activity of Tetron fabric coated with ZnO NPs was studied. Distribution and stability of ZnO NPs on the fabric depend on fabrication method and particle size which means that the smaller particles have more stability and better distribution than larger particles. The particle size and deposited concentration of ZnO NPs were effective on antibacterial activity, so that the smaller particles tend less agglomeration and have more surface area and because of that better antibacterial activity. Overall the results demonstrated a good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus than Escherichia coli.in the sample of fabric which covered with ZnO NPs synthesized by the solution method.

Green approach for synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Andrographis paniculata leaf extract and evaluation of their antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities.

Bio-mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was carried out by utilizing the reducing and capping potential of Andrographis paniculata leaf extract. The capped ZnO NPs were characterized using UV-Vis, XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM and SAED analyses. FTIR analysis suggested the role of phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and proteins of A. paniculata leaf extract, in nucleation and stability of ZnO NPs. XRD pattern compared with the standard confirmed spectrum of zinc oxide particles formed in the present experiments were in the form of nanocrystals, as evidenced by the peaks at 2θ values. SEM and TEM analysis of ZnO NPs reveals those spherical and hexagonal shapes and the sizes at the range of 96-115 and 57±0.3nm, respectively. The synthesized nanoparticles possess strong biological activities regarding anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory potentials which could be utilized in various biological applications by the cosmetic, food and biomedical industries.

Heteroagglomeration of zinc oxide nanoparticles with clay mineral modulates the bioavailability and toxicity of nanoparticle in Tetrahymena pyriformis

The extensive use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in cosmetics, sunscreens and healthcare products increases their release in the aquatic environment. The present study explored the possible interaction of ZnO NPs with montmorillonite clay minerals in aqueous conditions. An addition of ZnO NPs on clay suspension significantly (p<0.05) increases the hydrodymic size of clay particles from 1652±90nm to 2158±13nm due to heteroagglomeration. The electrokinetic measurements showed a significant (p<0.05) difference in the electrophoretic mobilities of bare (−1.80±0.03μmcm/Vs) and ZnO NPs-clay association (−1.37±0.03μmcm/Vs) that results to the electrostatic interaction between ZnO NPs and clay particles. The attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of ZnO NPs-clay association demonstrated the binding of ZnO NPs with the Si-O-Al region on the edges of clay particles. The increase in size of ZnO NPs-clay heteroagglomerates further leads to their sedimentation at 24h. Although, the stability of ZnO NPs in the clay suspension was decreased due to heteroagglomeration, but the bioavailability and toxicity of ZnO NPs-clay heteroagglomerates in Tetrahymena pyriformis was enhanced. These observations provide an evidence on possible mechanisms available in natural environment that can facilitate nanoparticles entry into the organisms present in lower trophic levels of the food web.

Influence of water chemistry on the environmental behaviors of commercial ZnO nanoparticles in various water and wastewater samples

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely used nanomaterials and their environmental impacts have received increasing attention. The fate and toxicity of ZnO NPs in the environment are determined by their stability and dissolution. In this study, the influence of water chemistry on aggregation, sedimentation, and dissolution of ZnO NPs was investigated. The stabilized ZnO NPs aggregated and precipitated when the aqueous pH closed to their zero point of charge (pHzpc). Counter-ions neutralized the surface charge of NPs and promoted their destabilization. However, a high concentration of counter-ion (SO42−, >10meq/L) made the NPs more stable because of the inverted surface potential. The stability of ZnO NPs was maintained by high concentration of Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA, 10mg/L) even the concentration of electrolytes was high. The influence of water chemistry on the stability and dissolution of ZnO NPs was further demonstrated in different wastewaters. In one wastewater sample, ZnO NPs was unexpectedly stable and with a high dissolution, which was due to the effects of pH value, organic matter concentration, as well as the concentration of counter ions. Our findings facilitate the predictions of the fate of stabilized ZnO NPs in the environment.

Facile biosynthesis and characterization of palm pollen stabilized ZnO nanoparticles

In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were successfully prepared by a simple, cost effective and environmental friendly producer using palm pollen (PP) grain. The palm pollen played two important roles: it could act as a reaction media for the formation of ZnO and as a stabilizer. FESEM analysis shows that the zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared were polydispersed with average particle size less than 20nm. The UV–vis reflection spectrum of the PP stabilized ZnO NPs (PP/ZnO NPs) exhibits relevant increase in the reflectance at the wavelength more than 360nm which was attributed to the band gap of the ZnO NPs. Stretching and bending vibrations from FTIR analysis ensured proteins present in PP involved in formation and stabilization of ZnO NPs. The results showed that palm pollen is a suitable reaction media and stabilizer in the green technique and this method is a suitable and facile method to prepare ZnO NPs for bio-medical productions.

Stability and Biological Responses of Zinc Oxide Metalworking Nanofluids (ZnO MWnF™) using Dynamic Light Scattering and Zebrafish Assays

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have demonstrated the ability to improve lubrication and thermal conductivity and are promising metalworking lubricant and coolant additives due to their low cost compared to other NPs. Though nanomaterials are a focus of research due to their potential to enable advanced technologies, little is known about their effects on the environment and human health. This research investigates two main characteristics of ZnO metalworking nanofluids (MWnF). First, the stability of ZnO NPs (20 nm) is investigated using dynamic light scattering (DLS) for mixtures of a microemulsion (TRIM MicroSol 585XT) and several dispersants, all of which are commercially available. Second, toxicological assessments using a zebrafish assay method are conducted to survey the effect of ZnO NPs on MWnF safety. The research revealed that none of the dispersants enhanced the stability of ZnO NPs more than the prepared microemulsion alone. The work also revealed that ZnO MWnF had a significantly higher toxicity than the prepared microemulsion. This demonstrates the need for precautionary development of metalworking nanofluids.