Water Stability Research Articles

Exploring the role of microtopography in the spatial pattern of soil water at the hillslope scale based on high-resolution observation

Terraces have consistently been regarded as crucial measures for water conservation and vegetation restoration, particularly in mountainous environments. However, the hydrological effects of terraces in artificial forests have been rarely studied. In this study, detailed topography, soil properties and high-resolution (30 sites) soil water data (0–70 cm) observed from March 2015 to March 2016 were collected at hillslope scale (0.2 ha). The effects of static (soil properties and topography) and dynamic factors (precipitation) on the dynamics and variability of soil water content (SWC) were studied based on statistical methods, temporal stability and variance decomposition methods. The results showed that slope, topographic wetness index (TWI) and microtopography were the main control factors of different soil layers (shallow, middle and deep layer), which explained 37.2 %, 48.6 % and 47.3 % of the total variance of corresponding soil layers, respectively. Microtopography primarily affects deep layer soil water (40–70 cm). Level terraces show significantly higher soil water content (SWC) (30.89 ± 5.28 %) compared to gentle slopes (25.40 ± 5.33 %), steep slopes (27.05 ± 5.74 %), and scarps (19.71 ± 4.43 %) (P<0.05). Temporal stability of soil water varied across different depths, with shallow layer soil water exhibiting significantly weaker stability compared to other depths, the most representative point of different soil layers was located on relatively flat terraces. Decomposition of spatial variance revealed that the time-invariant component was the primary contributor to the total spatial variance, with a mean value over 70 %. These results highlight that microtopography could weaken the influence of soil-terrain factors on soil water, and the implementation of level terraces can enhance hillslope hydrological conditions in the Rocky Mountain area.

Zeolite-modified alumina-bead catalyst for hierarchical cracking of bulky molecules

A novel zeolite-modified alumina-bead catalyst (ZSM-5/Al2O3-b) was prepared via calcining zeolite-coated alumina-bead material (Al2O3-b@ZSM-5) to graft zeolitic acid sites on the alumina-bead surface. The acid catalyst proved high activity and more 8 times catalytic efficiency than the corresponding ZSM-5(5 %) + Al2O3 mechanically mixed catalyst for cracking of 1, 3, 5-triisopropylbenzene (TIPB) in the FCC simulation reactor with short contact time. The characterization results showed that the surface property of the alumina-beads has been modified and the interface connection of Si-O-Al bonds between zeolitic nanoparticles and alumina resulted in stable zeolite particles on the alumina surface and the structural stability in hot water. The excellent catalytic performances are ascribed to the decrease of diffusion limitation of reactants and intermediates and the increase of Brønsted acid sites on the ZSM-5/Al2O3-b catalyst. The grafted/modified alumina-bead catalyst can be directly used in practical catalytic cracking of large molecules without forming. This strategy can be extended to the preparation of other types of zeolite-containing catalysts and industrial applications.

CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots by mesoporous silica encapsulated for enhancing water and thermal stability via high temperature solid state method

All inorganic perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have great application prospects in the lighting and display fields due to their excellent photoelectric properties. However, their instabilities in water and high temperature lead to photoluminescence (PL) quenching, and colloidal synthesis methods usually use a mass of organic solvents, limiting their practical application. Herein, we successfully synthesized mesoporous silica (m-SiO2) and employed a confinement effect to successfully synthesize CsPbBr3@m-SiO2 powders using a simple high-temperature solid-phase synthesis method in an air atmosphere. When the m-SiO2 content is 0.2 g, optimal green luminous intensity is achieved with a peak wavelength of 522 nm and a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 23 nm. CsPbBr3@m-SiO2 powders have excellent thermal stability, the PL spectral shapes do not change and the PL intensity can maintain 88.1 % of the original level after 10 heating cycles (200 °C). In addition, CsPbBr3@m-SiO2 powders exhibit excellent water stability, which can still be well dispersed after 30 days exposure to water, and the PL strength remain basically unchanged. This study presents a novel approach for the advancement of stable perovskite luminescent materials.

Vanillin-crosslinked gelatin-polyvinyl alcohol aerogels: Improved physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity

Crosslinking is a promising way to fabricate high-performance aerogels. In this study, vanillin (Van) crosslinked gelatin–polyvinyl alcohol (Gel−PVA) aerogels were prepared by vacuum freeze-drying method. The effects of different addition levels of Van on FTIR spectra, microstructures and physicochemical properties including water stability, mechanical properties, thermal stability and thermal insulation properties of aerogels were characterized, and antimicrobial activity of aerogels were validated. The results showed that Van exerted its crosslinking function through Schiff base bonding with Gel and hydrogen bonding with Gel and PVA. Although Van addition caused a slight decline in the thermal insulation performance and the obvious increase in pore diameter of aerogels, moderate Van crosslinking contributed to water stability, mechanical properties and thermal stability of aerogels. Besides, Van crosslinked Gel−PVA aerogel could effectively inhibit the growth of E. coli and B. cinerea. This suggests that the aerogel has promising applications in antimicrobial food packaging.

8-Hydroxyquinoline incorporated ZIF-8 nanocomposites for efficient decomposition and detection of manganese ions in aquatic environments

The presence of potassium permanganate in aquatic environment poses a significant issue that requires resolution. In response, zeolitic imidazolate framework nanoparticles with large pore sizes, extensive surface areas, and high chemical stability in water were synthesized. Subsequently, 8-hydroxyquinoline was incorporated into ZIF-8 (named 8-HQ@ZIF-8) to enhance its capability to decompose potassium permanganate in aquatic environment. The synthesized material underwent thorough characterization using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen isothermal adsorption-desorption at 77 K, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Electrical conductivity tests revealed that the 8-HQ@ZIF-8 material can decompose potassium permanganate within 5 min and be recycled over five runs. Furthermore, the nanocomposite of 8-HQ and ZIF-8 exhibited greater stability than the original ZIF-8 under strong oxidizing conditions. This suggests that functionalizing with organic ligands can enhance the durability and performance of the material. In addition to its degradability, the 8-HQ@ZIF-8 material, which carries manganese oxide, also displays variable fluorescence properties, making it a potential sensor for detecting residual potassium permanganate in drinking water treatment systems. Therefore, the 8-HQ@ZIF-8 material shows considerable promise for both the treatment and detection of pollutants in aquatic environments.

Predicting compressed earth blocks compressive strength by means of machine learning models

Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB) are an interesting alternative to conventional masonry units. They are unfired and provide a thermal comfort in the constructions. However, their compressive strength needs to be assessed to ensure a mechanical stability. The latter depends on the soil variability, as well as several manufacturing parameters such as water content, compaction pressure, stabilizer type and proportion. This is challenging as it requires time and effort to adapt the parameters to achieve satisfactory results. In this study, machine learning classification models were trained using historical data for predicting CEB compressive strength. Voting Classifier (VC) provided the highest performance with an accuracy of 78 %. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) were used to identify and prioritize the features in the model's decision-making process. The compaction pressure and soil granularity were the most decisive parameters. VC was also tested to assess the compressive strength of sediment-based CEB manufactured at the laboratory scale.

Transition Metal‐Derived 2D Layered Perovskites: A Promising Alternative to Pb in Photovoltaic Systems

AbstractThe high sensitivity of 3D perovskites toward air and moisture hampers their commercialization due to material decomposition. Introducing their 2D counterparts may provide a remedy to these stability issues, as hydrophobic bulky organic cations can resist direct contact of [ sheets with moisture in the air. In addition to air and water stability, 2D perovskites offer tunable optoelectronic properties through structural modulation, similar to their 3D counterparts. In this study, six different transition metal (TM)‐based 2D hybrid halide perovskites are designed: , , , , , and as alternatives for Pb‐based perovskites. Analysis of structural and thermodynamic parameters demonstrate that these designed perovskite materials can form structurally and thermodynamically stable compounds. Additionally, optical properties analysis reveals that the intended compounds exhibit absorption maxima in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Among the designed compounds, shows a promising power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.63%. Thus, these designed 2D perovskite materials hold potential as substitutes for conventional 3D materials in photovoltaic applications.

Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals-Intermediated Hydrogel for Boosting the Biosensing Performance.

Metal-halide perovskites have become attractive nanomaterials for advanced biosensors, yet the structural design remains challenging due to the trade-off between environmental stability and sensing sensitivity. Herein, a trinity strategy is proposed to address this issue by integrating Mn (II) substitution with CsPb2Cl5 inert shell and NH2-PEG-COOH coating for designing Mn2+-doped CsPbCl3/CsPb2Cl5 core/shell hetero perovskite nanocrystals (PMCP PNCs). The trinity strategy isolates the emissive Mn2+-doped CsPbCl3 core from water and the Mn2+ d-d transition generates photoluminescence with a long lifetime, endowing the NH2-PEG-COOH capped Mn2+-doped CsPbCl3/CsPb2Cl5 PNCs with robust water stability and oxygen-sensitive property. Given the structural integration, photoluminescent hydrogel biosensors are designed by embedding the PMCP PNCs into the hydrogel system to deliver on-site pesticide information on food products. Impressively, benefiting from the dual enzyme triggered-responsive property of PMCP PNCs, the hydrogel biosensor is endowed with ultra-high sensitivity toward chlorpyrifos pesticide at the nanogram per milliliter level. Such a robust PMCP PNCs-based hydrogel sensor can provide accurate pesticide information while guiding the construction of photoluminescent biosensors for upcoming on-site applications.

The influence of acid rain on asphalt and its mixture performance, simulation and micro-mechanism exploration

Acid rain will destroy asphalt roads and affect human production and life. Therefore, this study has designed a new indoor simulated acid rain erosion test, and explored the effects of acid rain on the properties of 70# petroleum asphalt, SBS asphalt and their mixtures and the acid rain erosion mechanism from the micro and macro perspectives. In this paper, the influence of acid rain erosion on the microscopic properties of asphalt has been revealed through microscopic experiments. Through the combination with the basic performance test of asphalt, the effect of acid rain erosion on the conventional properties of asphalt was studied. The effects of acid rain on the properties of road asphalt mixtures were studied by Marshall immersion and high-temperature rutting tests. The results show that there is no obvious chemical reaction between the two kinds of asphalt after acid rain erosion, but the surface structure and morphology have changed significantly. There was a mass loss, the decreases of the softening point and ductility, and an increase of the penetration; the residual stability and high temperature resistance of both asphalt mixtures were reduced. In the worst case, the quality of petroleum asphalt was lost by 82.2%, the softening point and ductility decreased by 9.6% and 16.9% respectively, the penetration degree increased by 3.1% and the residual stability and dynamic stability of petroleum asphalt mixture decreased by 8.82% and 27.9% respectively. The mass loss of SBS asphalt was 82.5%, the softening point and ductility decreased by 5% and 3.3% respectively, the penetration increased by 2.6%, and the residual stability and dynamic stability of SBS asphalt mixture decreased by 4.82% and 25.4% respectively. In general, under the action of acid rain, the performance of 70# oil asphalt, SBS asphalt and their mixtures are affected to varying degrees. The specific performance is to destroy the original shape of asphalt, resulting in the loss of quality of asphalt, the reduction of deformation resistance, high temperature stability and low temperature stability of asphalt, weakening the high temperature stability and water stability of asphalt mixture, and leading to the decline of road performance.

Synthesis and bioactivity evaluation of glycosylated resveratrol derivatives as antioxidative neuroprotection agents against cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion injury

Resveratrol (Res) has long been discovered to have antioxidant effects to prevent such as oxidation, inflammation, neurodegeneration and age-related diseases. However, its poor water solubility, low bioavailability and instability have become a barrier to its pharmaceutical application. In order to improve the neuroprotective effects and develop more potential usage of Res, three Res derivatives containing one or two glucose groups, i.e., Res-Glu1, Res-Glu2 and Res-Glu3, were designed and synthesized through click reaction. Res-Glu1, Res-Glu2 and Res-Glu3 were tested being better water solubility and stability compared to Res. Res derivatives reduced •OH radicals-induced DNA damage. PC12 assays indicated that glucosylated Res derivatives could alleviate H2O2-induced neurotoxicity and reduce intracellular ROS generation, demonstrating their neuroprotective effects. In addition, Res derivatives enhanced the protective effects on cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats. Res-Glu3 displayed the best neuroprotective effects among the three derivatives.

Novel chitosan-enhanced alkali-activated material for remediation of zinc-contaminated coastal mudflat sediment

Sustainable utilization and development for contaminated mudflat sites face dual challenges associated with contaminant enrichment and engineering diseases, impacting ecological quality and coastal construction. Commonly used cement has limitations in ensuring geo-environmental engineering performances for polluted sediments. This study investigates a solidification/stabilization approach using novel chitosan-enhanced alkali-activated material (CTS-AAM) to remediate highly concentrated zinc-contaminated sediments. Results exhibit that the compressive strength and water stability of sediments are remarkably improved by CTS-AAM, satisfying engineering service even under long-term immersion and zinc accumulation. Significant improvements dependent on curing period and CTS-AAM dosage also reflect in the resistance to deformation of remediated sediments, maintaining low-compressibility states due to the enhancement of structural yield stress. The leaching toxicity of remediated sediments meets Zn ≤ 5.0 mg/L, as zinc primarily distributes to the residual fraction associated with low mobility. The bidirectional enhancement of toxic sediment is attributed to the generation of hydrates with cementitious and pore-filling effects through hydration reactions. Simultaneously, chitosan with hydrated gels and ettringite collectively form gel networks and compact skeleton structures within sediments, as well as immobilize Zn through comprehensive physical encapsulation, chemical binding, and chelation. This study provides a feasible strategy for future projects involving remediation and utilization of mudflats.

Solvothermal synthesis of Zr-based MOFs with mixed linker as adsorbent for methyl orange in water

Abstract UiO-66 is one type of Zr-based MOF consisting of ZrO4(OH)4 polyhedral. Synthesis of materials UiO-66 mixed linker with additional acetic acid modulator was successfully carried out by the solvothermal method at 120°C. UiO-66 modified with mixed linker can improve stability in water that has systematically and functionally modulated pores. When the concentration of each linker increases, the linkers merge in one place and produce cluster defects. UiO-66 mixed linker was synthesized with a ratio of adding H2BDC and NH2BDC of 3:1 to moles of ligand. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the synthesized material have the same pattern with the peak characteristics of UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH2. The synthesized material has a spherical morphology with a rough surface. The performance of the materials as an adsorbent for methyl orange (MO) dyes in water reached a maximum adsorption capacity of 202.82 mg/g for materials UiO-66 mixed linker (75% H2BDC and 25% NH2BDC). The adsorption results for all the synthesized materials followed the apparent pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption mechanism between the adsorbent and methyl orange dyes consists of π-π interactions, hydrogen bonds, and electrostatic interactions.

Zirconium-based metal-organic framework composites for solid phase extraction of brevetoxin-A from seawater

Red tides are a type of natural marine disaster caused by harmful algae characterized by a high toxicity, wide distribution, and long duration. Since the concentration of algal toxins in seawater increases with the occurrence of red tides, algal toxins detected in seawater could be used to predict the occurrence and evolution of red tides. Brevetoxin-A (BTX-A) is a secondary metabolite produced by the harmful algae Karenia brevis, whose detection in seawater could form the basis of an accurate warning system for incoming red tides. However, due to the inherent complexity of the seawater matrix and the extremely low levels of BTX-A in seawater, the use of instruments for its direct detection is difficult. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a sample pretreatment method for the efficient enrichment of BTX-A in seawater. In this study, a metal-organic backbone material (UiO-66) and its composite with silica microspheres (SiO2@UiO-66) were successfully synthesized using the solvothermal method. The prepared SiO2@UiO-66 exhibited good hydrophilicity, water stability, and large specific surface area. Furthermore, it also exhibited hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions with BTX-A, had a strong affinity for BTX-A, and was able to efficiently adsorb BTX-A in complex matrices. Therefore, SiO2@UiO-66 showed potential as a novel packing material for the extraction of BTX-A from solid phase extraction columns. Combined with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), a highly sensitive detection method for the determination of BTX-A in marine water was established. The established analytical method had a low detection limit (3.0 pg/mL), a wide linear range (10.0 -200.0 pg/mL), and a good linear relationship (R=0.9992). Combined with the Fujian Province Red Tide Monitoring and Early Warning Information 2021 issued by the Fujian Provincial Oceanic and Fisheries Bureau, the analytical method established herein was successfully applied to analyze and monitor the content of BTX-A in actual seawater samples. This highlights the proposed system's potential for use as an early warning factor in the monitoring of red tides, representing a simple and fast pretreatment methodology for the detection of BTX-A in seawater.

Strength characteristics of phosphogypsum stabilized soil under dry and wet cycles

In order to study the strength characteristics of red clay stabilized by a high dosage of phosphogypsum, a mix proportion design was carried out at the ratio of phosphogypsum:red clay = 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 using 4%, 6%, and 8% cement as a curing agent, and this study was carried out through the unconfined compressive strength test, water stability test, California bearing ratio (CBR) test, and durability test. As the phosphogypsum content increases, the unconfined compressive strength of the mix shows a trend of increasing and then decreasing, the unconfined compressive strength of the mixture is the largest when the ratio is 1:3, and with the increase in the number of dry and wet cycles, the unconfined compressive strength of the mixture decreases, and the decay is the largest at 2–3 dry and wet cycles. The higher the phosphogypsum content, the better the water stability performance of the mix. In addition, the CBR value of the mixture can meet the requirements of freeway, primary highway, secondary highway bed, and embankment filler bearing ratio. In this paper, a mix durability test method is proposed to express the mix durability performance in terms of mass loss rate and durability coefficient; the mass loss rate of the mix increases with the increase in the number of wet and dry cycles, and the durability coefficient decreases with the increase in the number of wet and dry cycles; the higher the content of phosphogypsum, the better the durability performance of the mix.

Enhancing therapy with nano-based delivery systems: exploring the bioactive properties and effects of apigenin.

Apigenin, a potent natural flavonoid, has emerged as a key therapeutic agent due to its multifaceted medicinal properties in combating various diseases. However, apigenin's clinical utility is greatly limited by its poor water solubility, low bioavailability and stability issues. To address these challenges, this review paper explores the innovative field of nanotechnology-based delivery systems, which have shown significant promise in improving the delivery and effectiveness of apigenin. This paper also explores the synergistic potential of co-delivering apigenin with conventional therapeutic agents. Despite the advantageous properties of these nanoformulations, critical challenges such as scalable production, regulatory approvals and comprehensive long-term safety assessments remain key hurdles in their clinical adoption which must be addressed for commercialization of apigenin-based formulations.

A Super-Hygroscopic Solar-Regenerated Alginate-Based Composite for Atmospheric Water Harvesting.

Global water scarcity is leading to increasingly tense competition across populations. In order to complement the largely fast-depleting fresh water sources and mitigate the challenges generated by brine discharge from desalination, atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) has emerged to support long-term water supply. This work presents a novel alginate-based hybrid material comprised of porous silico-aluminophosphate-34 (SAPO-34) as fast-transport channel medium as well as hydrophilicity and stability enhancer, and graphene-based sheets as light absorber for solar-enabled evaporation, both optimally incorporated in an alginate matrix, resulting in a composite sorbent capable of harvesting water from the atmosphere with a record intake of up to 6.85 gw gs -1. Natural sunlight is solely used to enable desorption achieving increase of the temperature of the developed network up to 60°C andresulting in release of the sorbed water, with impurities content well below the World Health Organization (WHO) upper limits. After 30 cycles of sorption and desorption, the composite hydrogel displayed unchanged water uptake and stability. This work provides an impactful perspective toward sustainable generation of water from humidity without external energy consumption supporting the emergence of alternative water production solutions.

Conjugated diamine cation based halide perovskitoid enables robust stability and high photodetector performance

Low-dimensional lead halide materials have proved to be intrinsically stable semiconductor materials. However, the development of one-dimensional (1D) perovskites or perovskitoids with both robust water stability and high optoelectronic performance still faces significant challenges. Here, we report a new class of 1D (TzBIPY)Pb2X6 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskitoids featuring a π-conjugated diamine cation (TzBIPY = 2,5-di(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole). The TzBIPY2+ cation with delocalized electrons directly contributes to the electronic structure and hence reduces the band gap. Especially, the Br-based material exhibits enhanced carrier separation and transport capacity, benefiting from the improved electronic conjugation together with a type II intramolecular heterojunction between conjugated organic cations and Pb–X octahedra. The (TzBIPY)Pb2Br6 photodetector exhibits an impressive photocurrent on/off ratio of 8.1 × 105, which is much superior to the previous three-dimensional (3D) perovskite benchmark. Additionally, the π-conjugated cations serve as dense protective shields for vulnerable Pb–X inorganic lattice against being attacked by water, thus demonstrating exceptional stability even immersed in water for over 3000 h.

The Role of a New Stabilizer in Enhancing the Mechanical Performance of Construction Residue Soils.

Urban construction generates significant amounts of construction residue soil. This paper introduces a novel soil stabilizer based on industrial waste to improve its utilization. This stabilizer is primarily composed of blast furnace slag (BFS), steel slag (SS), phosphogypsum (PG), and other additives, which enhance soil strength through physical and chemical processes. This study investigated the mechanical properties of construction residue soil cured with this stabilizer, focusing on the effects of organic matter content (Oo), stabilizer dosage (Oc), and curing age (T) on unconfined compressive strength (UCS). Additionally, water stability and wet-dry cycle tests of the stabilized soil were conducted to assess long-term performance. According to the findings, the UCS increased with the higher stabilizer dosage and longer curing periods but reduced with the higher organic matter content. A stabilizer content of 15-20% is recommended for optimal stabilization efficacy and cost-efficiency in engineering applications. The samples lost their strength when immersed in water. However, adding more stabilizers to the soil can effectively enhance its water stability. Under wet-dry cycle conditions, the UCS initially increased and then decreased, remaining lower than that of samples cured under standard conditions. The findings can provide valuable data for the practical application in construction residual soil stabilization.

A new three-dimensional luminescent MOF for the detection of Fe3+, CrO42−, and Cr2O72− in aqueous solution

A new luminescent MOF were synthesized by solvothermal method based on 1,1,2,2-tetrakis(4-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)ethene (TPPE), with the molecular structure of [Zn2(TPPE)0.5(ndc)2]n (ndc = 1,4-Naphthalenedicarboxylic acid) (LMOF-1). The single crystal structure indicates that LMOF-1 stacks in a three-dimensional structure. The fluorescence test results indicate that LMOF-1 emits blue light with quantum yield at 37.93 %, due to ligand–ligand charge transfer. PXRD and TG analysis confirmed that LMOF-1 has good stability, and PXRD analysis after different solvent exchanges confirmed that LMOF-1 has good stability in water. The results of ion titration experiments show that Fe3+, CrO42−, and Cr2O72− have significant quenching effects on LMOF-1, and the detection limits are 3.83 × 10−6 M, 2.57 × 10−5 M, and 4.33 × 10−6 M, respectively. Indicating that LMOF-1 can serve as a multifunctional ion detector.

Proton-conductive properties of a stable three-dimensional aluminum(III)-organic framework constructed by porphyrinlcarboxylate

The proton conductivity (σ) of the highly stable metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) built by carboxylic acid ligand and aluminum metal has not been fully investigated. Herein, a three-dimensional aluminum-based MOF, [(AlOH)2TCPP]n (namely Al-TCPP) with exceptional structural stability was solvothermally synthesized using an organic multifunctional bridging ligand, meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine (H4TCPP) with a large stiff ring structure and Al(NO3)3⋅9H2O as raw materials. The dependency of σ on temperature and relative humidity (RH) was surveyed using the AC impedance test after the MOF's thermal, water, and chemical stabilities, as well as nitrogen and H2O vapor adsorptions, were all characterized. Experimental results demonstrated that this highly stable MOF with a high specific surface area exhibited impressive proton conductivity, with an optimal σ of 3.2 × 10-4 S/cm under 100 °C/98% RH. Furthermore, the proton-conducting mechanism inside the framework was highlighted using computed activation energy and structural analysis. This study provides new inspiration for designing and searching for high-performance proton-conductive materials.