Stable Period Research Articles

TempoGRAPHer: Aggregation-Based Temporal Graph Exploration

Graphs offer a generic abstraction for modeling entities and the interactions and relationships between them. Most real-world graphs, such as social and cooperation networks, evolve over time, and exploring their evolution may reveal important information. In this paper, we present TempoGRAPHer, a system for analyzing and visualizing the evolution of temporal attributed graphs. TempoGRAPHer supports both temporal and attribute aggregation. It also allows graph exploration by identifying periods of significant growth, shrinkage, or stability. Temporal exploration is supported by two complementary strategies, namely skyline- and interaction-based exploration. Skyline-based exploration provides insights into the overall trends in the evolution, while interaction-based exploration offers a closer look at specific parts of the graph evolution history where significant changes occurred. We present experimental results demonstrating the efficiency of TempoGRAPHer. Additionally, we showcase the usefulness of our system in understanding graph evolution by presenting detailed scenarios, including exploring the evolution of a real contact network between primary school students and analyzing the collaborations in a co-authorship network between authors of the same gender over time.

Presumed Sympathetic Ophthalmia After Diode Laser Cyclophotocoagulation for Neovascular Glaucoma: A Case Series.

To describe a case series of presumed Sympathetic Ophthalmia (SO) triggered by diode laser cyclophotocoagulation (CPC) for the treatment of neovascular glaucoma. Patients developing bilateral granulomatous uveitis after CPC between 2014 and 2024. Cases with prior ocular trauma or penetrating ocular surgery were excluded. Treatment consisted of systemic steroids acutely and subsequently steroid-sparing drugs for long-term control. Three patients were included. The cause of neovascular glaucoma in the inciting eyes was a central retinal vein occlusion. The ocular inflammation was characterised by vitritis, serous retinal detachment, and choroidal thickening. The follow-up for each case was 2, 6 and 10 years, respectively. During this period, all patients remained under constant immunosuppression due to recurrence of inflammation while attempting tapering of systemic therapy after a period of clinical stability. The final best-corrected visual acuity of the sympathising eyes was ≥6/9 Snellen and there was no perception of light in the inciting eyes. The blind eyes were comfortable and did not require surgical removal. Patients responded well to prompt immunosuppression and preserved vision in the sympathising eye. Steroid-sparing medication could not be stopped due to inflammation flare-ups and risk of visual loss. There could be a potential link between breakdown of the blood-retina barrier prior to the development of SO and sustained inflammatory reaction.

The Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Flow Heterogeneity During Water Flooding for an Artificial Core Plate Model

In the process of reservoir water flooding development, the characteristics of underground seepage field have changed, resulting in increasingly complex oil–water distribution. The original understanding of reservoir physical property parameters based on the initial stage of development is insufficient to guide reservoir development efforts in the extra-high water cut stage. To deeply investigate the spatio-temporal evolution of heterogeneity in the internal seepage field of layered reservoirs during water flooding development, water–oil displacement experimental simulations were conducted based on layered, normally graded models. By combining CT scanning technology and two-phase seepage theory, the variation patterns of heterogeneity in the seepage field of medium-to-high permeability, normally graded reservoirs were analyzed. The results indicate that the effectiveness of water flooding development is doubly constrained by differences in oil–water seepage capacities and the heterogeneity of the seepage field. During the development process, both the reservoir’s flow capacity and the heterogeneity of the seepage field are in a state of continuous change. Influenced by the extra resistance brought about by multiphase flow, the reservoir’s flow capacity drops to 41.6% of the absolute permeability in the extra-high water cut stage. Based on differences in the variation amplitudes of oil–water-phase permeabilities, changes in the heterogeneity of the internal seepage field of the reservoir can be broadly divided into periods of drastic change and relative stability. During the drastic change stage, the fluctuation amplitude of the water-phase permeability variation coefficient is 114.5 times that of the relative stable phase, while the fluctuation amplitude of the oil-phase permeability variation coefficient is 5.2 times that of the stable stage. This study reveals the dynamic changes in reservoir seepage characteristics during the water injection process, providing guidance for water injection development in layered reservoirs.

Using the Forel-Ule index (FUI) to track the water quality of subsidence water bodies across the life cycle of coal mining in eastern China.

The water quality and associated ecological risks in subsidence water bodies formed by underground coal mining are an increasing global concern. However, long-term water quality changes in these subsidence water bodies, especially across different spatial regions, remain poorly understood. This paper, by mapping the Forel-Ule index (FUI) a key indicator of water color, using Landsat datasets to reveal the dynamic evolution of water quality in 402 subsidence water bodies in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of eastern China from 1990 to 2020, covering their life cycle from formation to extinction. We identified three types of subsidence water bodies, including growing (14.4%), stable (35.1%), and shrinking (50.5%), almost all of which were found to exhibit eutrophic conditions. The findings revealed a blue-shift trend, indicative of improved water quality, was observed in nearly half (45.3%) of the water bodies. During mining, water quality was generally poor with higher average FUI values, but gradually improved at an average rate of -0.09yr⁻1. FUI values experienced a brief period of stability before deteriorating post-mining, with an average rate of 0.05yr⁻1. Our study provides valuable insights into the governance of subsidence water bodies in coal mining areas by revealing large-scale, long-term trends in water quality evolution.

Effect of capital structure on economic success of the DSE-listed firms in Bangladesh: A moderating role of COVID-19 pandemic

A firm's prudent use of debt and equity is an essential indicator of robust financial management. The study empirically evaluated the impact of capital structure (CS) on the economic performance of Bangladeshi companies from 2010 to 2022. It uses data from 1300 observations collected from 100 DSE-listed firms from 10 leading sectors of the economy. The outcome variables included ROE, ROA, EPS, and Q ratios. The explanatory variables were the capital structure proportions of short-term liabilities (STL), long-term liabilities (LTL), and the firm growth rate. The firm size was regarded as the control variable. The regression results revealed that STL negatively impacted ROA, ROE, and, most remarkably, EPS, while STL failed to impact Tobin's Q. LTL, on the other hand, had a positive impact on EPS and a negative impact on Tobin's Q, indicating that Bangladeshi firms do not exhibit overvaluation. STL and LTL positively impacted corporate financial performance during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period. The implications of these findings are crucial for policymakers and corporate leaders. Organizations must demonstrate caution when employing short-term liabilities, especially during stable periods. This study underscores the imperative for industry-specific strategies concerning capital structure, as sectoral differences affect leverage outcomes.

Characterization of children's prospective prescription review and exploration of factors influencing the success of interventions.

Medication safety is crucial in clinical care. Although many hospitals have implemented prospective prescription review systems to manage medication use, the impact of these systems on pediatric patients is not yet fully understood. We explore the characteristics and economic impacts of pediatric prospective prescription review and identify factors influencing intervention success rates. This study adopted a cross-sectional design. Prospective prescription review tasks were compared in the outpatient of our hospital between 2021 and 2023 to assess medication rationalization rates and cost variability. Data were collected using the PASS PharmReview system, including patient information, medication indications, prescribing physicians, intervention pharmacists, prescription rationality rate, and medication costs. SPSS 26.0 software was used to compare changes in medication rationality and medication costs between the initial (2021) and stable (2023) periods and to analyze factors affecting intervention success during the stable period by the logistic regression model. The study included 11,533,807 prospective prescription review tasks. The medication rationalization rate increased from 92.0% to 95.7% (p < 0.05) between the initial (n = 5,392,551) and stabilization periods (n = 6,141,256). Outpatient medication costs per capita decreased by 3.2%, from ¥320.7 to ¥310.5. Factors influencing intervention success included the following: the greater age is negatively associated with success(p < 0.001, odds ratio (OR) = 0.98); internal medicine demonstrates a superior intervention success rate compared to the surgical department (p < 0.001, OR = 1.37); higher physician titles were associated with lower success rates (p < 0.001, OR = 0.59); and success increased with pharmacists of higher educational levels (p < 0.001, OR = 1.18). Implementing a prospective prescription review system in pediatric outpatient settings improves medication rationality and reduces errors and costs, with intervention success influenced by patient age, department, physician titles, and the educational level of pharmacists.

Long COVID: A risk factor for anxiety, depression, and suicidality?

In many COVID-19 survivors, symptoms continue for a long time. This study aims to examine the relationship between the long-term effects of COVID-19, levels of anxiety and depression, and suicidal ideation with sociodemographic factors and symptoms. A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients who came for control at least 3 months after having COVID-19 disease, in the stable period, and still have symptoms after COVID-19. Demographic characteristics, symptoms, The Beck Depression Scale (BDS), The Beck Anxiety Scale (BAS), and suicidal ideation were assessed with face-to-face questionnaires. A total of 490 patients participated in the study. Thirty percent of patients scored positive on the BDS and 46% scored high on the BAS. Female sex was found to be a risk factor. Anxiety and depression were found to be significantly associated with long COVID symptoms. Both BAS and BDS scores were significantly higher in people with suicidality compared to others, and long-term symptoms were found to be statistically associated with this situation. Depression and anxiety are common in cases of long COVID. It is important for healthcare professionals to be aware of these potential mental health consequences, especially suicidality, and to provide appropriate support and interventions for individuals with long COVID.

The capacity of human interventions to regulate PM2.5 concentration has substantially improved in China.

The rapid urbanization in China has brought about serious air pollution problems, which are likely to persist for a considerable period as the urbanization process continues. In urban areas, the spatial distribution of air pollutants represented by PM2.5 has been proved mainly affected by emission, urban landscape pattern (short as ULP), as well as meteorological conditions. However, the contributions of these factors can seriously vary with different periods of urban development. Based on multi-source data, 304 prefecture-level cities in China were chosen as study areas, and we used the Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model to quantify the relative contributions of three factors-emission, ULP, and meteorological condition-to PM2.5 concentration variation in different periods, namely, the Slow Ascending Period (SAP, 2000-2007), the Stable High-level Period (SHP, 2007-2013), and the Rapid Decline Period (RDP, 2013-2020). During SAP, the relative contribution of emission remained low and the relative contribution of ULP decreased, while the contribution of meteorological factors to PM2.5 concentration variation becoming the dominant factor. During SHP and RDP, the relative contribution of emission notably increased (The largest increase is 28 %), while the relative contribution of meteorological factors significantly decreased (The largest decrease is 16 %). Spatially, the key regions for air pollution control in China, such as the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the Fenwei Plain, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta, experienced a significantly greater decrease (The largest decrease is 39 %) in the meteorological contribution and increase in the emission contribution (The largest increase is 66 %) compared to other regions. In general, we found that 27 cities in southwest China become increasingly sensitive to meteorological conditions, while the majority of cities (277 in total), particularly in key regions, have shown a growing sensitivity to emission during the whole period. These results prove that the ability of anthropogenic influence on air quality is gradually more effective, indicating the air pollution prevention and control policies in China in recent years have achieved satisfactory results. It is worthy to notice that the PM2.5 level in most cities is still sensitive to emissions. Therefore, strict emission reduction measures still needs to implemented in the future to further improve air quality.

Microvascular reactivity in anesthetized cats: feasibility and proof of concept study.

Assessment of feasibility and proof of concept study for microvascular reactivity in anesthetized cats. 12, adult, healthy, purpose-bred cats were included. Cats were anesthetized and instrumented with a perivascular ultrasound transit time flow probe around the main pulmonary artery, a femoral arterial catheter, a central venous catheter, and a laser Doppler flowmeter with a heating unit. After a 20-minute stabilization period, microvascular reactivity, hemodynamic variables, and arterial and central venous blood gases were measured during 3 phases: (1) baseline, (2) hemorrhage, and (3) isotonic crystalloid bolus. Hemorrhage was induced by atraumatic blood loss of 20 mL/kg over 20 minutes. An isotonic crystalloid bolus at 20 mL/kg was administered IV over 20 minutes. 6 cats were excluded from the analysis due to equipment errors or surgical complications. Microvascular reactivity decreased significantly after hemorrhage and remained below baseline after isotonic crystalloid bolus. Microvascular reactivity assessment is feasible in healthy anesthetized cats. Hemorrhage decreases microvascular reactivity, and the administration of an isotonic crystalloid bolus did not reverse these changes. However, the small sample size may limit the external validity of the results. This study demonstrated the feasibility of microvascular reactivity assessment in anesthetized cats. However, proper validation is warranted before clinical application.

Experimental study on velocity and particle size characteristics of dense spray at different ambient temperatures

ABSTRACT The microscopic characteristics of diesel spray droplets severely affect mixture formation and ignition characteristics. Aiming to reveal the droplet velocity and size characteristics under the hot atmosphere in the cylinder, this study conducted an experimental research on the microscopic characteristics of diesel fuel dense spray under evaporative environment by using a Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) in a flowing constant volume chamber (CVC). The test results showed that as the ambient temperature increased, the velocity of the droplets when they reached the measuring body gradually increased, and droplets with a velocity of about 350 m/s were effectively captured. Due to the enhanced evaporation characteristics of droplets at high temperature, the quantity of effective droplets captured in the measurement body increased with the rose of ambient temperature. At the same time, the proportion of large-sized droplets gradually decreased during the stable development period of spray, but when the ambient temperature was too high, the number of droplets began to decrease. At the environment temperature above 500 K, the small droplets of spray were almost all evaporated at the end of 3 ms after the start of spraying, and only the slightly larger particles were captured. The droplets of large particles decreased from 17.9 μm at 300 K to 11.2 μm at 800 K during the stable development period of the spray. The droplets of large particles are considered to be one of the reasons for the formation of carbon soot after combustion, and are the main focus of attention in the microscopic characterization of sprays. This study provides guidance for diesel engine as well as nozzle design.

Стабильность геометрии рельсовой колеи на переходных участках

A study of the quality and heterogeneity of ballast compaction in the transverse (along the sleeper) direction as a reason for the decrease in the stability of the track gauge geometry, and consideration of design and technological solutions for transition sections in order to increase the stability of the track gauge geometry and prevent an intensification of the growth in the number of track disorders. Purpose: transition sections. Methods: stamp testing of ballast layer material, statistical data analysis. Results: the results of measuring the deformation modulus of the sleeper base, studying the non-uniform elasticity, assessing the quality and homogeneity of the compaction of the sleeper base for various designs of railway tracks are presented, and design and technological solutions for transition sections are considered. Practical importance: the article presents design and technological solutions for transition sections aimed at reducing the period of stabilization of the ballast layer of transition sections; increasing the period of normal operation, taking into account the current dynamic loads arising due to the presence of joints, dynamic irregularities, non-uniform elasticity of the railway track, non-uniform compaction of the ballast prism of transition sections; ensuring the uniform elasticity of the ballast layer of transition sections.

Financial Communication in Crisis Situations

Financial communication plays a key role in shaping stakeholders' decision-making processes, acquiring even greater importance in today's turbulent global landscape marked by various overlapping crises. Thus, the aim of the research revolves around a theoretical exploration, supported by a bibliometric analysis, to emphasize the intrinsic importance of financial communication. The research methodology is based on a bibliometric analysis of 3,000 scientific papers indexed in the Web of Science database, from 1975 to 2023, focusing on financial communication. To facilitate this analysis, specialized software tools for data processing and bibliometric exploration, namely VOSviewer and Bibliometrix, were used. The research findings underline the complexity and interdependence of the financial communication process in organizations, highlighting its evolution from transparency and reduction of information asymmetry in periods of stability, to the need for rapid adoption of digital technologies and integration of ESG dimensions during recent crises, all of which are essential to meet stakeholders' demands and maintain investors' trust.

HRM Practices in Internationalised SMEs and Their Sales Growth under Different Environmental Conditions

Objective: This paper explores the patterns of human resource management (HRM) adopted by internationalised small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and their business outcomes with respect to changing external contingencies. More specifically, it examines the link between HRM and sales growth under two different conditions: the relatively stable pre-pandemic period and the highly uncertain first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Research Design &amp; Methods: Data stems from structured interviews with key decision-makers representing 200 Polish-based SMEs operating internationally. Methods of data analysis include k-means clustering, one-way and two-way mixed ANOVAs. Findings: Cluster analysis revealed four distinctive patterns of HRM adopted by internationalised SMEs. The significant interaction effect suggests that with changing environmental conditions specific patterns of HRM adopted in these firms contributed to sales growth in different ways. Implications / Recommendations: The study revealed that environmental shock can both dampen and enhance the contribution of HRM practices to sales growth in internationalised SMEs, depending on their initial mix and intensity of use. Contribution: The study contributes to the development of a configurational perspective in HRM research within internationalised SMEs. It demonstrates that multiple pathways can lead to positive outcomes, although not all are equally effective, especially when exogenous factors change dramatically. Thus, it highlights the importance of the external environment in moderating the link between HRM and business performance in these firms.

Influence of Fungal Colonization on Exacerbations in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis.

The importance of fungal pathogens in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and their diagnosis remains a challenge, so our aim was to analyze the influence of the detection of fungi in sputum by using conventional culture and molecular techniques, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), lateral flow devices (LFDs), and galactomannan (GM) on exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis. A prospective study was conducted in patients via follow-up in the CF Unit of the Central University Hospital of Asturias from January 2021 to April 2022. Adult patients with at least one documented exacerbation were included. A complete fungal analysis of sputum samples was performed both in a period of clinical stability and in the exacerbation period. The microbiological study included conventional cultures for fungi, qPCR (polymerase chain reaction), LFDs (lateral flow devices), and galactomannan (GM) in sputum. We found that there were changes in their detection according to whether the patient is in a period of clinical stability or exacerbation; the positivity of the molecular tests and biomarkers in the period of exacerbation increased by 14%, 25%, and 21% for the analysis by qPCR, GM, and LFDs for Aspergillus and by 15% for the sputum culture for Aspergillus, which may mean that fungal isolates may play a role in the exacerbations of these patients.

Analysis of the characteristic patterns and risk factors impacting the severity of intraoperative hypothermia in neonates.

Although maintaining a stable body temperature during the perioperative period is crucial for the recovery of neonates, hypothermia frequently occurs during surgical procedures in this vulnerable population. A comprehensive analysis of intraoperative details, including medical history and monitoring, is therefore essential for understanding temperature variations and identifying risk factors for severe hypothermia. In this study, we delineated the characteristic patterns of intraoperative temperature fluctuations in neonates and determined the risk factors impacting the severity of hypothermia. We conducted a retrospective, single-center study, enrolling 648 subjects who underwent surgery under general anesthesia and collected demographic, perioperative, and intraoperative data. Intraoperative hypothermia occurred in 79.17% of the neonates. Significant risk factors for severe hypothermia included surgery type (OR, 1.183; 95%, CI [1.028-1.358]; p = 0.018), preoperative weight (OR, 0.556; 95% CI [0.412-0.748]; p < 0.01), infusion and transfusion volume (mL/kg) (OR, 1.011; 95% CI [1.001-1.022]; p = 0.018), and duration of hypothermia (OR, 1.011; 95% CI [1.007-1.014]; p < 0.01). Preterm neonates experienced a greater temperature drop than did full-term neonates. The nadir of intraoperative temperature occurred approximately 90 min after surgery, followed by a brief stabilization period and a slow recovery process. The significant incidence of intraoperative hypothermia in neonates highlights the need for efficient strategies that reduce both the frequency and severity of this condition.

Reconstruction of 2‐m Air Temperature From ERA5 Reanalysis at Dome A, Antarctica

ABSTRACTIn this study, we jointly used in situ air temperature from AWS and reanalysis data from ERA5 to make the first‐ever reconstruction of a 42‐year (1978–2020) air temperature time series for Dome A, Antarctica. By analysing the impact of environmental variables, we found that the 10‐m u‐component of wind was the predominant one for air temperature bias between ERA5 and AWS, followed by total cloud cover. Air temperature deviations between ERA5 and AWS during the period of 2005–2020 were successfully reduced by applying a random forest (RF) model, decreasing the bias by 0.52°C, the RMSE by 3.16°C and the MAE by 2.77°C. We next applied the RF model to predict the 2‐m air temperature difference which was added back to correct ERA5 from 1978 to 2004. This yielded an accurate time series of air temperature from 1978 to 2020. Using the innovative trend analysis method to analyse the temperature trend of the corrected data, we found that Dome A has experienced a gradual warming of 0.10°C dec−1 over the 42‐year period. Among the seasonal temperature changes, spring showed a significant warming trend of 0.57°C dec−1, autumn and winter showed no significant warming, while summer showed a slightly cooling trend. Also, over the 42‐year analysis period, a stable oscillation period of ~28 year was observed. This cycle emerged as the dominant pattern, influencing the overall temperature evolution. The method proposed in this research, which combines machine learning with AWS to correct ERA5 air temperature data, holds the potential to address spurious changes of reanalysis data in long‐time series studies, thus improving the reliability of trend analyses.

Early orthodontic treatment need over a 10-year period and evaluation of short-term intervention stability

ObjectiveEarly orthodontic treatment with cost reimbursement within the framework of the German statutory health insurance (GKV) is only possible for a strictly defined malocclusion group as defined by the orthodontic indication groups (KIG). It is not yet clear whether the application of the KIG criteria and corresponding successful early orthodontic interventions result in no or significantly less need for treatment in the late mixed dentition or in the permanent dentition. This study therefore investigated short-term intervention stability from a 10-year-period.Materials and methodsBetween 2009 and 2019, n = 661 patients were diagnosed with indication groups D (increased overjet), M (reversed overjet), B (scissors bite), K (crossbite), or P (lack of space) including orthodontic treatment need. N = 70 patients (35 female, 35 male) met the inclusion criteria of the study and had received early orthodontic treatment with a mean duration of 15.44 ± 2.20 months. Orthodontic indication groups (KIG) were evaluated at the beginning (aged 7.99 ± 1.44 years) and the end of early orthodontic treatment (aged 9.63 ± 1.49 years) and at a voluntary control or the beginning of additional orthodontic treatment (aged 11.85 ± 1.72 years). The evaluation included established procedures for categorization of orthodontic indication groups and their respective classification. Statistics included Chi-square test and Kendall´s tau-b. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05.ResultsThe results showed reversed overjet in 44.3% and crossbites in 41.4% of the patients as most common indication for early orthodontic treatment. At the end of early orthodontic treatment, no orthodontic treatment need was present in 87.1%. At the late mixed dentition, the treatment result of early orthodontic treatment was stable in N = 61 out of N = 70 patients.ConclusionsThe results of our study confirm preventive benefits of early orthodontic treatment, especially in patients with transverse anomalies or reversed overjet.Clinical relevanceA short-term orthodontic intervention with correct indication during primary or early mixed dentition can prevent or reduce further treatment need during late mixed or permanent dentition, and should therefore not be postponed.

Orthostatic Heart Rate Changes and Prognostic Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure.

Heart rate typically increases during postural changes from a supine to a standing position due to autonomic and hemodynamic factors. Changes in heart rate during orthostasis may reflect the extent of autonomic dysfunction in patients with heart failure (HF). Thus, orthostatic heart rate changes may be useful for evaluating autonomic function and may predict prognosis. This study examined the association between orthostatic heart rate changes and prognosis in patients with HF. We included 320 patients with HF in sinus rhythm (median age 70 years, 70.9% men) who were admitted to Kitasato University Hospital for HF treatment and whose heart rate was evaluated in the supine and upright positions during the stable period before discharge. We calculated heart rate changes based on supine and upright heart rate. We examined the association of orthostatic heart rate changes with patient prognosis (i.e., a composite of all-cause mortality or rehospitalization for HF). During the follow-up period (median 3.8 years; interquartile range 0.8-7.0 years), 129 events occurred. Orthostatic heart rate changes were associated with low composite event rates (log-rank P=0.015). After adjusting for potential confounders, increasing orthostatic heart rate changes were associated with decreased composite event rates (adjusted hazard ratio 0.954; 95% confidence interval 0.925-0.985; P=0.004). In patients with HF, poor orthostatic heart rate changes were associated with a worse prognosis.

Analysis of the impact of high temporal resolution tropospheric parameters on GNSS station coordinate and troposphere estimation

Abstract Troposphere modelling accuracy can seriously influence the performance of precise global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning. The temporal interpolation accuracies of troposphere parameters become important with the improvement in troposphere modelling, especially during the periods of severe weather changes. In this study, a one-month experiment was conducted for 10 EUREF Permanent GNSS Network stations to analyse the temporal interpolation errors of numerical weather model derived troposphere parameters and their influences on GNSS station coordinate and troposphere estimation. The root mean square of the differences between the 1- and 6-hourly European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis v5-derived troposphere parameters are 0.72/11.52 mm for the zenith hydrostatic/zenith wet delay (ZWD), while they are 7.09/91.84 mm for the slant hydrostatic/wet delay at a 3 ∘ elevation angle. The corresponding influences on the estimated upper component and ZWD are 1.28 and 0.79 mm, respectively, in the daily static Precise Point Positioning ambiguity resolution solutions. However, the accuracy improvements are insignificant in the daily static solutions, mainly due to the drop of temporal interpolation errors with increasing elevation angles and the influence of other unmodeled systematic errors. In the 4-hourly static solutions, the accuracies of the up component improve 0.51 mm (5.9% in relative) and 0.29 mm (3.5% in relative) during the severe and stable periods, respectively. These impacts cannot be ignored in some GNSS subdaily applications, for example, monitoring non-tidal ocean loading effects, bedrock and monument thermal elastic effects, etc.

Editorial: Novelty vs. Heritage: Navigating the Tapestry of Human Evolution

The 2024 Fall edition of Dialogo marks a decade of bridging disciplines, connecting science and theology, and fostering spirited dialogue on humanity’s most pressing questions. This special anniversary edition centers on the theme “Novelty vs. Heritage: Navigating the Tapestry of Human Evolution.” As humanity evolves, we find ourselves navigating the delicate balance between preserving cultural heritage and embracing revolutionary change. This issue examines the interplay between modernism and traditionalism, exploring whether humans are best defined by adhering to the legacy of the past, venturing boldly into uncharted territories, or blending both approaches. Across epochs, history reveals a cyclical struggle—periods of stability dominated by heritage versus times of disruption fueled by innovation. This edition gathers contributions from scholars across art, literature, science, and theology to unravel the complexities of this enduring dichotomy. The articles traverse historical contexts, contemporary dilemmas, and psychological dimensions, investigating how revolutionary ideas influence cultural identity and collective consciousness. Key themes include the role of technology as a catalyst for societal change, art and literature’s portrayal of this tension, and how spirituality navigates evolving belief systems. Through interdisciplinary exploration, this issue aims to illuminate the signs and trends shaping human evolution, prompting reflections on whether we are currently undergoing a silent transformation. Join us in this intellectual journey as we examine the tapestry of human history and ponder the future trajectories of our species in light of its past. Welcome to Dialogo’s celebration of a decade of dialogue, connection, and discovery.