Stability Of PVC Research Articles

Studies on the thermal stabilization for Polyvinyl chloride by some metal stearates

In this study, preparation of some metal stearates derived from stearic acid with metals ;Iron , Cobalt, Nickel, Copper and Zinc . They were used as thermal stabilizers for Polyvinylchloride. These metal stearates were identified by elemental analysis and infraredspectroscopy.I.R, spectroscopy within the rang 1500-1900 cm-1 was used to study the thermalstability for PVC containing prepared metal stearates , and that depending on thin filmstechnique . The variations in the absorption bands intensity of the groups C = O , C = C ,COO - at 195oC were studied at different times (15 ,30 ,45 , 60 min) from thermal stress.These variations resulted from the rule of the metal stearates in the stabilizing of polymer .U.V-V.S spectroscopy was used to study the thermal degradation of unstabilized PVC andthe reprecipitated PVC from the stabilizers .This study was carried out by the investigation ofthe polymer resulted from the evolving of HCl from the polymer chain at 275nm and 385 nmcorresponding to three and seven conjugated double bonds respectively .The results wereindicated that metal stearates and their synergistic mixtures have the ability to stabilize PVCby decreasing the conjugated double bonds in the polymer .The thermal stability of the unstabilized PVC and PVC containing different metalstearates was investigation by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Many functions werecalculated such as the decomposition temperature , rate of decomposition ,activation energy,char content ,and percentage of HCl evolving from the polymer chain . The results indicatedthat metal stearates was increasing the thermal stability for PVC . TGA was also used toevaluate the synergistic effect for some mixtures of the prepared metal stearates (Zincstearate with stearates of the Nickel ,Cobalt ,Copper , Iron ) , and it was found that thesemixtures have high stabilizing ability for the PVC .

Design and Synthesis of a New Mannitol Stearate Ester-Based Aluminum Alkoxide as a Novel Tri-Functional Additive for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) and Its Synergistic Effect with Zinc Stearate.

Thermal stabilizers, lubricant, and plasticizers are three crucial additives for processing poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). In this study, a new mannitol stearate ester-based aluminum alkoxide (MSE-Al) was designed and synthesized as a novel additive for PVC. The thermal stability and processing performance of PVC stabilized by MSE-Al were evaluated by the Congo red test, conductivity measurement, thermal aging test, ultravioletevisible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy test, and torque rheometer test. Results showed that the addition of MSE-Al could not only markedly improve the long-term thermal stability of PVC, but also greatly accelerate the plasticizing and decrease the balance torque, which demonstrated that MSE-Al possessed a lubricating property. Thus, MSE-Al was demonstrated to be able to provide tri-functional additive roles, e.g., thermal stabilizer, plasticizer, and lubricant. The test results for the thermal stability of PVC indicated that the initial whiteness of PVC stabilized by MSE-Al was not good enough, thus the synergistic effect of MSE-Al with zinc stearates (ZnSt2) on the thermal stability of PVC was also investigated. The results showed that there is an appreciable synergistic effect between MSE-Al and ZnSt2. The thermal stabilization mechanism and synergism effect of MSE-Al with ZnSt2 are then discussed.

امل حسين نعيثل الزيدي تحضير ودراسة بعض اوكتانات العناصر الانتقاليه واختبار كفاءتها في عملية التثبيت الحراري لبولي كلوريد الفاينيل

The study was included the preparation of some metal carboxylates such as Nickel and Zinc octanate ,These complexes were identified by spectroscopy methods and by elemental analysis .They were used as thermal stabilizers for PVC and study the degradation and stabilization mechanisms by used ultraviolet – visible and infrared spectroscopy ,The thermal stability of pure PVC and PVC containg different metal carboxylates was investigation by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) .

Design and synthesis of ethoxylated esters derived from waste frying oil as anti-ultraviolet and efficient primary plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride)

In this work, a series of novel bio-based plasticizers, including ethoxylated esters, methylated esters, and glycidyl esters, originated from waste frying oil (WFO), were prepared, characterized, and used as primary plasticizers for Poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC). The glass transition temperature, mechanical properties, transparency, UV resistance, thermal stability and migration resistance of plasticized PVC were investigated and compared with that of the PVC sample plasticized by the commercial dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP). It is found that all of those properties are significantly depended on the structures of ester groups. In particular, the esters bearing ethyoxyl units show better plasticization than that having methyl or glycidyl groups. In addition, the plasticizing efficiencies of WFO-derived ethoxylated esters are proportional to the number of ethyoxyl units in their structures. Among them, the anti-ultraviolet PVC sample plasticized by WFO-derived polyacid (triethylene glycol monomethyl ether) esters (WFOPA-3, “3” refers to the number of ethylene glycerol units in the feedstock of triethylene glycol monomethyl ether) with maximum ethyoxyl units exhibited the best plasticization, thermal stability, and transparency than the properties of other samples plasticized by WFO-based plasticizers, as well as petro-based DOTP. The results suggest WFOPA-3 is an attractive potential as alternative to DOTP.

PVC - clay nanocomposites: Preparation, mechanical and thermal properties

Poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) nanocomposite have been prepared via solution technique. The nanocomposite structure based on the used modifier type and content was characterized with (XRD), (TEM) and (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results indicate the interaction of PVC into the clay layers giving an exfoliated PVC nanocomposites. FTIR data of the composites did not show any remarkable change in PVC. The influence of the modifier content (i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 wt %) and type on the PVC was tested through physico-mechanical properties and thermal stability. The study demonstrated improved mechanical properties and thermal stability for the PVC/ carboxylated salts (3 wt %) composites compared with those of octadecyl amine (ODA) at the same loading. PVC/clay-ODA composite had worse thermal stability than that of unfilled PVC. Incorporation adipate acid salt (3%) results in a significant improvement of the thermal stability of PVC at 800oC.

Development and Investigation of Lanthanum Sulfadiazine with Calcium Stearate and Epoxidised Soyabean Oil as Complex Thermal Stabilizers for Stabilizing Poly(vinyl chloride).

Lanthanum sulfadiazine (LaSD) was synthesized from sulfadiazine and lanthanum nitrate using water as solvent under alkaline conditions, and was used as a novel rare earth thermal stabilizer to stabilize poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The structure of LaSD was characterized by elemental analysis (EA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermo- gravimetric analysis (TGA). The influence of lanthanum sulfadiazine with calcium stearate (CaSt2) and epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) on stabilizing PVC was studied by using the Congo red test, oven discoloration test, UV-vis spectroscopy and thermal decomposition kinetics. The results showed that the addition of LaSD as a thermal stabilizer can significantly improve the initial whiteness and long-term stability of PVC. In addition, the synergies between LaSD, ESBO, and CaSt2 can provide outstanding improvement in the long-term thermal stability of PVC. When the ratio of LaSD/ESBO/CaSt2 is 1.8/0.6/0.6, its thermal stability time is 2193 s which is the best state for stabilizing PVC. Furthermore, comparing the reaction energy (Ea) and the variations in the conjugate double bond concentration in PVC samples, the order of thermal stability of PVC was PVC/LaSD/ESBO/CaSt2 > PVC/LaSD/ESBO > PVC/LaSD. The thermal stability mechanism of LaSD on PVC was studied by the AgCl precipitation method and FTIR spectrum. The results showed that the action of LaSD on PVC was achieved through replacing unstable chlorine atoms and absorbing hydrogen chloride.

Investigation of lanthanum trioxypurine with zinc stearate and pentaerythritol as complex thermal stabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride)

Lanthanum trioxypurine (LaTr) was triumphantly synthesized by reacting trioxypurine and lanthanum nitrate at neutral condition and was characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The thermal stability effect of LaTr with its assistant thermal stabilizers about zinc stearate (ZnSt2) and pentaerythritol (Pe) on poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was investigated by Congo red test, discoloration test, UV–vis spectroscopy test, and thermal decomposition kinetics. The results showed that the addition of LaTr as thermal stabilizer could significantly enhance static stability time and long‐term stability of PVC. It could be mainly attributed to the anions in the structure of LaTr, could efficiently absorb the hydrogen chloride released by PVC, and have ability to replace unstable chlorine atoms on structure of PVC. Moreover, the mixing of LaTr, Pe, and ZnSt2 could reveal an excellent synergistic effect and both promote the initial color and the long‐term thermal stability of PVC. The thermal stability of PVC reached the optimal state when the ratio of LaTr/Pe/ZnSt2 was 1.8/0.6/0.6. In addition, compared with the reaction energy Ea and UV–vis spectroscopy test's result of PVC samples, the order of PVC's thermal stability was PVC/LaTr/Pe/ZnSt2 > PVC/LaTr/Pe > PVC/LaTr. The result was further ascertained that LaTr/Pe/ZnSt2 showed excellent synergistic effect and could be used as an excellent complex thermal stabilizer for PVC. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 25:347–358, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers

PVC소재를 사용한 사출성형 금형용 Hot runner 유로설계 연구

The thermal stability of PVC was analyzed using TGA and GC/MS device as the first step in the development of a hot runner mold for injection molding using PVC material. Flow analysis was then performed to investigate and improve the flow stagnation region. Finally, the hot runner was redesigned. The TGA test confirmed that pyrolysis occurred within the processing temperature. To investigate the flow stagnation phenomenon, flow analysis was performed. To minimize this process, we proposed a method to convert the isovelocity surface results from the flow analysis results into CAD format prior to redesign. Flow analysis for the hot runner was obtained using the proposed method. As a result, the portion of the fluid retention with the flow velocity staying in the hot runner for one cycle could reduce the gap from the wall by 33%.

Investigation of structural analysis and thermostatic properties of thermal and UV stabilizer as organometallic Sn(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II) barbiturate complexes

In this study, five new organometallic barbiturate complexes which are described in Cu(C4H3N2O3)2·2H2O (1), Cd(C4H3N2O3)2·4H2O (2), Sn(C4H3N2O3)4·4H2O (3), Sn(C4H3N2O3)2·Ni(B4O7)·4H2O (4), Sn(C4H3N2O3)2·Cu(B4O7)·3H2O (5) have been synthesized. Their contribution to the thermal and UV stabilization of PVC was investigated by thermostatic analysis via according to ISO 182-2 standard. Additionally, the structural properties of the synthesized complexes were investigated by elemental analysis, powder XRD and vibrational (FT-IR and Raman) spectroscopic techniques. Furthermore, complex 1 has been investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The results are shown that synthesized complexes act as HCl scavengers during the PVC decomposition. The thermal decay of PVC dough, which is including in new generation plastic additives, are following: 1 > 3>5 > 2>4.

Study of Ashes from Pachystroma longifolium Leaf as Stabilizer For PVC Exposed to γ‐Irradiation

We describe the use of Pachystroma longifolium (Nees) I. M. Johnst, commonly called canxim, as a radiolytic stabilizer of PVC exposed to γ‐irradiation. Results obtained by viscosity analysis shows that ashes from canxim leaves at the concentration of 0.7 wt% provided macromolecular radioprotective action of 88.2% to the PVC. FT‐IR spectra analysis reveals the existence of specific intermolecular interactions between PVC and canxim ashes. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis shows that canxim can also be a potential thermal stabilizer for PVC matrix. Hence, we suggest that canxim have interesting applications in radiolytic and thermal stabilization of PVC.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of a Bio-Based Plasticizer for PVC: Epoxidized Acetylation Cardanol

A bio-based plasticizer, epoxidized acetylation cardanol, was synthesized from cardanol, which experienced acetylation reaction and epoxidation reaction. Chemical structure of epoxidized acetylation cardanol was characterized by FT-IR and 1H NMR. Plasticized PVC films (PVC-P) were prepared by casting method with 40%wt of epoxidized acetylation cardanol as a plasticizer. Thermal stability and plasticizing effect of PVC and PVC-P were investigated. The results presented that epoxidized acetylation cardanol enhanced the thermal stability of PVC-P and decreased glass transition temperature (Tg) from 81.9°C to 1.6°C. The tensile strength decreased from 26.60 MPa to 8.06 MPa, the elongation at break increased from 167.21 % to 905.44%. All of the results indicated that epoxidized acetylation cardanol could be used as the main plasticizer for preparing flexible PVC materials.

Synthesis and Study of Zinc Orotate and Its Synergistic Effect with Commercial Stabilizers for Stabilizing Poly(Vinyl Chloride).

Zinc orotate (ZnOr2), which is a new kind of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) stabilizer, is prepared in this work through the precipitation method, and its impact on the thermal stability of PVC is measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Congo red test, and discoloration test. The results exhibit that the thermal stability of PVC is positively enhanced after the addition of ZnOr2. In contrast with a commercial thermal stabilizer, zinc stearate (ZnSt2), a noteworthy improvement was observed that ZnOr2 could postpone the “zinc burning” of PVC. This is principally ascribed to the Or anion in the structure of ZnOr2 being able to absorb the HCl released by PVC, and to supersede unstable chlorine atoms in the structure of PVC. In addition, blending ZnOr2 with calcium stearate (CaSt2) in diverse mass ratios can significantly accelerate the thermal stability of PVC. Optimum performance was achieved with a CaSt2:ZnOr2 ratio of 1.8:1.2. Moreover, an outstanding synergistic effect can be observed when CaSt2/ZnOr2 is coupled with other commercial auxiliary stabilizers. The initial color and long-term stability of PVC including CaSt2/ZnOr2 is significantly increased when pentaerythritol (PER) is added, while dibenzoylmethane (DBM) can only improve its long-term thermal stability.

Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Poly Vinyl Chloride Nanocomposites and its Properties

The SWNTs was purified/functionalized by acid treatment method and the F-SWNTs were used as reinforcing materials. The acid treatment introduced carboxyl (–COOH) group to the SWNTs. The PVC and F-SWNTs/PVC films were prepared by solution casting method. The fractured surfaces of sample was analyzed through SEM and showed the dispersion of F-SWNTs in PVC. The thermal study indicated that the thermal stability of PVC is enhanced with F-SWNTs incorporation. The mechanical properties were also increased with CNTs filling. The solvent uptake study suggested that the nanocomposites resist towards solvent uptake, which is due to the hydrophobic nature of CNTs and their irregular network formation within the polymer matrix. Keywords: Polyvinyl chloride, single walled carbon nanotubes, morphology, nanocomposite

4,4’- Isopropylidenediphenol – inhalable fraction. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)

4,4’- Isopropylidenediphenol – inhalable fraction. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)

Effect of lignin esters on improving the thermal properties of poly(vinyl chloride)

ABSTRACTTo improve the thermal stability of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and the utilization of lignin (L), different L esters were added to PVC to produce the plates with enhanced thermal stabilities. The properties and structures of the L ester–PVC plates and the properties of the L esters and their mixtures with PVC were analyzed by universal mechanical testing, static thermal stability testing, thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that L improved the thermal stability of PVC, but the mechanical properties were substantially deteriorated. Proper esterification of L improved the thermal stabilities and mechanical properties of the plates. Noncyclic anhydride acetylated L–PVC plates possessed good static and dynamic thermal stabilities and mechanical properties. The PVC plates incorporated with the L esters with a degree of esterification of around 40% exhibited the best combination properties. Maleated L–PVC plates had good dynamic thermal stability and mechanical properties but poor static thermal stability. The opposite properties were found for succinylated L–PVC plates. The differences in the properties of different L ester–PVC plates were attributed to the different abilities of L esters to capture free radicals, the crosslinking reaction between L esters and PVC, and their compatibility. Different properties of the L esters indicated their different applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47176.

Study comparative of stability performance between PVC fishing boat and wooden traditional fishing boat

The use of PVC materials as an alternative material for fishing boat is being developed in Pekalongan, Central Java, Indonesia. Therefore, further analysis is needed to assist this development. In this paper, the analysis of ship stability of PVC fishing boat is investigated and be compared with wooden traditional fishing boat. The results of this analysis indicate that the PVC fishing boat has better stability which the PVC boat has GM values greater than traditional fishing boat. The GM values of traditional fishing boat is 3.988 m on normal load conditions, while the PVC fishing boat has a GM value of 5.828 m.

Antimicrobial itaconimido aromatic hydrazide derivatives for inhibition of the thermal degradation of rigid PVC

A series of novel itaconimido aromatic hydrazide derivatives has been synthesized by a low-temperature solution condensation reaction of N-[4-(chlorocarbonyl)phenyl]itaconimide with an equimolar amount of benzhydrazide, salicylhydrazide, p-aminobenzhydrazide or p-aminosalicylhydrazide. The structure of the synthesized derivatives was elucidated on the basis of elemental analyses, FTIR, 1H-NMR, and mass spectroscopy. All the hydrazide derivatives were screened for antibacterial activity against Bacillis subtilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae as Gram-positive bacteria and against Escherichia coli as Gram-negative bacteria and for antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus, Geotricum candidum and Syncephalastrum racemosum fungi by agar well diffusion method. They showed good antimicrobial activity as judged by their high inhibition zone diameter and low minimum inhibition concentration. They are more potent against Gram-positive bacteria than against Gram-negative bacteria. Some of the hydrazide derivatives displayed comparable or even better antibacterial and antifungal activities than the reference bactericides or fungicides. The hydrazide derivatives are characterized by high thermal stability and could be cyclodehydrated into the corresponding 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives in the temperature region of 240–285 °C by losing water from the hydrazide groups as illustrated by thermogravimetric analyses (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in nitrogen. This is not a true degradation, but rather a thermochemical transformation reaction of the hydrazide derivatives into their corresponding 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives. The hydrazide derivatives were investigated as thermal stabilizers for rigid PVC using thermogravimetric analysis technique, in nitrogen. They exhibited a higher stabilizing efficiency relative to dibasic lead carbonate (DBLC), cadmium–barium–zinc (Cd–Ba–Zn) stearate complex and di-n-octyltin bis (isooctylmercaptoacetate) (n-octyltin mercaptide, n-OTM) industrially thermal stabilizers as shown by their higher initial decomposition temperature and higher residual weight percent at particular temperatures. Their stabilizing efficiency is also illustrated by lower rates both of discoloration as well as degree of chain scission of the polymer during degradation. The stabilizing efficiency increased with the introduction of electron-donating substituent groups into these derivatives.

The synergistic effect of zinc urate with calcium stearate and commercial assistant stabilizers for stabilizing poly(vinyl chloride)

Zinc urate (Zn3Ur2) is synthesized by the reaction of uric acid and zinc acetate, and the structure of the complex is confirmed by Elemental analysis (EA), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The thermal stability effect of Zn3Ur2 with its assistant thermal stabilizers about calcium stearate, β-diketones and polyols on Poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) is investigated by TG, Congo red test and Discoloration test. The results show that the thermal stability of PVC is increased significantly after Zn3Ur2 is added. Compared with traditional commercial thermal stabilizer such as ZnSt2, Zn3Ur2 can observably delay the “Zinc burning” of PVC and the complete discoloration time is improved to 150 min. This is mainly attributed to the anions in the structure of Zn3Ur2, which could efficiently absorb the HCl released by PVC and have ability to replace unstable chlorine atoms on structure of PVC. Moreover, the mixing of Zn3Ur2 and calcium stearate (CaSt2) can signally promote the long-term thermal stability of PVC. The thermal stability of PVC reaches the optimal state when the ratio of CaSt2/Zn3Ur2 is 1.8/1.2 and its total black time arrives at 210 min. In addition, an excellent synergistic effect can be observed when CaSt2/Zn3Ur2 is combined with other commercial assistant stabilizers. The initial color and long-term stability of PVC containing CaSt2/Zn3Ur2 is markedly improved when Dibenzoylmethane (DBM) is added while Pentaerythritol (PER) can only increase its long-term stability.

Synthesis of a novel environmental friendly plasticizer based on tung oil fatty acid for poly (vinyl chloride) blends

Abstract A novel environmental friendly plasticizer (TPE) derived from tung oil fatty acid with long fatty acid chain and high degree of branching was synthesized. Chemical structure of the obtained TPE was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and 1H NMR. TPE was used to prepare plasticized PVC blends as main plasticizer. Thermal stability, mechanical properties and migration resistance of poly (vinyl chloride) plasticized with TPE were investigated. The results showed that torque data of plasticized PVC blends reached 12.4 N·m when the mass of the TPE was 50 wt.%. TPE improved the thermal stability of PVC blends obviously than dioctyl phthalate (DOP). The leaching tests showed that PVC plasticized with TPE were with higher migration resistance than that of DOP. The excellent thermal stability and high migration resistance of PVC blends showed high application value for TPE.

Stability, mechanism and unique “zinc burning” inhibition synergistic effect of zinc dehydroacetate as thermal stabilizer for poly(vinyl chloride)

A novel kind of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) thermal stabilizer, zinc dehydroacetate (ZnL2), was designed and synthesized using zinc acetate and dehydroacetic acid (DA) as raw materials, which had a unique "zinc burning" inhibition synergistic effect with calcium stearate (CaSt2) that was 8 times greater than that of the CaSt2/ZnSt2 combination reference stabilizer. The structure and stability of ZnL2 were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. The stability distinction of ZnL2 and ZnSt2, and the stable effect of the two systems after being combined with CaSt2, were investigated by the Congo red test, solution acidity test, and discoloration test. The results showed that in the Congo red test the stability time of ZnL2 was 8.9 min, which was 1.3 times that of ZnSt2, and the stability time of ZnL2/CaSt2 was 13 min, which was 1.4 times that of a traditional Ca/Zn stabilizer. Furthermore, the stability time of ZnL2 was 36 min in the solution acidity test, which was 2 times higher than that of ZnSt2, and the stability time was increased to 196 min after combining it with CaSt2, which was 8 times greater than that of the Ca/Zn stabilizer. Moreover, the dehydrochlorination rate of PVC stabilized with ZnL2 was slower than with other stabilizers. The system with ZnL2/CaSt2 could effectively delay “zinc burning” because of the excellent synergistic effect in the thermal aging test, with a stability time as long as 140 min. At the same time, the mechanism of PVC stabilization by ZnL2 was studied in two simple experiments, and the stabilization mechanism of ZnL2 in PVC degradation was speculated on.