Stability Of Preferences Research Articles

Aptamers against Pathogenic Bacteria: Selection Strategies and Apta-assay/Aptasensor Application for Food Safety.

Pathogenic bacteria are primarily kinds of detrimental agents that cause mankind illness via contaminated food with traits of multiple types, universality, and low content. In view of the detection demands for rapidity, aptamer recognition factors emerged as a substitution for antibodies, which are short single strands of nucleic acid selected via in vitro. They display certain superiorities over antibodies, such as preferable stability, liable modification, and cost-efficiency. Taking advantage of the situation, numerous aptamers against pathogenic bacteria have been successfully selected and applied, yet there are still restrictions on commercial availability. In this review, the strategies/approaches to key sections in pathogen aptamers SELEX and post-SELEX are summarized and sorted out. Recently, optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric aptamer-based assays or sensors dedicated to pathogen detection have been critically reviewed. Ultimately, the existing challenges and future trends in this field are proposed to further promote development prospects.

Encapsulation of Nitrilase in Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-90 to Improve Its Stability and Reusability.

In this study, nitrilase (Nit) was immobilized in zeolite imidazole framework-90 (ZIF-90) by one-pot biomimetic mineralization strategy. The structure, morphology and functional groups of ZIF-90 and immobilized enzyme Nit@ZIF-90 were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Circular dichroism (CD) proved that the immobilized method of encapsulation in ZIF-90 could effectively maintain the intrinsic conformation of Nit. Meanwhile, the stability and reusability of Nit@ZIF-90 were systematically evaluated. Compared with the free enzyme, the thermal, pH and organic solvents stability of Nit@ZIF-90 were significantly increased. Further, Nit@ZIF-90 exhibited better reusability during the hydrolysis of acrylonitrile and retained 48.34% of the initial activity after 10 cycles. Besides, the Ni@ZIF-90 had preferable storage stability, which showed a high degree of residual activity (more than 64 %) after storage at 4 °C for 7 d. The improved stability and reusability of the Nit@ZIF-90 implied that it could be used as a potential effective biocatalyst for hydrolysis of nitrile compounds in industrial application.

Focusing on the Subsequent Coulombic Efficiencies of SiOx: Initial High-Temperature Charge after Over-Capacity Prelithiation for High-Efficiency SiOx-Based Full-Cell Battery.

SiOx-based anode materials are considered to be promising and have been gradually commercialized due to their high specific capacity as well as the acceptable volume change during lithiation/delithiation and preferable cycling stability compared to that of Si. Nevertheless, their inherently low Coulombic efficiency hinders the large-scale application. Up to now, researchers have paid much attention to the initial Coulombic efficiency and developed a series of effective prelithiation strategies. However, the subsequent cycles (focusing on the 2nd to 10th), during which the SiOx anode suffers great lithium consumption as well, have received scarcely any concerns. In this work, a strategy of high-temperature (50 °C) initial charge after an overcapacity prelithiation for a SiOx-based full-cell battery is proposed. As high temperature can promote the reaction between lithium and the SiO2 matrix of SiOx, SiO2 will experience a one-step thorough reduction rather than gradual conversion in subsequent cycles, improving the subsequent Coulombic efficiencies (SCEs) accordingly. Overcapacity prelithiation can be achieved safely at 50 °C without Li metal depositon, just enough to meet the more initial lithium demand of anode at 50 °C. Furthermore, the initial deeper reduction of SiO2 will release extra Si, improving the reversible capacity consequently. With the 50 °C initial charge after an overcapacity prelithiation, the full-cell battery exhibits considerable capacity retention as expected. This work raises concerns on SCEs of SiOx-based anode innovatively, providing a feasible avenue for improving the capacity retention of a SiOx-based full-cell battery.

A Food for All Seasons: Stability of Food Preferences in Gorillas across Testing Methods and Seasons.

Simple SummaryWe assessed food preferences in three adult male zoo-housed gorillas over a period of 20 months. We used paired-choice tasks on a computer touchscreen and we also presented food pairings by hand using PVC tubes and compared the stability of preferences across methods and seasons. In addition, we assessed whether preferences were stable across offerings within a session. To further validate the use of images on touchscreens to assess food preferences, we showed that these gorillas chose images of highly preferred food items when these images were paired with images of their less preferred foods. These tests can help us understand the stability of animals’ preferences and whether preferences are dependent on the larger test context.Decisions about which foods to use during training and enrichment for captive animals may be based on invalid assumptions about individuals’ preferences. It is important to assess the stability of food preferences given that one-time preferences are often used to inform which items are offered over a longer period of time. Presenting preference assessments using images of food items allows control over factors such as size, scent, and inadvertent cueing but requires validation. We presented three male gorillas with choices between randomly selected pairs of actual food items from their morning meal using PVC feeders. We also presented the gorillas with two-alternative forced-choice tests between images of these foods on a touchscreen computer. Ranked preferences were correlated across method and seasons. Furthermore, gorillas selected images of preferred over less preferred foods in a validation task on the touchscreen. However, selections of some food items changed within sessions, suggesting that preference may be relative to other contextual factors. Researchers should assess how choices affect subsequent preferences to understand whether animals demonstrate absolute preferences for particular food items, or prefer variety.

One-step carbonization synthesis of in-situ nitrogen-doped carbon tubes using fibrous brucite as the template for supercapacitors

In-situ nitrogen-doped hollow tubular porous carbon (N-PC) was synthesized by using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a source of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) and fibrous brucite as a template via one-step high-temperature carbonization for the first time. The influences of carbonization temperature and the amount of PVP used on the electrochemical performances of N–PCs have been studied. Electrochemical characterizations exhibit that the N-PC700-0.5 has the high specific capacitance (236.6 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g), excellent rate capacity (77.8% at the current density of 10 A/g from 0.5 A/g), and preferable cyclic stability (93.40% capacitance retention rate after 1000 GCD cycles at 5 A/g). Hence, N-PC700-0.5 could be used as an excellent candidate for supercapacitors (SCs). Besides, the N–PCs possess a hollow tubular structure similar to carbon nanotubes (CNTs). This work provides possibilities for preparing nitrogen-doped CNT in a facile and low-cost strategy.

Stability of Risk Preferences During COVID-19: Evidence From Four Measurements.

This article studies the stability of risk-preference during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results differ between risk-preference measurements and also men and women. We use March 13, 2020, when President Trump declared a national state of emergency as a time anchor to define the pre-pandemic and on-pandemic periods. The pre-pandemic experiment was conducted on February 21, 2020. There are three on-pandemic rounds conducted 10 days, 15 days, and 20 days after the COVID-19 emergency declaration. We include four different risk-preference measures. Men are more sensitive to the pandemic and become more risk-averse based on the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Women become more risk-averse in the Social and Experience Seeking domains based on the results from the Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (DOSPERT) and Sensation Seeking Scales (SSS). Both men's and women's risk-preference are stable during COVID-19 based on a Gamble Choice (GC) task. The results match our hypotheses which are based on the discussion about whether the psychological construct of risk-preference is general or domain-specific. The differential outcomes between incentivized behavioral and self-reported propensity measures of risk-preference in our experiment show the caveats for studies using a single measure to test risk-preference changes during COVID-19.

Carbon nitride coupled with Ti3C2-Mxene derived amorphous Ti-peroxo heterojunction for photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B and tetracycline

Exploring the solar-driven photocatalyst for antibiotic and dye degradation has been confronted with a great challenge. In this study, a novel and original photocatalyst derived from the g-C3N4/amorphous Ti-peroxo complexes (CATC) heterojunction was successfully synthesized towards Rhodamine B (RhB) and tetracycline (TC) degradation under visible light irradiation (λ>420 nm). Based on the special photocatalytic activity, Ti3C2-Mxene acted as the starting precursor of amorphous Ti-peroxo complexes via one-step H2O2 oxidation route. Multiple characterization techniques were applied to explore the crystal structure, element composition, and photoelectrochemical property of photocatalyst. As expected, the modified photocatalyst possessed a favorable photocatalytic performance towards the preferable reaction rate for RhB (0.0483 min−1) and TC (0.0208 min−1) degradations, which were 16.65 times and 69.3 times higher than that of pure g-C3N4 (CN) material, profiting from the generated direct Z-scheme heterojunction with favorable redox capacity. Here, h+,∙O2- and ∙OH were verified as typical active radicals for RhB and TC degradation through free radical quenching experiments and electron spin resonance characterization. Degradation intermediate products were also confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS). The effects of initial pH and ionic strength on RhB and TC photocatalytic degradation performances were discussed. In addition, a preferable reusability and stability performance ensured the modification photocatalyst had a great application potential in wastewater treatment. This study provided a unique avenue through one-step method for the construction of g-C3N4 and Mxene based photocatalyst towards the degradation of antibiotics and dyes from wastewater.

Thermal storage stability and rheological properties of multi-component styrene-butadiene-styrene composite modified bitumen

It has been reported that a novel multi-component styrene-butadienestyrene composite (SBSC) modifier composed of the SBS as the main content and additional components including ethyl-vinyl-acetate (EVA), maleic anhydride grafted with ethyl-vinyl-acetate (MAH-g-EVA), naphthenic oil, and antioxidant can be produced by melt blending. This SBSC modifier can be directly mixed with bitumen and aggregate to prepare bitumen mixture, thus thoroughly addressing inferior thermal storage stability of SBS-modified bitumen. However, it is necessary to explore the efficient utilization of the SBSC modifier due to its inadequate engineering application and poor dispersion when the SBSC modifier was added directly to the bitumen mixture. The objective of this research was to investigate the feasibility of using the SBSC modifier to obtain modified bitumen with acceptable thermal storage stability and other enhanced properties. Modified bitumens (SBSC-modified bitumens with 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 % SBSC modifier content, SBS-modified bitumen with 4.5 % SBS modifier content as the control sample) were prepared. The thermal storage stability of modified bitumen was investigated by the segregation test. Besides, the basic physical properties of modified bitumen were tested, including penetration, softening point, and ductility. The rheological properties were evaluated by temperature sweep test, multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) test, rotational viscosity (RV) test and bending beam rheometer (BBR) test, respectively. Meanwhile, fluorescence microscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer were also applied to characterize the microproperties of the modified bitumen. Results show that the difference in softening point of SBSC-modified bitumens with modifier contents ranging from 3 % to 7 % is less than 2.5 °C after 72 h of high temperature storage at 163 °C. The softening point and ductility of SBSC-modified bitumen increase considerably with the addition of the SBSC modifier but the decrements of penetration are not significant. Besides, with the increasing addition of the SBSC modifier, complex modulus, average percent recovery, and viscosity of modified bitumen all improve. Meanwhile, phase angle, non-recoverable creep compliance of modified bitumen decrease. The flexural creep stiffness also decreases with the increasing content of the SBS modifier. When the SBS content is the same, the SBSC-modified bitumen gets better thermal storage stability, high and low temperature properties than the SBS-modified bitumen. The microproperties show that the SBSC modifier can be uniformly dispersed in base bitumen and physically mixed with the base bitumen. The SBSC-modified bitumen obtains preferable thermal storage stability. The high and low temperature properties of the bitumen are also enhanced by the addition of the SBSC modifier. Meanwhile, the melt blending method does not restrict the role of the additional components in the SBSC modifier to improve the performance of bitumen. Based on the above findings, it can be considered that the use of SBSC modifier to prepare modified bitumen with enhanced performance is a promising practice. This research may shed light on the application of SBSC modifier to bitumen pavements.

Consumer Preference and Storage Stability Assessment of Drum Dried-Maltodextrin Added Kunun-gyada Powder

Kunun gyada is cereal-based Nigerian porridge produce from cereal flour in combination with groundnut milk. There is the growing popularity of local beverage drinks such as the kunun-gyada, kunun-Zaki, kunun-tsamiya in Nigeria, and thus, this posses great research challenges that require processing improvement from the traditional method of preparation, value addition, and extension of storage life of the products. Research has shown that the product can easily go bad when stored unrefrigerated and even when refrigerated, the product can only be kept for a maximum of four days (Gaffa et al., 2002). Sensory evaluation indicated that the kunun gyada powder was slightly oily to touch. The product was rated low for overall acceptability base on sensory evaluation by consumers under a 5-point hedonic scale. The powder was observed to be oily which might have hurt the panelist overall assessment of the product. Due to this, the kunun gyada powder was modified to contain 5 % maltodextrin and was investigated for consumer acceptability and storage stability. The product was stable during storage, the colour of the maltodextrin-added product was significantly lighter (L* was 76.31%). The viscosity of the product also increased from 15.75 to 17.12 mPa.s. The addition of maltodextrin improved the product's overall acceptability significantly from 2.72 to 3.89 based on a five-point Hedonic scale.

The stability and evolution of risk attitudes and time preferences after a disaster

We examine the evolution of risk attitudes and time preferences after the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake, one of the largest recent earthquakes in Indonesia. Employing the earthquake as a natural experiment and using information on the pre-earthquake location of individuals, we compare the evolution of the behavioral parameters of respondents in earthquake affected communities with those in neighboring communities which were not affected. We find strong gender-specific effects one year after the earthquakes which completely disappear within 8 years in our panel. The analysis points to the importance of recovery efforts in mitigating the duration of the earthquake's effects. Our results suggest that insofar as behavioral parameters evolve over time, the responses of disaster-affected households to policies may similarly evolve. Consequently, the effectiveness of post-disaster interventions may need to be evaluated periodically.

Synthesis of a novel cationic hydrophobic shale inhibitor with preferable wellbore stability

To solve the problems of wellbore instability and collapse caused by clay hydration during the horizontal drilling process of shale gas, a novel cationic hydrophobic shale inhibitor ADD was synthesized by emulsion polymerization using acrylamide (AM), dioctyl maleate (DOM), dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC), and KH570-SiO2. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the functional groups and thermostability of synthesized material. The inhibition performance of shale inhibitor ADD was evaluated by the rolling recovery rate, linear expansion rate, and core immersion test. After being treated with 1% ADD for 16 h, the linear expansion rate of the core sample was 18%, the debris rolling recovery rate was 96.3%. The inhibition performance was better than that of polyamine inhibitor YZ and KCl. The Zeta potentials and contact angles measurement of core samples before and after treatment were measured, it was found that the Zeta potentials of core samples decreased significantly with the increasing concentrations of ADD. The possible explanation could be that ADD molecules with the positive charge can neutralize with the negative charge on the clay surface, reducing the repulsion force of the double electric layer of the clay. And the ADD molecules can form a hydrophobic adsorption layer with high roughness and low surface energy on the rock surface, which can reverse the wettability of shale from liquid-wetting to strong hydrophobicity, then preventing the intrusion of drilling fluid and formation water, achieving the inhibition of the hydration and expansion of shale.

ВЛИЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ЭТНОТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНЫХ ФАКТОРОВ НА ЭЛЕКТОРАЛЬНЫЕ ПРАКТИКИ В СТРАНАХ БАЛТИИ

The article reveals the problems of the influence of ethno-territorial factors on electoral behavior in the Baltic states. Particular attention is paid to the issues of settlement, the formation of local ethnicities and the related effects of ethnic voting, changes, and sustainability of electoral preferences. The article analyzes a vast array of statistical data on the ethnic structure of individual administrative units of the Baltic states, on the results of elections and the development of ethno-political processes in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. Based on formalized criteria, an initial working typology of ethnicities is proposed with their division into perfect, imperfect and areas of relative ethnic parity. Considerable attention is paid to revealing the assumption about the uneven manifestation of ethnic voting, even in ethnic groups close in their ethno-demographic characteristics. As the analysis deepens and checks the initial provisions on the longevity of ethnicities, the stability and volatility of electoral preferences, the correlation between ethnic settlement and ethnic voting, the authors come to clarify the working typology by ranking the Baltic ethnicities according to the influence of ethno-territorial factors on electoral processes. Based on the study of individual practices of political subjects in the development of ethnic localities, an attempt was made to schematize the foundations of the ethno-territorial differentiation of the Baltic states. In conclusion, the essence of the uneven influence of ethno-territorial factors is revealed, a refined typology of ethnicities in the Baltic states is proposed, considering several indicators.

On the Stability of Risk Preferences: Measurement Matters

On the Stability of Risk Preferences: Measurement Matters

Synergetic effect of adsorption-photocatalysis by [formula omitted]nanocomposites for photodegradation of doxorubicin

The photodegradation of DOX is investigated by adsorption-photocatalysis synergy. Graphene oxide - cerium oxide (GO−CeO2) nanocomposites have been synthesized and their structural, optical, and morphological properties are investigated. The synthesized GO−CeO2nanocomposites are highly crystalline and exhibit lower optical bandgap energy of 3.2 eV, a narrow particle size distribution of 7–11 nm. The UV–Vis spectroscopy data suggests that 97% of DOX is removed within 360 min by the adsorption-photocatalysis synergy. The pH of the DOX solution widely affected the removal process; neutral and alkaline conditions of pH supported the degradation process. GO−CeO2 nanocomposites exhibited preferable performance stability and retained the removal efficiency even after the fifth cycle of removal. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the GO−CeO2is attributed to the lower bandgap energy and interfacial charge transfer at the heterojunction of GO matrix and anchored CeO2nanoparticles. Furthermore, the degradation of DOX in presence of co-existing ions and organic dyes was also studied. The influence of coexisting ions showed higher order of removal efficiency for monovalent ions as compare to divalent ions. Similarly, within the presence of cationic dye, the removal process of DOX was found prominent. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis confirmed 99.8% removal efficiency in 420 min which indicates complete eradication of DOX without any secondary pollution. Hence, the GO−CeO2a photocatalytic adsorbent with higher stability and recyclability would provide a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach for the mitigation of DOX without any secondary toxic metabolites.

Flexible conductive gasket based on Eucommia ulmoides gum and carbon fillers

Eucommia ulmoides gum (EUG) is an eco-friendly and biodegradable novel polymer having the characteristics of both rubber and plastic, which shows excellent potential for conductive gasket material. A flexible, lightweight, and biodegradable EUG-based/carbon fillers composite was prepared via the hot pressing. The obtained composite demonstrates the advantageous properties, including preferable mechanical performance, thermal stability, thermal and electrical conductivity. Notably, the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposite exhibits preferable stability under several physical and chemical damages. Moreover, the EP/r3.8-C19.2 film delivers the average electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 21.2 dB, which is further enhanced by increasing the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) content and film thickness. Considering the increased abuse of non-degradable polymers, this green, degradable, facile, and low-cost strategy opens an alternative route for conductive gaskets, facilitating the practical application of EUG.

Enthalpic interaction promotes the stability of high elastic Cu-Ni-Sn alloys

Enthalpic interaction between the elements determines the stability of the local structures in the alloy system. Multicomponent synergistic effect is expected to improve the thermal stability and the relevant properties by regulating the enthalpic interaction. In this work, the composition of Cu-Ni-Sn alloys is explained by introducing the cluster-plus-glue-atom mode, and the strong and weak enthalpic interaction elements Si and Zn, respectively, are chosen for multi-componentization of Cu-Ni-Sn alloys. The results demonstrate that the synergistic effect of Zn and Si improves the stability of both the Cu matrix and D022 or L12-γ′ phase, inhibits the discontinuous precipitation effectively and gains a notable higher strength-over-resistivity ratio (HR / ρR) than the Cu-15Ni-8Sn (wt. %) (C72900) alloy. After adding Si and Zn, the reinforcing enthalpic interaction between the elements is the crucial factor for the stability enhancement of the alloys, and it is embodied by two aspects: (a) the reducing elastic strain energy in the solution treated alloys; (b) the more homogeneous surface potential and the higher work function in the age treated alloys. Additionally, Compared with the Cu80Ni15Sn5 alloy that based on the ideal cluster formula, the Cu79.68Ni15.63Sn4.69 alloy, based on the modified cluster formula: {[Cu-CuxNi12-x]Cu3}a{[Sn-NiyCu12-y]Sn3}16-a, possesses a preferable thermal stability whatever solution treated or age treated state, and exhibits a decreasing amount of discontinuous precipitation although has a slightly lower HR / ρR, which is beneficial to the improvement of the workability of the alloys. The modified cluster formula is more suitable for the compositional design of Cu-Ni-Sn alloys. The work provides an effective theoretical and experimental basis for the composition design of high stability Cu-Ni-Sn alloys.

PET imaging of brain aromatase in humans and rhesus monkeys by 11C-labeled cetrozole analogs

Aromatase is an estrogen synthetic enzyme that plays important roles in brain functions. To quantify aromatase expression in the brain by positron emission tomography (PET), we had previously developed [11C]cetrozole, which showed high specificity and affinity. To develop more efficient PET tracer(s) for aromatase imaging, we synthesized three analogs of cetrozole. We synthesized meta-cetrozole, nitro-cetrozole, and iso-cetrozole, and prepared the corresponding 11C-labeled tracers. The inhibitory activities of these three analogs toward aromatase were evaluated using marmoset placenta, and PET imaging of brain aromatase was performed using the 11C-labeled tracers in monkeys. The most promising analog in the monkey study, iso-cetrozole, was evaluated in the human PET study. The highest to lowest inhibitory activity of the analogs toward aromatase in the microsomal fraction from marmoset placenta was in the following order: iso-cetrozole, nitro-cetrozole, cetrozole, and meta-cetrozole. This order showed good agreement with the order of the binding potential (BP) of each 11C-labeled analog to aromatase in the rhesus monkey brain. A human PET study using [11C]iso-analog showed a similar distribution pattern of binding as that of [11C]cetrozole. The time–activity curves showed that elimination of [11C]iso-cetrozole from brain tissue was faster than that of 11C-cetrozole, indicating more rapid metabolism of [11C]iso-cetrozole. [11C]Cetrozole has preferable metabolic stability for brain aromatase imaging in humans, although [11C]iso-cetrozole might also be useful to measure aromatase level in living human brain because of its high binding potential.

On the stability of risk preferences: Measurement matters

We exploit the unique design of a repeated survey experiment among students in four countries to explore the stability of risk preferences in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Relative to a baseline before the pandemic, we find that self-assessed willingness to take risks decreased while the willingness to take risks in an incentivized lottery task increased, for the same sample of respondents. These findings suggest domain specificity of preferences that is partly reflected in the different measures.

Ultrathin rigid UTSA-280/PEI-HPAN hybrid membranes with enhanced organic dye nanofiltration performance

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown widespread applications in many aspects owing to their unique structures. In this study, a thin and homogenous UTSA-280/PEI-HPAN nanofiltration membrane was fabricated by combining interfacial reaction and in-situ self-assembly reaction, which showed rejections of 83.79%, 86.17%, 99.42% and 98.93% for MO, AF, MB and CR solutions together with permeances up to 262.54, 197.51, 145.97 and 170.63 L·m−2·h−1·MPa−1, respectively. In addition, the UTSA-280/PEI-HPAN membranes demonstrated a preferable stability in 48 h continuous test, a good anti-fouling property in both HA and BSA fouling test and an outstanding reusability, and they also showed high permeances and rejections even after four cycles. The results indicate that the stable UTSA-280/PEI-HPAN hybrid membrane with high separation performances can be a promising material for wastewater treatment.

Intrahousehold Resource Allocation and Individual Poverty: Assessing Collective Model Predictions using Direct Evidence on Sharing

AbstractWelfare analyses conducted by policy practitioners around the world usually rely on equivalised or per capita expenditures and ignore the extent of within-household inequality. Recent advances in the estimation of collective models suggest ways to retrieve the complete sharing process within families using homogeneity assumptions (typically preference stability upon exclusive goods across individuals or household types) and the observation of exclusive goods. So far, the prediction of these models has not been validated, essentially because intrahousehold allocation is seldom observed. We provide such a validation by leveraging a unique dataset from Bangladesh, which contains information on the fully individualised expenditures of each family member. We also test the core assumption (efficiency) and homogeneity assumptions used for identification. It turns out that the collective model predicts individual resources reasonably well when using clothing, i.e., one of the rare goods commonly assignable to males, females and children in standard expenditure surveys. It also allows for identifying poor individuals in non-poor households, while the traditional approach understates poverty among the poorest individuals.