Stable Factor Structure Research Articles

Reliability and Factor Structure of the Saint Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS) Examination

ABSTRACT Objectives Compared to its alternatives (e.g., Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] and Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA]), little is known about the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Saint Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS) Examination. The purpose of the current study is to describe the internal consistency, factor structure, and temporal stability of the SLUMS, a widely used cognitive screening measure. Methods We examined the SLUMS of 108 mostly White male Veterans seen for home-based primary care services, 101 of whom had complete data and 28 who completed retesting approximately one year later. Results At time one, Veterans averaged 76.44 (SD = 9.88) years of age and 13.07 (SD = 2.26) years of formal education. Results indicated that the SLUMS had acceptable internal consistency (α = .709) and temporal stability (ρ =.723), with strongest evidence for a one-factor structure. Conclusions The SLUMS appears to have adequate reliability and clear one-factor structure in this sample. Additional research with diverse samples is needed to characterize the psychometrics of the SLUMS more comprehensively. Clinical Implications The SLUMS appears to be an efficient method for approximating global cognitive functioning among medically complex older adults.

Validation of the Long-term Difficulties Questionnaire-Youth version as a measure of chronic stress in adolescents in Sri Lanka.

As a validated stress questionnaire to assess ongoing adversities of adolescents in developing countries is not available, we developed a brief general checklist, the "Long-term Difficulties Questionnaire-Youth" version (LTD-Y) to measure daily stressors of adolescents and examine the psychometric properties of the instrument. In 2008, 755 schoolchildren in Sri Lanka (54% girls), age 12-16 years, completed a self-reported questionnaire with four sections. (1) demographic information (2) daily stressors and social support (3) trauma exposures measures; different trauma exposures and tsunami impact, (4) current psychological problem measures; posttraumatic stress symptoms, emotional and behavioral problems, functional impact, happiness at home, and happiness at school. In July 2009, a subsample of 90 adolescents repeated these measures. Internal consistency factor structure, concurrent validity, construct validity, and temporal stability were assessed in the scale. LTD-Y adequately identified the ongoing adversities of adolescents. The scale showed an excellent internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha = 0.79. The principal component analysis showed two-factor solutions which concern "external" and "internal" stressors. The concurrent validity was indicated by its positive association with all measures of current psychological problems. The discriminant ability of the adversity measure was evident in cumulative trauma exposure and all variables with current psychological problems. The stability of reporting was satisfactory. This school-based screening showed that the LTD-Y has sufficient validity, competency, and stability in measuring ongoing adversities of adolescents.

Polish adaptation of the Enabling Practices Scale

The aim of this paper is to present the procedure of the Polish adaptation of Enabling Practices Scale (EPS) by I. Dempsey (1995) from the Newcastle University and to present the psychometric properties of the adapted tool (reliability, factor structure, external validity and measurement stability). The scale was developed as a tool for diagnosing the support and empowerment practices used by professionals for parents of children with intellectual disabilities, but it can also be used in research involving parents of children with other neurodevelopmental disorders. In the adaptation process, the following Polish name was adopted: Skala Praktyk Włączających. The research was conducted among 334 parents of children with the following neurodevelopmental disorders: autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, attention deficit disorder, specific learning disorders, communication disorders, motor disorders, and other developmental disorders. The statistical analyses performed confirmed the three-factor structure of the scale assumed by the author, the longitudinal scalar measurement invariance, the high level of stability (test-retest) and the internal conformity as well as the adequate external validity of the instrument.

Development of the Questionnaire on Non-Driving Related Tasks (QNDRT) in automated driving: revealing age and gender differences

ABSTRACT Automated vehicles (AVs) enable driver-passengers to perform non-driving related tasks (NDRTs). However, it remains unclear if and how they would engage with NDRTs. Therefore, we developed a questionnaire on NDRTs, the QNDRT, for SAE Level 3 (L3) and 5 (L5) driving automation. It comprises 24 items with a general NDRT Work subscale querying general aspects of working while driving in an AV (8 items; L3: 4 items, L5: 4) and a specific NDRT Communication subscale assessing different communication modalities (16 items; L3: 8, L5: 8). Hence, we carried out a cross-sectional questionnaire study and queried 725 participants (351 female, 374 male) from 18 to 96 years. We applied factor analyses and extracted a stable unidimensional factor structure for both NDRT subscales with good psychometric properties (e.g. high and clear factor loadings; satisfactory communalities, item discrimination, and internal consistency). The initial findings revealed that significantly smaller values were assigned to both subscale factors by participants older than 55 years in contrast to younger ones and by women when compared to men. The QNDRT can be used in future (quasi-)experimental L3 and L5 studies and in population surveys to obtain more insight into working and communicating while driving in an AV.

Validating nature relatedness scale in the Philippines: Social responsibility as a cultural driver on why nature relatedness promotes green purchase intention

AbstractDespite the global nature of environmental problems, research on environmental psychology has been mainly based on Western countries, and very limited studies looked into environmental psychological constructs and processes through a non‐Western cultural lens. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the short‐form Nature Relatedness Scale (NR‐6) and investigated culturally relevant mechanisms that facilitate the positive influence of nature relatedness on green purchase intentions among Filipinos. Two studies were conducted to attain these objectives. Study 1 (N = 504) validated the NR‐6. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded a stable unidimensional factor structure of NR‐6 with good data‐model fit and strong factor loadings. Study 2 (N = 366) tested a moderated mediation model indicating the mediating role of social responsibility on nature relatedness and green purchase intention relationship across the different levels of interdependent self‐construal. Results indicated that social responsibility mediated the positive impact of nature relatedness on the intention to buy green products among Filipinos. More importantly, results showed a significant moderating role of interdependent self‐construal such that the indirect effect of social responsibility was stronger among Filipinos with higher levels of self‐construal than those with lower levels. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.

Measurement invariance of the Multidimensional Depression Assessment Scale (MDAS) across gender and ethnic groups of Asian, Caucasian, Black, and Hispanic

BackgroundMajor Depressive Disorder is a severe and highly disabling mental illness. Almost all self-reported questionnaires have overlooked the interpersonal symptoms of depression which are important across gender and culture. The Multidimensional Depression Assessment Scale (MDAS) developed by Cheung and Power (2012) entails comprehensive emotional, cognitive, somatic, and interpersonal subscales. It addresses the criticism that existing self-report depression scales might not cover sufficient phenomenological heterogeneity of depression. The current study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the MDAS across gender and four major ethnic groups of Caucasian, Black, Asian and Hispanic, including reliability and concurrent validity against the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD) and Patients Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). It also aimed to establish a stable factor structure across gender and ethnic groups and test the measurement invariance to enhance its potential for clinical use. MethodsA community sample of 3499 participants from four ethnic groups were recruited via online crowdsourcing sites of Qualtrics and Amazon M Turk. Each individual completed a demographic questionnaire, the MDAS, CESD and PHQ-9. ResultsThere was good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha >0.90) and concurrent reliability across gender and ethnic groups. Strict measurement invariance was established for MDAS over a four-factor factor structure corresponding to the four subscales. ConclusionsThe MDAS showed good psychometric properties and measurement invariance of a four-factor structure, suggesting its potential to be used in clinical settings across gender and ethnic groups. LimitationsParticipants all answered the questionnaires in English, which could hinder cultural variations in their expression of symptoms.

Stability and structure of infant and toddler temperament in two longitudinal studies in Germany

The present study investigated the factor structure and longitudinal stability of infant and toddler temperament measured with the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R) and the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ) in two German samples. Since the few studies using the German IBQ-R failed to replicate the commonly assumed three factors of infant temperament, another exploration of its factor structure was necessary. Whereas previous stability measurements are usually based on groups with relatively large age ranges, we investigated stability between concrete ages. In Study 1, the IBQ-R was applied in 9- and 12-month-old infants. In Study 2, both questionnaires were applied in 12-, 18-, and 24-month-olds. Factor analyses of the IBQ-R in both studies revealed a two-factor solution comprising Surgency/ Extraversion and Negative Affectivity, replicating earlier findings with German infants. The Orienting/ Regulation factor was not replicated for the IBQ-R, whereas analysis of the ECBQ revealed a three-factor solution for toddlers. The results showed stability of temperament ratings within infancy (Study 1) and toddlerhood (Study 2) as well as between the developmental periods within the second year of life (Study 2). Taken together, the present findings indicate that temperament stability emerges early in life and can be reliably measured using the IBQ-R and ECBQ, whereas the factor structure of temperament in infancy requires further validation.

Evaluating ADHD Assessment for Dogs: A Replication Study.

Simple SummaryAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is among the most common human neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Scientists and veterinarians report that—comparably to human children—family dogs can exhibit behaviors similar to symptoms of ADHD. In the present study, we aimed to review the properties of the questionnaire used so far on dogs to test whether it is a reliable tool to assess ADHD-like behaviours, and if it is suitable to detect diagnosable individuals. Similarly to human research, we involved experts (dog trainers) alongside the owners in the evaluation process and compared their ratings. Consistent with earlier results, we could replicate the factor structure of the questionnaire, and item and subscale scores showed high temporal stability. Agreement between owner and trainer ratings were fair (inattention subscale) and moderate (hyperactivity/impulsivity subscale). Three ambiguous items were identified using a version where an ‘I do not know’ answer was also available. Our findings confirmed that the questionnaire is a reliable tool to assess ADHD-like behaviour in dogs. However, to establish whether there are individual dogs diagnosable with ADHD, similarly to human questionnaires, expert ratings and items assessing functional impairment in the daily life of the dogs should be included.The family dog, in its natural environment, exhibits neuropsychological deficits redolent of human psychiatric disorders, including behaviours similar to human Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms. For dogs, Vas and colleagues developed a 13-item questionnaire to measure inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity (Dog ARS; 2007). We re-assessed, in a large sample of dogs (N = 319), psychometric properties of the Dog ARS, to identify possible limitations as a basis for further development. We examined the cross-study stability of factor structure and 40-day temporal stability of item and subscale scores and compared owner-report with expert (dog trainer)-report (n = 86), paralleling human parent/teacher assessments. To identify ambiguous items, we administered a modified version (including “I don’t know” options, N = 520) to a different sample. We could replicate the factor structure with evidence of good internal consistency and test–retest reliability of both subscales. Agreement between owner and trainer ratings was fair (inattention) and moderate (hyperactivity/impulsivity). Three ambiguous items were identified. Overall, we claim that the Dog ARS is a reliable tool to assess ADHD-like behaviour in dogs, but in its current form, it is not suitable to detect diagnosable individuals, as it does not comprise items assessing functional impairment, and also, the inclusion of owner-expert ratings in the evaluation process would be necessary.

Social constructionist and essentialist beliefs about gender and race

Social constructionist beliefs posit that sociocultural forces shape power-stratified social categories, whereas essentialist beliefs posit that social categories are defined by an immutable, natural essence shared by category members. Across three studies, we developed and validated the Social Constructionist and Essentialist Beliefs Scale (SCEBS) to assess the latent structure of ontological beliefs about two social categories: gender and race. In Study 1 ( N = 598), we found a three-factor structure for SCEBS-Gender and SCEBS-Race, consisting of Social Constructionism, Essentialism, and Realism. In Study 2a ( N = 300), we examined factor structure stability and criterion-related validity. We found incremental validity of SCEBS, and social constructionist beliefs particularly, for predicting modern sexism and symbolic racism beyond extant, essentialism-focused measures. In Study 2b ( N = 218), we established 4-week test–retest reliability of SCEBS. Our research demonstrates the value of assessing both social constructionist and essentialist beliefs in the study of prejudice.

Abstract- Poster

Introduction:Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) defines as an unhealthy obsession with healthy eating and diets that can starve the body of basic nutrition. A person with ON can spend a great deal of time in planning, preparing, purchasing and consumption of specific food items that they find healthy. Contrary to other eating disorders, a person with ON gives a lot of emphasis on quality rather than quantity of food. There is an ongoing debate regarding its validity as a diagnosis.Aims:To identify the prevalence of ON and to observe its possible relationship with social media use.Methodology:A cross-sectional study was conducted amongst undergraduate students from medical colleges in Gujarat, India. Study participation was anonymous; participants were enrolled using WhatsApp groups. The questionnaire included following data: gender, height, weight, year of study, social media use and ORTO-7. ORTO-7 a seven-item scale found to have a strong and stable factor structure, used for evaluating ON (Cut-off score <= 19 meant probable ON).Results:Out of 975 responses, the prevalence of ON was found 46.5%. On chi-square, it was found associated with gender, Google+, Tumblr and Pinterest use. (p-value is <0.05) However, it was not associated with year of study, Facebook, LinkedIn and Instagram use. We found a negative correlation between BMI and ON.Conclusion:We found a high prevalence of ON screen status in our study population especially in female participants and those using Google+, Tumblr and Pinterest. More such studies are needed to bridge the gap in the literature.

Protective factors as uni- or bipolar factors and their incremental validity and accuracy in predicting general recidivism

This study examined whether protective factors are unique or the opposite of risk factors and whether they have incremental validity in the prediction of general recidivism. Using a sample of 3306 Dutch forensic outpatients, this study was the first large-sample study ever performed on this topic. Results from exploratory factor analyses demonstrated a relatively stable factor structure of 14 factors, consisting of 32 of the initially included 68 risk factors and 11 of the initially included 17 protective items. The protective factors were found to be either bipolar (i.e., mirror images of risk factors) or responsivity characteristics (i.e., motivation for treatment, cognitive disability). Incremental validity for the recidivism prediction was found in one factor with internal protective items (e.g., empathy, financial management, life goals). This factor decreased the recidivism risk by 6%. However, weak predictive accuracy was found for this factor. Implications for clinical forensic practice are discussed with special focus on the risk-need-responsivity model.

Factor Structure, Psychometric Properties, and Validation of the Hungarian Version of the Experiences in Close Relationships Revised (ECR-R-HU) Questionnaire in a Nationally Representative Community Sample

The Experiences in Close Relationships - Revised (ECR-R) is a widely used self-report instrument to assess adult romantic attachment. The present study aimed at examining the factor structure, reliability, construct validity, and temporal stability of the Hungarian version of the ECR-R (ECR-R-HU) in a nationally representative community sample (N = 958). The original avoidance and anxiety dimensions of the ECR-R could only be identified, when reversed-item method factors and residual correlations were included in the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The Avoidance and Anxiety subscales of the ECR-R-HU showed high reliabilities and adequate temporal stability over 4 months. The subscales were not significantly associated with respondents’ age, gender, and residence type, while being engaged in a romantic relationship was related to significantly lower scores on both subscales. Correlations with measures of family functioning problems, perceived stress, depressed mood, and well-being were significant and in the expected directions. These results confirm the ECR-R-HU as a reliable and valid assessment tool.

Latent Factor Structure of Outcome Measures Used in the HABIT® Mild Cognitive Impairment Intervention Programs

Background: In Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders (ADRD) research, common outcome measures include cognitive and functional impairment, as well as persons with mild cognitive impairment (pwMCI) and care partner self-reported mood and quality of life. Studies commonly analyze these measures separately, which potentially leads to issues of multiple comparisons and/or multicollinearity among measures while ignoring the latent constructs they may be measuring. Objective: This study sought to examine the latent factor structure of a battery of 12-13 measures of domains mentioned above, used in a multicomponent behavioral intervention (The HABIT® program) for pwMCI and their partners. Methods: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) involved 214 pwMCI-partner pairs. Subsequent Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) used 730 pairs in both pre- and post-intervention conditions. Results: EFA generated a three-factor model. Factors could be characterized as partner adjustment (29.9%), pwMCI adjustment (18.1%), and pwMCI impairment (12.8%). The subsequent CFA confirmed our findings, and the goodness-of-fit for this model was adequate in both the pre- (CFI = 0.937; RMSEA = 0.057, p = 0.089) and post-intervention (CFI = 0.942; RMSEA = 0.051, p = 0.430) groups. Conclusion: Results demonstrated a stable factor structure across cohorts and intervention conditions suggesting that three broad factors may provide a straightforward and meaningful model to assess intervention outcome, at least during the MCI phase of ADRD.

Innovative m-car rental service quality in India

PurposeThe purpose of the study is to explore and analyze m-car rental service quality dimensions.Design/methodology/approachExploratory factor analysis method is applied to explore the m-car rental service quality dimensions. Further, confirmatory factor analysis is done to prove the reliability and validity of the factors using AMOS 22.0.FindingsThe results reveal the m-car rental service quality dimensions: ambient quality, technical quality, comfort, safety and employee service, mobile convenience, mobile responsiveness, mobile efficiency and reliability and mobile safety and billing.Research limitations/implicationsThe explored dimensions of car rental services are in Indian environment. So, these dimensions can be further validated in other similar cultural context.Practical implicationsThe proposed measurements can also be applied to measure and compare the service quality performance of car rental firms.Originality/valueCurrent literature does not confirm the stable factor structure of m-car rental service quality. This study confirms the reliable and valid dimensions of care rental service through mobile app.

Validation and Psychometric Assessment of the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index in the Portuguese Hospital Context.

The nursing work environment has an impact on patient safety outcomes and its measurement should be a regular practice. To assess the reliability and construct validity of the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index in the Portuguese context. An exploratory factor analysis followed by a confirmatory factor analysis to assess model adjustment quality was performed with a sample of 3,686 nurses. The final solution for the exploratory factor analysis comprised 26 items and five factors (56.6% of the total variance). The confirmatory factor analysis, after refinement, showed a stable factor structure. The final model showed good construct validity and high reliability, which supports the decision to exclude the items that are not essential to the construct being measured.

Adaptasi Sanctification of Marriage Questionnaire: Versi Indonesia untuk Masyarakat Muslim

This study aims to adapt the Sanctification of Marriage Questionnaire for Muslims inIndonesia. Adaptation of the Sanctification of Marriage Questionnaire is carried out throughthe stages: translation, providing evidence of construct validity and reliability. Evidence of construct validity was carried out by exploratory factor analysis followed by MGCFA (Multi-Group Confirmatory factor Analysis). In this study, we used a composite reliability. Subjects to reveal the factor structure of sanctification of marriage were 160 married individuals, while the subjects to test the stability of factor structure consisted of 102 husbands and 111 wives. The result of exploratory factor analysis shows that the construct of sanctification of marriage has three factors / dimensions, namely: belief, perceived sacred qualities and manifestation of God. The structure stability of sanctification of marriage was then empirically tested by MGCFA. The results of MGCFA showed that the three factors / dimensions of sanctification of marriage proved stable. The composite reliability coefficient of the Sanctification of Marriage Questionnaire was in a good category. Further research can be carried out to provide evidence of construct validity with predictive validity and concurrent validity of the Sanctification of Marriage Questionnaire. Limitations in this study are discussed further.Keywords: exploratory factor analysis, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, muslim,sanctification of marriage, scale adaptation

CancerSupportSource\xae-15+: development and evaluation of a short form of a distress screening program for cancer patients and survivors

PurposeCancerSupportSource® (CSS) is a distress screening program implemented at community-based organizations and hospitals nationwide. The 25-item CSS assesses distress across five domains, with capacity to screen for clinically significant depression and anxiety. This study examined psychometric properties of a shortened form to enhance screening opportunities when staff or patient burden considerations are significant.MethodsDevelopment and validation were completed in multiple phases. Item reduction decisions were made with 1436 cancer patients by assessing external/internal item quality and judging theoretical and practical implications of items. Pearson correlations and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted on a separate sample of 957 patients to corroborate psychometric properties and dimensionality of the shortened scale. Nonparametric receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses determined scoring thresholds for depression and anxiety risk scales.ResultsScale refinement resulted in a 15-item short form plus one screening item assessing tobacco and substance use (CSS-15+). At least two items from each CSS domain were retained to preserve multidimensionality. In confirmatory analysis, the model explained 59% of the variance and demonstrated good fit. Correlation between CSS-15+ and 25-item CSS was 0.99, p < 0.001. Sensitivity of 2-item depression and 2-item anxiety risk scales in the confirmatory sample were 0.82 and 0.83, respectively.ConclusionsCSS-15+ is a brief, reliable, and valid multidimensional measure of distress. The measure retained excellent internal consistency (α = 0.94) and a stable factor structure. CSS-15+ is a practical and efficient screening tool for distress and risk for depression and anxiety among cancer patients and survivors, particularly in community-based settings.

The reliability and validity of the Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory in a Chinese clinical sample

BackgroundThe Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (FOCI) is a self-report measure designed to assess obsessive-compulsive symptom presence and severity. This study evaluated the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the FOCI and its optimal cut-off score. MethodsA systematic translation process was used to translate the English FOCI into Chinese. Four hundred and fifty-three adults participated in the study including 153 individuals with OCD, 150 case-controls with a primary anxiety or depressive disorder, and 150 healthy controls. All three groups were evaluated by a set of measures including the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), the FOCI, the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-Ⅱ), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Among the OCD patients, a subset of 47 participants were evaluated over a two-week interval to assess test-retest reliability of the FOCI. ResultsThe internal consistency of the FOCI Symptom Checklist and Severity Scale in the OCD group were0.813 and 0.840. Two-week test-retest reliability were 0.934 and 0.935. Convergent validity of the FOCI Symptom Checklist and Severity Scale were both strong. Correlations with diverging constructs were modest overall. Factor analysis of the FOCI Severity Scale was conducted, identifying a single factor solution explaining 62.3% of the variance. FOCI scores among those in the OCD group were higher than those from the case-control and healthy control groups. A cut-off score of 8 was optimal in predicting caseness. ConclusionsThe Chinese version of the FOCI demonstrated good psychometric properties including internal consistency, test-retest reliability, a stable factor structure, and convergent and divergent validity. A cut-off score of 8 was optimal in predicting caseness.

Hikikomori Risk Inventory (HRI-24): A new instrument for evaluating Hikikomori in both Eastern and Western countries.

Hikikomori, a clinical condition widely studied in Japan, is receiving increasing attention in Western Countries. This study aimed to create a new instrument for evaluating the risk of Hikikomori in both Eastern and Western countries. Through two studies on Italian adolescents, youths, and adults (n = 1,285) and a study on Japanese youths and adults (n = 392), we analyzed the psychometric properties of the Hikikomori Risk Inventory (HRI-24). We found support, in both the Italian and Japanese samples, for the good and stable factor structure of the scale (CFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.057 for both the adult samples), as well as for its convergent and divergent validity. The HRI-24 might be used in future studies in both Western and Eastern countries to shed light on the features of this clinical disorder in different cultures. This will allow the development of culture-sensitive preventive and clinical interventions.

Validation de l’Échelle Française d’Orthorexie

ObjectiveOrthorexia is a recently identified disorder that is defined by obsessive concerns about healthy eating, significantly impaired functioning, and mental suffering. An orthorexic person obsessively attaches importance to the quality of the food s/he eats. The aim of this study is to present the design and validation of the French Orthorexia Scale (FOS). MethodThe development of the FOS consists in a three-step procedure. Three assessments were made with three different samples (n1=455; n2=473; n3=440). The first step was to collect the point of view of French participants in order to test and to improve the items created and the Likert scale for responses. Participants were invited to comment at the end of each item. The second step was to make an exploratory factor analysis to develop the structure of the questionnaire. The third step was to verify this structure through confirmatory factor analysis, internal coherence, and correlations. The questionnaires were posted online, on social networks. Participants completed the newly created scale, the Bratman Orthorexia Test, the ORTO-12-FR, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). ResultsQualitative and quantitative analyses led us to elaborate a short scale of 12 items (FOS-12) with correct psychometric properties and stable factor structure (χ2=143; P<.001; CFI=.942; TLI=.921; SRMR=.0459; RMSEA=.0670). The internal coherence is very satisfying (α=0.82), indicating that the scales are reliable. The validity with the other scales of orthorexia is effective, and correlations are strong and significant (r=.57; P<.001 with the BOT and r=−.55; P<.001 with the ORTO-12-FR), which indicates that the questionnaire correctly measures what it is supposed to measure. DiscussionThe various existing orthorexia scales are open to criticism. FOS-12 aims to be complete and specific to French culture. The mixed methodology is based on the most recent criteria for orthorexia. The results obtained concerning the validation of the scale are very satisfying. ConclusionThis study presents the creation and validation of a French orthorexia questionnaire. This simple and practical tool will be available for all health professionals and researchers in psychology who are interested in this emerging pathology.