ST Values Research Articles

삼축압축시험을 이용한 아스팔트 혼합물의 파괴기준 개발

일반적으로 Mohr-Coulomb 파괴 이론을 바탕으로 한 재료 파괴는 최대수직응력이나 최대전단응력 상태에서 파괴가 일어나는 것이 아니라 수직응력과 전단응력의 임계결합상태에서 파괴된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 배수성 아스팔트 혼합물 2종과 SMA 10mm혼합물 및 일반 밀입도 아스팔트 19mm를 이용한 <TEX>$45^{\circ}C$</TEX>와 <TEX>$60^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서 삼축압축시험을 실시하였다. Mohr-Coulomb의 파괴 이론을 바탕으로 삼축압축시험 결과를 정리한 결과 내부마찰각은 <TEX>$38.9^{\circ}{\sim}46.9^{\circ}$</TEX>로 다소 불규칙하게 측정되었으나 점착력의 경우 온도와 시편의 수침여부에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 또한, 아스팔트 혼합물의 간접인장강도시험과 삼축압축시험 상관관계를 알아보기 위해 삼축압축시험 결과로 평가된 점착력과 내부마찰각을 이용하여 계산된 이론적인 간접인장강도와 시험을 통해 직접 측정된 간접인장강도를 분석하였다. 두 간접인장강도 값은 비례하는 경향을 보였다. In general, Fracture of the material is not occurring of the maximum normal stress or the maximum shear stress failure in the state. Maximum normal stress and maximum shear stress in the state of Critical coupling from being destroyed based on the Mohr-Coulomb theory. Couple of different mixtures, including permeable asphalt pavement, SMA and dense-graded asphalt mixture, were used for compression triaxial test at <TEX>$45^{\circ}C$</TEX> and <TEX>$60^{\circ}C$</TEX>. Mohr-Coulomb theory to the analysis of compression triaxial test result of the internal friction angle <TEX>$38.9^{\circ}{\sim}46.9^{\circ}$</TEX> measured somewhat irregularly, but in the case of cohesion, depending on whether the temperature and immersion of the specimen appeared differently. In addition, Indirect tensile test and compression triaxial test of the asphalt mixture to determine the correlation between compression triaxial test results assessed as cohesion and internal friction angle calculated using the theoretical Indirect tensile strength and measured indirectly tensile strength were analyzed. The Measured & Predicted IDT St values tended to be proportional.

Genetic population structure of the blister beetle, Gnathium minimum: core and peripheral populations.

Populations on the periphery of a species' range tend to contain lower genetic variation and increased genetic differentiation compared to populations at the core of a species range, although some exceptions to this generalization occur. The blister beetle Gnathium minimum (Say) exhibits a wide-ranging distribution in the western United States but has peripheral or disjunct populations in Mexico, Florida, and Wisconsin. We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to compare the genetic variation and magnitude of genetic differentiation of the Wisconsin peripheral population to western core populations (Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, and Texas). The proportion of polymorphic loci was 53.6 and 54.3, and expected heterozygosity 0.1864 and 0.1933 for the Kansas/Colorado (n = 87) and New Mexico/Texas (n = 35) regions, respectively. Specimens from Wisconsin (n = 121) had a lower proportion of polymorphic loci (38.4) and expected heterozygosity (0.1475). Genetic cluster estimation with GENELAND and F ST values showed greater genetic differentiation among the sampling locations within Wisconsin compared to core regions. Significant isolation-by-distance (IBD) was also observed in Wisconsin but not within the core regions. Lower genetic variation and increased isolation may reduce the Wisconsin population's ability to respond to change, thereby increasing their susceptibility to extinction.

경주국립공원 내 야생 작약(Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) 집단의 유전다양성 분석

ABSTRACT: Paeonia lactiflora is a valuable natural resource for horticulture and traditional Chinese medicine. To pro-pose conservation strategy and future utility of the wild Paeonia lactiflora populations recently found around the Gyeo-ngju National Park, genetic diversity analysis using microsatellite markers were performed. Three populations in and nearthe Gyeongju N.P. and one population from Jilin, China were analyzed for five microsatellite markers, producing 61 alle-les with mean observed heterozygosity(H o ) of 0.452. F ST value (0.11642) suggested moderate level of genetic differen-tiation among the populations, and hierarchical AMOVA suggested most of the genetic variation resides within/amongthe individuals rather than among-population. While AMOVA with F ST suggested lack of genetic differentiation betweenthe regional (Korean vs. Chinese) populations, AMOVA with R ST , which incorporates the allele sizes, suggested consid-erable differentiation between them, but without significant statistical support. STRUCTURE analysis also suggestedsegregation of regional populations with presence of gene flow among the three Gyeongju N.P. populations. Consideringsmall population size and scarcity of mature individuals, further protection and long-term monitoring are needed.

Low Testosterone Levels, Depressive Symptoms, and Falls in Older Men: A Cross-Sectional Study

While several studies have cited a potential association between testosterone deficiency and risk of falls among community-dwelling older men, evidence for such an association is conflicting. Depressive symptoms, which occasionally accompany testosterone deficiency but which are often neglected as associated symptoms, may actually provoke falls independent of or jointly with testosterone deficiency. We examined the association between testosterone levels, depressive symptoms, and falls, and assessed the joint effect of testosterone levels and depressive symptoms on falls among older men. Data for this cross-sectional study were obtained from 869 men aged over 60 years who participated in health check-ups conducted in 2010 from 2 Japanese municipalities. Salivary testosterone (sT) levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and depressive symptoms were assessed via the short form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Self-reported "any fall" over the 1-month period. Among the total of 482 participants analyzed (median age, 70 years), 10.8% reported any fall. On comparison between 90th percentile sT levels and lower levels, our logistic regression model with restricted cubic splines showed that lower sT levels were associated with an increased likelihood of suffering any fall after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, and mobility function. For example, 5th percentile sT was associated with any fall [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 4.23; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.66-10.8]. Depressive symptoms were also strongly associated with any fall [adjusted OR, 3.49 (95% CI, 1.52-8.04)]. We noted no apparent interaction of sT and depressive symptoms with falls (P = .079), suggesting that the joint effect of testosterone deficiency and depressive symptoms on falls was multiplicative. Indeed, compared with a combination of 90th percentile sT values and no depressive symptoms, adjusted OR for any fall in a combination involving 5th percentile sT and depressive symptoms was 14.8-fold (95% CI, 3.76-58.0). Our findings indicated that both relatively low testosterone levels and presence of depressive symptoms were independently associated with falls among older men. Causality of these associations should be confirmed in future prospective studies.

Genetic Variation and Population Structure in the Endangered Hermann's Tortoise: The Roles of Geography and Human-Mediated Processes

The Hermann's tortoise (Testudo hermanni) is an endangered land tortoise distributed in disjoint populations across Mediterranean Europe. We investigated its genetic variation by typing 1 mitochondrial locus and 9 nuclear microsatellites in approximately 300 individuals from 22 localities. Our goal was to understand the relative impact of natural and human-mediated processes in shaping the genetic structure and to identify the genetic priorities for the conservation of this species. We found that 1) all geographic areas are highly differentiated, mainly as a function of their distance but with a clear genetic discontinuity (F st values larger than 0.4) between the Eastern and the Western subspecies; 2) the contact zone between subspecies is located farthest to the west than previously believed, and it probably coincides with the delta of the largest Italian river; 3) extinction events due to climatic conditions in the Upper Palaeolithic and subsequent human-mediated translocations in the Neolithic possibly explain the unexpected similarity among Spain, Sicily, and Corsica. For conservation purposes, the large majority of genetic pools appears native although hybridization among subspecies, related to extensive 20th century trade of tortoises across Europe, is observed in Spain and some Italian samples. Most populations do not seem at immediate risk of low genetic variation, except the French population, which has very low nuclear genetic diversity (heterozygosity = 0.25) and where 50 out of 51 sampled animals shared the same mitochondrial sequence. In general, restocking and reintroduction plans should carefully consider the genetic background of the individuals.

Neutral and quantitative genetic differentiation among Trollius europaeus populations within a fragmented landscape

In a fragmented landscape, evolutionary processes are expected to differ among small and large remnants of formerly abundant plant species. Genetic drift and/or divergent selection result in population genetic differentiation, while gene flow and/or unifying selection foster genetic similarities. Management strategies for conservation need to consider the (dis)similarities of populations to avoid negative effects of interventions. Quantitative (Q ST) and neutral (F ST) genetic differentiation was investigated in montane populations of Trollius europaeus, a plant of wet meadows that has undergone recent habitat loss. We studied plant performance in a greenhouse experiment and estimated genetic variation with AFLPs. By comparing Q ST and F ST, we assessed the importance of selection versus genetic drift among four small, four large and all eight populations. Population genetic variation indicated no loss of diversity in small compared with large populations. Population size classes did not explain the variation of the six measured plant traits. Among the small populations, similar Q ST and F ST estimates in four of the six traits suggested that population differentiation is mainly driven by genetic drift. Among the large populations and across all populations Q ST values were greater than F ST values in four and five of the six traits, respectively, suggesting diversifying selection. Excluding the single high elevation population, however, resulted in Q ST–F ST patterns similar to the small populations. This implies that exchange of genetic material among populations from similar elevations would be a suitable management strategy for maintaining genetic diversity of T. europaeus in habitat remnants.

High – school, Organizational Citizenship Behavior Moderator

Abstract High school is a decisive factor in every society evolution. Its mission is to offer professional competencies and educational framework, indispensable for teen careers, but in the same time it must educate teenagers on the 21 st Century essential principles and values. Labour market demands for new candidates challenge us to carefully analyze educational and learning processes and to formulate solutions that may contribute to their improvement. Our article aims to analyse in depth the Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) concept, to measure its components by interpreting the scores resulted from a survey carried out among high-school students. On the basis of the results obtained and after analyzing the Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) level and the relationships between individual and group Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), at the end of our study we will suggest some actions that should be taken in order to improve the Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) at the level of the educational unit studied. The survey took place in 2013 and was based on a questionnaire delivered on paper, adapted after Organ and Podsakoff (1988). 200 questionnaires were given to high – school students and 196 answers were received and processed. Good answering rate (98%) illustrated high – school students’ interest for such kind of researches and for the proposed theme. Data were processed with SPSS statistical program (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) approach in school is a novelty. The results obtained give a perspective about teenagers’ opinions and is an effective tool for those involved in the educational processes from Romanian schools.

각시족도리풀(Asarum misandrum)의 유전적 다양성 및 집단 구조

ABSTRACT: Genetic variation in Asaum misandrum, a woodland herb in Korea, was investigated based on alloz-yme analysis with starch gel electrophoresis. All of previously reported populations in Korea were sampled andseven loci from six enzymes were analyzed. Overall genetic variation of A. misandrum population showed con-siderably high levels of genetic variation within the species (A = 2.05, P = 71.4, H E = 0.294). A positive F IS value of A. misandrum indicated overall deficiency of heterozygotes, and a low F ST value (0.112) meant very lit-tle differentiation among populations. Factors contributing to the high levels of genetic diversity found withinpopulations of A. misandrum include population maintenance via wide distribution range from Korea to Japanand primarily outcrossing breeding system. Although it showed moderate genetic diversity level, most habitatsof the species were scattered and discontinuous. Besides, low numbers of individuals were found in the mosthabitats and individuals are collected frequently from the wild due to the unique shape of the flowers as well asthe rarity of the species. Thus, there is a need to set up a reasonable conservation strategies including the main-tenance mechanism of genetic diversity of A. misandrum.

Population genetic analysis and origin discrimination of snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) using microsatellite markers

Major habitats for the snow crab Chionoecetes opilio are mostly found within the northwest Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans. However, the East Sea populations of C. opilio, along with its relative the red snow crab (C. japonicas), are two of the most important commercial crustacean species for fisheries on the east coast of the Korean Peninsula. The East Sea populations of C. opilio are facing declining resources due to overfishing and global climate change. Thus, an analysis of population structure is necessary for future management. Five Korean and one Russian group of C. opilio were analyzed using nine microsatellite markers that were recently developed using next-generation sequencing. No linkage disequilibrium was found between any pair of loci, indicating that the markers were independent. The number of alleles per locus varied from 4 to 18 with a mean of 12, and allelic richness per locus ranged from 4.0 to 17.1 across all populations with a mean of 9.7. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test revealed significant deviation in three out of nine loci in some populations after sequential Bonferroni correction and all of them had higher expected heterozygosity than observed heterozygosity. Null alleles were presumed in four loci, which explained the homozygosity in three loci. The pairwise fixation index (F ST ) values among the five Korean snow crab populations did not differ significantly, but all of the pairwise F ST values between each of the Korean snow crab populations and the Russian snow crab population differed significantly. An UPGMA dendrogram revealed clear separation of the Russian snow crab population from the Korean snow crab populations. Assignment tests based on the allele distribution discriminated between Korean and Russian origins with 93 % accuracy. Therefore, the snow crab populations around the Korean Peninsula need to be managed separately from the populations in Bering Sea in global scale resource management. Also, this information can be used for identification of snow crab origin which is problematic in worldwide crab trade.

Normal standards for computer-ECG programs for prognostically and diagnostically important ECG variables derived from a large ethnically diverse female cohort: The Women's Health Initiative (WHI)

BackgroundSubstantial new information has emerged recently about the prognostic value for a variety of new ECG variables. The objective of the present study was to establish reference standards for these novel risk predictors in a large, ethnically diverse cohort of healthy women from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study. Methods and ResultsThe study population consisted of 36,299 healthy women. Racial differences in rate-adjusted QT end (QTea) and QT peak (QTpa) intervals as linear functions of RR were small, leading to the conclusion that 450 and 390ms are applicable as thresholds for prolonged and shortened QTea and similarly, 365 and 295ms for prolonged and shortened QTpa, respectively. As a threshold for increased dispersion of global repolarization (TpeakTend interval), 110ms was established for white and Hispanic women and 120ms for African-American and Asian women. ST elevation and depression values for the monitoring leads of each person with limb electrodes at Mason-Likar positions and chest leads at level of V1 and V2 were first computed from standard leads using lead transformation coefficients derived from 892 body surface maps, and subsequently normal standards were determined for the monitoring leads, including vessel-specific bipolar left anterior descending, left circumflex artery and right coronary artery leads. The results support the choice 150μV as a tentative threshold for abnormal ST-onset elevation for all monitoring leads. Body mass index (BMI) had a profound effect on Cornell voltage and Sokolow–Lyon voltage in all racial groups and their utility for left ventricular hypertrophy classification remains open. ConclusionsCommon thresholds for all racial groups are applicable for QTea, and QTpa intervals and ST elevation. Race-specific normal standards are required for many other ECG parameters.

Hierarchical Population Genetic Structure in a Direct Developing Antarctic Marine Invertebrate

Understanding the relationship between life-history variation and population structure in marine invertebrates is not straightforward. This is particularly true of polar species due to the difficulty of obtaining samples and a paucity of genomic resources from which to develop nuclear genetic markers. Such knowledge, however, is essential for understanding how different taxa may respond to climate change in the most rapidly warming regions of the planet. We therefore used over two hundred polymorphic Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) to explore population connectivity at three hierachical spatial scales in the direct developing Antarctic topshell Margarella antarctica. To previously published data from five populations spanning a 1500 km transect along the length of the Western Antarctic Peninsula, we added new AFLP data for four populations separated by up to 6 km within Ryder Bay, Adelaide Island. Overall, we found a nonlinear isolation-by-distance pattern, suggestive of weaker population structure within Ryder Bay than is present over larger spatial scales. Nevertheless, significantly positive F st values were obtained in all but two of ten pairwise population comparisons within the bay following Bonferroni correction for multiple tests. This is in contrast to a previous study of the broadcast spawner Nacella concinna that found no significant genetic differences among several of the same sites. By implication, the topshell's direct-developing lifestyle may constrain its ability to disperse even over relatively small geographic scales.

Divergence within and among 3 Varieties of the Endemic Tree, 'Ohi'a Lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) on the Eastern Slope of Hawai'i Island

Examination of neutral genetic structure within young, hypervariable tree species over heterogeneous landscapes can yield insight into the causes of divergence within trees. Three varieties of the Hawaiian-forest-dominant, Metrosideros polymorpha, occur across the main islands and partition 2 striking environmental gradients on young Hawai'i Island. In an examination of 6 nuclear microsatellite loci across 10 populations on east Hawai'i, we found differentiation among varieties (mean F ST = 0.065; max = 0.081) that exceeded that observed among populations of some continental tree species over much broader spatial scales. High-elevation var. polymorpha exhibited the strongest average differentiation (F ST = 0.071). Weaker differentiation between the early- and late-successional varieties was consistent with previous records of high hybridization between these varieties coupled with differential selection favoring var. incana in early-successional or dry environments, and var. glaberrima in late-successional environments. A comparison of within-variety F ST values suggests that active volcanoes shape the genetic structure of early- and late-successional varieties differently. Examination of genetic structure of these same varieties on older islands is required to assess the degree to which the differentiation observed on Hawai'i Island is attributable to multiple colonizations of this young island by partially diverged forms versus divergence in situ.

Microsatellite diversity and population genetic structure of Squalidus argentatus (Cyprinidae) on the Island of Hainan and mainland China

Abstract Squalidus argentatus is a small-sized cyprinid fish and widely distributed in mainland China. A total of nine polymorphic microsatellite markers were employed to study 216 individuals collected from nine populations. The average number of alleles among nine populations was 8.0 with a range from 6.5 to 9.7. The mean observed ( H O ) and expected ( H E ) heterozygosity ranged from 0.56 to 0.68 and from 0.74 to 0.86, respectively. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that most genetic variation was maintained within individual component, rather than shaped according to geographical regions. Small but highly significant values of pairwise F ST values were detected among nine populations. The genetic homoplasy and overfishing are supposed to be major factors responsible for the current genetic structure. This study can be not only helpful for sustainable management of genetic resources, but also valuable to demonstrate genetically how freshwater species is vulnerable to human activity.

Population genetics of purple saxifrage (Saxifraga oppositifolia) in the high Arctic archipelago of Svalbard

We investigated patterns of genetic variability in Saxifraga oppositifolia in the isolated Arctic Svalbard archipelago. The genetic analysis included genotyping using nine polymorphic microsatellite markers and sequencing of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer region. Among populations, mean allele numbers per microsatellite locus ranged from 2.0 to 2.6, and 9 % of alleles were unique. Observed (H O) and expected (H E) heterozygosities averaged 0.522 and 0.445, respectively. Typically negative but non-significant F IS values (mean -0.173) were found in S. oppositifolia populations. F ST values were relatively low (mean 0.123). The Bayesian structure analysis provided additional information on population genetic structures. Seven out of 11 studied populations, including populations located both near each other and far apart (distances 5-210 km), showed relatively homogeneous clustering patterns, while one population located on a slope in the main settlement of Longyearbyen possessed a unique genetic structure. The Mantel test proved that there is no significant correlation between genetic and geographical distances. Different growth habits (compact, trailing and intermediate) did not possess distinct genetic compositions based on microsatellite variation. Internal transcribed spacer sequencing revealed 12 polymorphic sites. Among 24 sequenced Svalbard samples, eight haplotypes were detected, none shared by the mainland samples. Population genetic structures of S. oppositifolia in Svalbard show that both genetic variation and differentiation levels are modest, outcrossing is the main mating system, and dispersal and gene flow are important, probably attributable to strong winds and human and animal vectors.

Dispersal, mating events and fine-scale genetic structure in the lesser flat-headed bats.

Population genetic structure has important consequences in evolutionary processes and conservation genetics in animals. Fine-scale population genetic structure depends on the pattern of landscape, the permanent movement of individuals, and the dispersal of their genes during temporary mating events. The lesser flat-headed bat (Tylonycteris pachypus) is a nonmigratory Asian bat species that roosts in small groups within the internodes of bamboo stems and the habitats are fragmented. Our previous parentage analyses revealed considerable extra-group mating in this species. To assess the spatial limits and sex-biased nature of gene flow in the same population, we used 20 microsatellite loci and mtDNA sequencing of the ND2 gene to quantify genetic structure among 54 groups of adult flat-headed bats, at nine localities in South China. AMOVA and F ST estimates revealed significant genetic differentiation among localities. Alternatively, the pairwise F ST values among roosting groups appeared to be related to the incidence of associated extra-group breeding, suggesting the impact of mating events on fine-scale genetic structure. Global spatial autocorrelation analyses showed positive genetic correlation for up to 3 km, indicating the role of fragmented habitat and the specialized social organization as a barrier in the movement of individuals among bamboo forests. The male-biased dispersal pattern resulted in weaker spatial genetic structure between localities among males than among females, and fine-scale analyses supported that relatedness levels within internodes were higher among females than among males. Finally, only females were more related to their same sex roost mates than to individuals from neighbouring roosts, suggestive of natal philopatry in females.

Investigation of the Non-Covalent Interactions between Fragment Peptides of Bradykinin by Mass Spectrometry

To explore the important factors affecting the stability of gas phase bradykinin (R1P2P3G4F5S6P7F8R9), the non-covalent interactions between fragment peptides of bradykinin were investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The fracture sites are S 6 P 7 (mode1) and F5S6 (mode2). The fragment peptides of bradykinin and its des-arginine analogues were synthesized. ESI-MS results showed that the fragment peptides of bradykinin obtained in the two modes can easily react by non-covalent interactions. In fracture mode 1, when R 9 was removed, the peptide PF seldom bound to any other fragment peptide. While in fracture mode 2, non-covalent binding still occurred between fragment peptides when either R1 or R9 was removed, which indicates that serine is likely to be at the position of the β-turn. The collision induced dissociation (CID) revealed that the binding strength between RPPGFS and PFR, or RPPGF and SPFR, is stronger than for the peptides without R. For the complexes of RPPGFS with PFR, and RPPGF with SPFR, the binding constant (Kst) values determined by mass spectrometric titrations were 3.53×10 3 and 3.16×10 3 , respectively, which are greater than the K st value (1.25×103) of the complexesof PPGF with SPF. The mass spectrometric titrations confirmed the results from CID, indicating that the hydrogen bonds between the arginine residues of the two terminals of bradykinin play an important role in stabilizing the conformation of gas phase bradykinin.

Genetic divergence between Melipona quadrifasciata Lepeletier (Hymenoptera, Apidae) populations

Melipona quadrifasciata is a stingless bee widely found throughout the Brazilian territory, with two recognized subspecies, M. quadrifasciata anthidioides, that exhibits interrupted metasomal stripes, and M. quadrifasciata quadrifasciata, with continuous metasomal stripes. This study aimed to estimate the genetic variability of these subspecies. For this purpose, 127 colonies from 15 Brazilian localities were analyzed, using nine species-specific microsatellite primers. At these loci, the number of alleles ranged from three to 15 (mean: 7.2), and the observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.03–0.21, while the expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.23–0.47. The genetic distances among populations ranged from 0.03–0.45. The FST multilocus value (0.23) indicated that the populations sampled were structured, and the clustering analysis showed the formation of two subgroups and two more distant populations. The first group contained the subspecies M. quadrifasciata quadrifasciata, and the other, the subspecies M. quadrifasciata anthidioides and the two M. quadrifasciata populations with continuous metasomal stripes from northern Minas Gerais. These results confirmed that the yellow metasomal stripes alone are not a good means for correctly identifying the different subspecies of M. quadrifasciata.

生境片段化对千岛湖岛屿上黄足厚结猛蚁遗传多样性的影响

利用相关序列扩增多态性(SRAP)分子标记法,对千岛湖片段化生境中14个岛屿上的黄足厚结猛蚁(<em>Pachycondyla luteipes</em>)种群遗传结构和多样性进行研究。利用5对SRAP引物对42份材料的基因组进行扩增,共得到大小在50-800 bp之间的71个可重复位点,其中63个为多态性位点,多态性比率达88.73%。AMOVA分析结果显示,65.03%的遗传变异存在于种群间,34.97%的遗传变异来自种群内(<em>P</em> < 0.001)。利用PopGene Version 1.32软件对SRAP多态性数据进行分析,不同岛屿种群的多态位点比例和Nei's基因多样性指数变化范围分别介于35.21%-91.55%和0.2662-0.4905之间,平均值分别为58.25%和0.3729,其中多态位点比率最高的岛屿为面积最大的JSE岛。多态位点比例和Nei's基因多样性指数与岛屿面积、海拔均无显著相关性,但与隔离度呈显著正相关关系。种群间遗传分化指数介于0.0777-0.9328之间,平均值为0.4419,基因流值介于0.0360-5.9350之间,平均值为1.0451,种群间遗传分化程度较高,基因流较低。利用UPGMA聚类分析法对14岛屿上的42个个体进行遗传聚类分析,表明地理距离较近的个体和岛屿具有优先聚在一起的趋势。Mantel 检验表明黄足厚结猛蚁各种群间地理距离与遗传距离间存在显著相关性(<em>r</em>=0.7757,<em>P</em> < 0.01)。以上结果表明地理隔离是影响千岛湖黄足厚结猛蚁种群遗传结构和多样性的主要因素。

한국 특산식물 변산바람꽃(Eranthis byunsanensis)의 유전적 변이

ABSTRACT: The genetic variation in populations of Eranthis byunsanensis, an endemic and rare species ofKorea, was studied using starch gel electrophoresis. All five known populations were sampled for allozymeelectrophoresis of nine enzymes coded by 10 loci. The overall genetic variation of E. byunsanensis populationwas shown to be considerably high within the populations (A = 2.4, P = 90.0, H E = 0.311). A positive F IS valueof E. byunsanensis indicated an overall deficiency of heterozygotes, and a low F ST value (0.131) showed littledifferentiation among populations. The high genetic variation, less genetic differentiation among populations,and a significant amount of heterozygote deficiency propose the hypothesis that they have an experience ofrecent isolation and fragmentation of their habitat. Thus, the rate of gene flow has been drastically reduced, andthe rate of inbreeding in E. byunsanensis populations has increased. Current habitats in Mai-san and Naro-doare vulnerable due to their small population size and the levels of anthropogenic activity in the regionconstantly threatening survival of this species. Because of the high genetic variation and low levels ofdifferentiation among populations in E. byunsanensis, it is not issue which populations have a priority forprotection, but we may concern the plan to maintain population continuously and diminish the rate of inbreeding.

Population genetic structure and genetic variability of the marbled sole Pleuronectes yokohamae on the coast of Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea

This study uses the mitochondrial DNA control region to identify the genetic diversity and population structure of the marbled soles (Pleuronectes yokohamae) that inhabit Jinhae Bay and Yokji Island in the nearby sea and the adjacent waters of Namhae, Hansan Island, and Jaran Bay. Direct sequencing of the PCR products revealed 379 bp sequences with 83 variable nucleotide sites, defining a total of 91 haplotypes. The haplotype diversity was high, ranging from 0.917 ± 0.031 to 0.983 ± 0.008, and nucleotide diversity ranged from 0.015 ± 0.008 to 0.024 ± 0.012. In addition, 48 haplotypes (52.7%) were unique. Pairwise F ST values were very low, with the maximum value occurring between PYH (Hansan Island) and PJI (Jinhae Bay) (F ST = 0.011). Therefore, no significant genetic differentiation was evident between any pair of sampling localities.