SS Wire Research Articles

Effect of Elastomeric Module Degradation and Ligation Methods on Kinetic Friction between NiTi or Stainless Steel Wires and Stainless Steel Brackets.

Objectives: The reduction of resistance to sliding between the archwire and bracket promotes more seamless tooth movement, leading to a faster and improved orthodontic treatment experience. This research aimed to examine how the degradation of elastomeric modules, different ligation methods, bracket-wire angle, and wire type (nickel titanium, NiTi or stainless-steel, SS) impact the kinetic friction resulting from the interaction between NiTi or SS archwires and SS brackets. Materials and Methods: The current in vitro study was conducted on nine groups, including NiTi and SS archwires with three types of ligations (O-ring, figure of 8, and SS wire ligature) and two bracket-wire angles (0˚ and 10˚). The kinetic friction in each group was measured using a Universal Testing Machine at four time intervals: baseline, day one, week one, and week four. Repeated measures ANOVA, Mauchly test of sphericity followed by the Greenhouse-Geisser test, and relevant post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis (P<0.05). Results: The authors found a decrease in kinetic friction in all types of ligations, which confirmed the effect of time on the degradation of ligation modules. The kinetic friction of figure of 8 ligations was higher than both O-ring and SS wire ligations. No difference was observed between O-ring and SS wire ligations. Furthermore, the bracket-wire angle did not affect friction. Conclusion: The authors suggest that the use of figure of 8 ligations in NiTi and SS wires should be limited due to their high friction and replaced with other types of ligations, if possible.

Tension band wiring of fracture distal end of clavicle: Favorable clinical outcome among the patients

Background: A fracture of the clavicle is common traumatic injury. It can be classified into middle third, medial third, and distal third fractures. Around 10–15% of clavicle fractures occur in the distal third. The ideal method of fixation in distal third clavicle fracture remains controversial till date. Aims and Objectives: The clinical outcome of the patients having fracture of the distal end clavicle using rigid fixation with tension band wiring (TBW) with Kirshner wires and SS wire to be assessed instead of other conventional procedures. Materials and Methods: Eight patients of Neer type II closed distal-third clavicle fracture of &lt;3 weeks of duration were included in our study. The fractures were reduced by open reduction and fixed with TBW with two K-wires and SS wire. Results: The mean average age of patients was 41.87 years. All fractures united clinically and radiologically. The mean average time of union was 12 weeks. There was two case of hardware prominence, no fracture related complications. One case of superficial infection was found in study. All of them regained near normal range of motion, and the mean average constant Murley score for distal clavicle fracture at the end of 1 year was 88. At the end of 1 year follow-up, all patients had reached their pre-injury performance levels. Conclusion: There was an encouraging result with TBW in distal third clavicle fracture in our study. This technique is simple with lesser need of expertise and is also cost effective.

Achieving Rapid Healing and Low Complication Rates in Patellar Fracture Fixation: The Benefits of Cerclage and Figure-of-Eight Configuration.

Background and objective Patellarfractures account for around 1% of all fractures. Conservative treatment is advised in patients without any incompatibility of articular surfaces or those with intact extensor mechanisms. More than a 2-mm articular gap due to fracture warrants surgical intervention. Tension band wiring (TBW) is a commonly used practice for fixation, However, there is still controversy about its effectiveness and complications arising due to the hardware. Modification of this technique by using K-wires has been considered a method of choice, but this technique is associated with complications due to K-wires. The Pyrford technique is a method for patellar fracture fixation by circumferential cerclageand anterior TBW. We employed the figure-of-eight configuration over the circumferential wire. This study aimed to analyze the outcomes ofTBW of the patella without K-wires by assessing the rate of complication and functional outcomes. Materials and methods A total of 38 patientswithOTA 34C type, simple and comminuted type of patella fractures aged between22 and 70 years were treated with circumferential cerclage and figure-of-eight TBW.All patients underwent patellar fixation with cerclage and through direct purchase of SS wire via quadriceps and patellar tendon. Patients were followed up for one to three years. We analyzed differences in the range of motion, fracture reduction, fracture healing time, Bostman score for knee function, and complications. Results The mean age of the patients was 45 years. After TBW without K-wires, fracture healing and functional outcomes were satisfactory according to patient feedback and clinocoradiological examinations. Of note, 35 out of 38 patients (92%) had gained up to 90 degrees of active flexion at the end of one week. One patient (2.42%) developed a superficial infection. All fractures had achieved union at the end of 16 weeks. Malunion or nonunion was not noted in any of the cases. There was no case of implant removal. The average Bostman score at the 12-month follow-up was 28.5 ±1.5. The incidence of complications due to K-wire was nullified. Conclusion Based on our findings, the described method leads to better functional outcomes, decreasing hardware-related complications, and can be used in simple as well as comminuted fractures. The fracture healing and functional outcomes and rate of complications were satisfactory.

A Randomized Comparative Study of Functional and Radiological Outcome of Tension Band Wiring for Patella Fractures Using SS Wire Versus Fiberwire.

Patellar fractures account for 1% of all skeletal injuries. Tension band wiring using SS wire has been the most commonly practiced procedure. Although this has shown good results, many patients experience hardware related problems like pain, irritation and prominence which necessitate it's removal. Recent studies have highlighted braided sutures as a possible alternative to SS wire. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the functional and radiological outcomes and complications of TBW using SS wire versus FiberWire (a reinforced braided polyblend suture) for the treatment of displaced transverse patellar fractures. A randomized comparative study was carried out at a tertiary care center from November 2019 to May 2021. 32 patients were randomized into two equal groups, one treated with TBW using FiberWire and the other with SS wire. Patients were followed up for a period of 20weeks and evaluated for functional outcome using the Bostman scoring scale, radiological union, complications and hardware removal rates. The mean duration for radiological union was 12.85weeks using FiberWire and 12.75weeks using SS wire. The mean knee range of motion was 118.57° in the FiberWire group and 117.18° in the SS wire group. Functional scores in the FiberWire and SS wire groups were 24 (good) and 26 (good) respectively measured using the Bostman scoring scale at end of 20weeks. Complications like hardware prominence, soft tissue irritation and hardware removal rates were significantly higher in the SS wire group with a p value of 0.023. SS wire is biomechanically stronger than FiberWire when used for TBW. Both implants produce comparable results with respect to union rate, ROM and functional outcome, however, FiberWire causes fewer hardware complications like prominence and pain and hence alleviates the need for a second surgical procedure for implant removal. Thus, surgical treatment of transverse and inferior pole of patella fractures with TBW using FiberWire is a better alternative to SS wire considering early rehabilitation and lesser complication rates.

Air carbon arc gouging of austenitic stainless steels prior to arc welding – opportunities and risks

This paper presents the effect of air carbon arc gouging (ACAG) and submerged arc welding (SAW) on the risk of intergranular corrosion and on the mechanical properties of AISI 304 stainless steel plate, welded with AWS-ER308L wire, and AISI 347H stainless steel plate, welded with AWS-ER347 wire. A high risk of carbon uptake was found for as-gouged surfaces. Different mechanical surface cleaning procedures were evaluated. Brushing was ineffective to remove the carbon-contaminated layer, while grinding was more efficient, as assessed by double-loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DL-EPR), but still indicating few remnants carbon-contaminated areas. DL-EPR and oxalic etching tests of gouged and welded 304/ER308L stainless steel indicated the risk of sensitization and suspect etch microstructures regarding intergranular corrosion, while low sensitization risk was found for 347H/ER347 stainless steel welds, highlighting the role of low alloying elements such as Nb, recognized to reduce the risk of intergranular corrosion. Thus, the 304/308L SS weld joints were sensitized, even if no gouging was employed. This indicates a higher susceptibility of sensitization and intergranular attack caused by the thermal cycle induced during the SAW of AISI 304 SS using AWS-ER308L SS wire. Acceptable mechanical behavior of welding onto gouged surfaces was found for both weld joints (i.e., Charpy energy > 90 J and Ultimate Tensile Strength ≥ 600 MPa), revealing that the major risk is the sensitization in the case of 304/ER308L SS welds.

AO Reconstruction Plate as Buttressing for Greater Trochanter in Hemiarthroplasty Procedure

INTRODUCTIONThe trend of intertrochanter fractures has gradually increased leading to a high frequency of difficulties and damage as the result of the increased age and risk factors. Accordingly, the aim of stable fixation in these fractures is designed with appropriate surgical procedures and patient care. The contribution of a stable fixation is due to several considerations including fracture shape and assurance, bone quality, comminution pattern, implant choice, and surgical technique. This study aimed to assess the functional outcomes of the patients with an intertrochanteric fracture who underwent hemiarthroplasty with AO recon as buttressing.MATERIALS AND METHODSThis was a case series study conducted in Gadjah Mada University Academic Hospital in Yogyakarta from July 2017 to August 2018. Patients with Evans unstable intertrochanteric femoral fractures who underwent simultaneous bipolar hemiarthroplasty and fixation with AO reconstruction plate and SS wire as buttressing were evaluated. Pre and postoperative radiographs, postoperative Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score, walking ability using Harris Hip Score (HHS), and Lower Extremity Functional Score (LEFS) were the outcome parameters.RESULTSA total of 6 patients, 4 of whom were male with an average age of 81 years old were included in this study. All the mechanisms of injury were low-energy trauma. The mean VAS score was decreased, from 7 pre-operatively to 1.5 post-operatively at final follow-up (p-value 0.05). The patients had a mean HHS of 82.5 and a LEFS mean of 56.7.CONCLUSIONButtress plate fixation using an AO reconstruction plate for trochanteric fracture following bipolar hemiarthroplasty resulted in a good functional outcome.

Functional outcome among patients treated by percutaneous cannulated screw with tension band for transverse patella fracture

Introduction: Tension band wiring is the most commonly used treatment method for transverse patella fracture. Tension band construct can be achieved by various modifications. Percutaneous cannulated screw with tension band is a minimally invasive technique with stiffer fixation that follows tension band principle. This study aims to assess the clinical and radiological outcome using percutaneous cannulated screw with tension band for the management of transverse patella fracture. Methods: This was a prospective study among 30 adult patients who had closed displaced transverse patella fracture. Patients with polytrauma, comminuted fracture, neurovascular injury and prior injury to the limb were excluded from the study. Each patient was followed up at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 3 months and 6 months postoperatively. Results: Among all surgically treated patients using this technique, Pain gradually decreased over time and was less than VAS score of 1 in all patients at 6 months follow-up with an average score of 0.3. The final range of motion at 6 months was: flexion ranging from 122 to 145 degrees and extension lag from of 0 to 8 degrees. There was significant improvement in range of motion of knee in each follow up. The mean duration for fracture union was 11.4±2.3 weeks. There were no cases of nonunion and hardware failure. The mean Lyshom score was 82.5 at final follow up. Conclusions: The percutaneous fixation of transverse patella fracture with cannulated screw and SS wire is safe and effective method which gives good functional outcome.

Emergency management of maxillary dentoalveolar fracture: A case report

Dentoalveolar trauma occurs in relation to injuries of fall, road traffic accidents, sports injury or physical violence. There may be injury limited to the tooth, or may involve the periodontium around, or in severe cases, alveolar bone or oral mucosa may be traumatised. There can be myriad injuries of the same structure depending upon the severity of impact. The injuries of tooth most commonly being crown fractures, followed by root fractures, luxation or complete avulsion of the tooth. Every type of dentoalveolar injury requires a specific set of clinical protocols to be followed in order to successfully diagnose and manage the particular case.We hereby report a case of a 29-year-old male patient with a history of fall under the influence of alcohol, who had fallen flat on his face and had suffered intrusive luxation of permanent maxillary right central incisor and avulsion of permanent maxillary left central and lateral incisors. The exarticulated teeth still had slight soft tissue attachment to the socket. On the patients first visit to dental OPD, being a dental emergency, the avulsed teeth were immediately restored back into the socket under local anaesthesia after adequately irrigating and debriding the socket, followed by repositioning of the internally luxated tooth, so that all were in their correct anatomical position. After checking for occlusion, they were splinted in position with Erich’s arch bar and 26 gauge SS wire and after giving post-operative instructions patient was asked to follow up after 6 weeks. At 6 weeks, the affected teeth were found to be firm and so arch bar were removed. Patient was advised to follow up further. At periodic follow ups, the patient was asymptomatic and maintained adequate oral functioning of the injured teeth, thus with good patient compliance and proper diagnosis and treatment, dentoalveolar fractures can be managed successfully. The main purpose of this article is to lay emphasis on the timing of treatment of the dentoalveolar injuries. The earlier they are managed, the better is the outcome.

Functional outcome in the total hip arthroplasty

Total hip arthroplasty is a surgical treatment that has been thoroughly documented. The capacity of Total Hip Replacement arthroplasty to treat pain associated with hip joint pathology while retaining mobility and stability of the hip joint is the key to its effectiveness.The goal of this study was to use the Modified Harris hip score and radiological examination to assess the clinical and functional outcomes of total hip arthroplasty.The study was carried out on 33 hips of 30 patients of Total Hip Replacement operated in the Department of Orthopedics, Vinayaka missions medical College and Hospital and Vinayaka missions Hitec Hospital, Salem, from August 2012 to September 2014. This was a retrospective as well as prospective study. Patient follow up was for a minimum of 6 weeks to a maximum of 12 months (1yr).9 patients underwent uncemented total hip replacement in which for 5 patients the acetabular cup was fixed with 2 acetabular screws each. During the procedure 1 patient had Type A2 Vancouver fracture of the proximal femur which was fixed with SS wire cerclage which united as documented by the follow up X-rays. Postoperatively, for two patients we came across dislocation due to adductor contracture, was reduced following adductor tenotomy. Patients were found to be doing normal daily activities by the follow-up. The mean overall pre-operative score was 33.3, which improved to a mean score of 94.2 after surgery.Dislocation was seen in 2 individual patients.After THR, which was conducted on a population of active individuals, 96.9% of patients experienced excellent or good pain reduction and function. When pain sufferers were included, the overall average score was 90 points, but after a minimum of five years of follow-up of 91 hips treated with the PCA prosthesis, the average score was 93 points.

Effect of micro osteo-perforations (MOP) on the rate of tooth movement and levels of interleukin- 1β - a split mouth study.

Various procedures are available today to enhance tooth movement, with relative success rates, one among them being micro osteo-perforation (MOP). Our aim is to assess the rate of tooth movement and interleukin-1β levels in gingival crevicular fluid levels (GCF) after MOPs. A group of 22 patients were selected, who required first premolars extraction and were designated for the split mouth study with equal allocation. MOP was performed on the right side, three vertical MOPs were given using 1.2 X 8 mm mini implants with the gap of 2 mm between them and surgical depth of the implant insertion was 5 mm. The left side was used as control. The individual canine retraction was initiated with placement of 150 grams on 19*25 SS wire. The case was evaluated at different timelines for canine retraction and interleukin-1β levels. There was a significant difference in the rate of canine movement at 45 days (1.42 mm) and end of canine retraction on experimental side (2.61 mm). The GCF levels were raised at T1 and T2 intervals on the side of MOP and were statically significant (p=0.00). MOP is a minimally invasive procedure which accelerates the tooth movement by 20%. The increase in IL-1β levels indicates a higher rate of chemical interaction on the surgically assisted side. For enhanced efficiency MOPs should be repeated every 6-8 weeks.

Is there any difference between conventional, passive and active self-ligating brackets? A systematic review and network meta-analysis

To test the null hypothesis that there was no difference in treatment efficiency between therapies undertaken with conventional (CBs), passive self-ligating (PSLBs) or active self-ligating (ASLBs) brackets. An electronic search was performed in 3 data bases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) from their origin up to January 2019. Additional references were hand searched. Search was strictly restricted to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and split-mouth design studies (SMDs). RCTs and SMDs were initially processed separately and subsequently combined in a network meta-analysis. The following variables were evaluated: treatment duration, number of visits, occlusal outcomes, alignment rate, transverse arch dimensional changes, incisor position modification, rate of space closure, anchorage loss, bond failure, root resorption, perception of discomfort during the initial phase of alignment, time to ligate in or to untie an archwire, periodontal variables, quality of life. On 229 papers, 30 RCTs and 9 SMDs were finally included in this study. Out of 85 comparisons, 16 only revealed statistically significant differences. It was quicker to untie and ligate an 0.014 NiTi arch from/in 6 ASLBs anterior ceramic brackets compared to 6 ceramic CBs. It was also more painful to insert and remove an 0.019×0.025 SS wire in/from PSLB's brackets compared to CB's attachments. Compared to conventional brackets, there was less maxillary incisor proclination with PSLBs in non-extraction cases. Moreover, there was less bleeding on probing 4-5 weeks after bonding with PSLBs compared to CBs brackets. The only significant difference between ASLBs and PSLBs was that alignment was 10 days faster with active self-ligating braces compared with passive self-ligating braces even if treatment duration between ASLBs and PSLBs was not significantly different. The network meta-analysis revealed that IMPA was greater in extractions cases with CBs compared with both ASLBs (+2,5°) and PSLBs (+1,6°). The vast majority of the studied variables did not show any significant differences between the three types of brackets. The most significant findings were that it was quicker to insert and remove archwires from ASLBs compared to CBs, and it was more painful to insert and remove an 0.019×0.025" stainless steel wire in/from PSLBs compared to CBs. The major difference between ASLBs and PSLBs was that alignment was 10 days faster with active self-ligating braces compared with passive self-ligating braces even if treatment duration between ASLBs and PSLBs was not significantly different. Most of the claims put forward by the suppliers were not substantiated by our network meta-analysis.

Three-dimensional soft tissue changes in orthodontic extraction and non-extraction patients: A prospective study.

To assess the soft tissue changes in orthodontic extraction and non-extraction patients on 3D stereophotogrammetric images. 23 extraction (22.2±9.2years) and 23 non-extraction (20.3±11.1years) consecutive patients were enrolled at the Sections of Orthodontics at Aarhus University and at University of Naples Federico II. All patients had a first 3D image taken after bonding of brackets on the upper incisors (T0), and a second 3D image (T1) after space closure in the extraction group or at insertion of the first SS or TMA rectangular wire in the non-extraction group. The 3D images were captured with 3dMDFace System and analysed with 3dMDVultus Software. After placing 19 landmarks, 15 measurements were obtained. Intragroup changes were analysed with paired t-test and intergroup changes with unpaired t-test (P<.05). Superimpositions of the 3D images at T0 and T1 visualized with colour-coded maps showed that soft tissue changes primarily happened in the perioral area in both groups. The Nasolabial angle increased significantly in the extraction group (3°±4.1, P=.002), while it decreased in the non-extraction group (-1.5°±5.5°, P=.002). There was a significant difference between the two groups (4.4°, P=.004). 3D comparison of the soft tissues in the extraction and non-extraction groups showed statistically significant, but clinically limited differences in the perioral area. The Nasolabial angle was significantly larger at T1 in the extraction group compared with the non-extraction group.

Comparative Analysis of Sliding Resistance of Different Lingual Systems

Objective: To analyse and compare the frictional properties of 4 lingual systems combined with two types of stainless steel archwire (0.016x0.022, 0.018x0.025) and a 0.018x0.025 TMA archwire by simulating different misalignment situations in vitro. Material and Methods: Five randomly chosen brackets from each system (e-Brace, Harmony, Incognito, and STb) were used for the measurements and to simulate an upper first premolar extraction case. The friction tests were performed using a material testing machine in combination with a specialized test rig. Results: The lowest absolute friction values were found with the 0.016x0.022 SS wire in a passive configuration. STb provided the lowest mean friction, while Harmony brackets displayed the highest friction. The TMA Beta Titanium wire showed the highest friction values, but maintained proportions similar to those of the other wires as tip and torsion increased. Conclusion: The type of bracket has a significant impact on friction, and there is a positive correlation between mesiodistal bracket width and resistance to sliding. The archwire sections and materials and the vertical displacement, also significantly affect the friction generated by the system.

Comparison of friction coefficient and surface roughness on stainless steel nickel titanium, and nickel-titanium copper wires to standard edgewise brackets: An experimental in vitro study

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the friction and the difference in the roughness of the wire on the standard edgewise bracket. Materials and Methods: This was an experimental laboratory study with a posttest only control group design. The number of samples in this research was 21. The samples were divided into three groups (n = 7) consisting of 0.016′′ x 0.022′′ stainless steel archwire (SS group), 0.016′′ x 0.022′′ nickel-titanium archwire (NiTi group), and 0.016′′ x 0.022′′ nickel-titanium copper archwire (NiTiCu group). The bracket used in each group is standard edgewise slot 0.018. Friction coefficient test was conducted by creating an examination tool from acrylic to fixate the bracket with a size of 2cm x 5cm. The bracket was then attached using glue (polyvinyl acetate) and the archwire was fixated to the bracket using power O. After the friction test, three samples were taken from each group to be tested morphology and topography of each type using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Statistical analysis used in this research is using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to find out the comparison of variables and Tukey’s honest significant difference (HSD) to find out the comparison between three groups (P < 0.05). Results: The lowest friction coefficient was found in SS archwire, which consecutively followed by NiTiCu and NiTi. The smoothest archwire surface observed by SEM was SS, followed by NiTiCu and NiTi. Conclusion: SS wire has the smoothest archwire surface and the lowest frictional force, so it is well used for the teeth movement in space closing on edgewise bracket.

Radiographic and histochemical assessment of root resorption during canine retraction through piezocision site.

The number of adult patients seeking orthodontics treatment has increased drastically. There is increased need for faster tooth movement and good esthetics. Piezocision is one of the methods used for accelerating the rate of tooth movement. To assess the amount of root resorption after retraction of canine through piezocision site and compare it with that of recently extracted site using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and assessment of dentin sialoprotein (DSP) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). A split mouth design was used in 15 patients who were undergoing first orthodontic treatment with premolar extractions. Randomly one of the sides was chosen as control (Group I) and the other side underwent piezocision procedure (Group II). 0.022 × 0.028'' MBT system was used with 0.017 × 0.025 SS wire for canine retraction using 150 grams of force. GCF samples were collected from mesio-buccal and disto-buccal of the canine with micropipette at baseline (TO) and day 90(T1) to detect the levels of DSP and the root resorption was measured using CBCT. Statistically significant amount of root resorption was observed after retraction in both the groups. DSP levels were increased in both the groups, though little higher in Group II when compared to group I. DSP level was increased on the piezocision side but it was statistically insignificant which suggests the amount of root resorption on both the sides is similar.

Comparative Evaluation of Dimensional Accuracy, Surface Characteristics, and Load Deflection Attributes of 0.019" × 0.025" Stainless Steel Wires Sourced from Six Different Commercial Houses: An In Vitro Study

Aims &amp; Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare dimensional accuracy, surface characteristics and load deflection attributes of SS wires sourced from six different commercial houses. Materials &amp; Methods: 0.019” x 0.025” SS wire samples were divided into 6 groups and evaluated and compared for the aforementioned properties. Dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, frictional resistance, load deflection rate and ultimate tensile strength were evaluated and compared. Results: Dimensional accuracy did not vary significantly. Surface Profilometry proved 3M Unitek (Group 1) to be the wire with least irregularities. According to SEM, Modern Orthodontics (Group 6) and 3M Unitek (Group 1) in terms of ‘Sa’ and ‘Sq’ respectively had the smoothest surface finish. SS wires sourced from G&amp;H Orthodontics (Group 2) exhibited least frictional resistance. Load deflection rates varied for all the groups for all three parameters under the study. UTS was best for SS wires sourced from Rabbit Force Orthodontics (Group 5). Conclusion: No wire from a single commercial house excels in all the parameters that were evaluated, each one having its aces and minuses.

Evaluation of the Genotoxic Effects of Orthodontic NiTi Wires on Oral Mucosal Cells: An In Vivo Study

Introduction: Orthodontic wires are one of the main components of fixed appliance treatment. Bio-degradation of the metals in these wires could be a source of genotoxicity in the oral cavity. Materials and Methods: After the ethical committee approval and obtaining patient consent, the oral buccal mucosal smears were collected from buccal mucosa using a metal spatula from 27 patients before bonding, during NiTi, and during SS wire stage. The MN assay test was performed using Papanicolaou staining procedure. The micronuclei were examined and counted using previously reported criteria under an electron microscope before bonding, during NiTi, and during SS wire stage. Result: The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance test with Greenhouse–Geisser correction for comparison. It determined that mean mucosa cells differed statistically significantly between time points. Post hoc tests using the Bonferroni correction showed that there was an increase in MN cells from before bonding brackets to the tooth (mean value 6.15 ± 2.769) to during NiTi wire stage (mean value 344.85 ± 64.73), and a reduced count from NiTi wire stage (mean value 344.85 ± 64.73) to SS wire stage (mean value 160.52 ± 47.52). Conclusion: The orthodontic wires were observed to be genotoxic. The NiTi wire is considered to have more potential to cause genotoxicity when compared to SS wires. This could be because of the Ni element present in a higher percentage in NiTi wire as compared to SS wire, hence, element Ni can be considered to be genotoxic. Whether the effect of these wires on oral buccal mucosal cells is reversible has to be evaluated further.

Experimental investigation on the critical heat flux of Cu-water, Al-water nanofluids for precise cooling of electronic systems

In recent year’s huge development has taken place in the fields of integrated circuits technology and high speed processors. The performance of such electronic system is highly affected by heat generated during the operation. These heat generated on the electronic systems has to be dissipated in order to increase the performance and to avoid the damage due to high temperature resulting from heat generation. The increase in temperature may be reduced by the use of effective heat transfer devices such as heat pipes. The maximum heat transfer limits of the heat pipes are restricted by their heat flux limit. Critical heat flux (CHF) defines the maximum heat transfer limit. To meet the high demand of coolingin electronic industries, enhancement in critical heat flux limit of heat pipes as well as heat transfer surfaces are essential. Therefore in order to identify the ways to enhance the critical heat flux limit, series of experiment were conducted using two different types of nanofluids such as Cu-water and Al-water suspensions. For each nanofluids four different concentration were tested (0.0005wt%, 0.001wt%, 0.005wt%, 0.01wt %). There are two different type of wires were used to study the CHF. Ni-Cr wire with diameter of 0.19mm and 0.119mm, SS wire with the diameter of 0.08mm were used. The critical heat flux of Al-water and Cu-water Nanofluids is improved up to 124 % and 164 % respectively when compared with DI water.

Reconstruction of chronic patellar tendon rupture with hamstring graft and SS wire augmentation: A case report

Chronic patellar tendon ruptures are unusual and management of which is challenging. The management of a neglected, chronic patellar tendon rupture must address three difficulties: the proximally retracted patella, robust reconstruction of the patellar tendon, and the temporary protection of this repair. Here we would like to describe the advantages of reconstruction in a case of neglected patellar tendon rupture using hamstring grafts and ss wire augmentation, which allowed early range of motion and provided good functional outcome.

Comparing the rotational control during canine retraction using two different bracket systems – Synergy and Self Ligating brackets – Split mouth study

Canine, being the cornerstone of the dental arches, shares an important role in oral functions, esthetics, arch shape and stability. With the new bracket systems that have come to light, which have reduced friction, there is not much literature on how much of a rotation control they have on the cuspids. Hence this study is conducted to compare the efficiency of two least frictional resistance offering brackets – Self-ligating and synergy brackets in terms of rotational control. The study was designed as a prospective randomized controlled split-mouth clinical trial, which included 16 subjects of ages 12-30 years, divided into two groups, left, and the right quadrants receiving Self Ligating and Synergy brackets based on simple randomization, along with a 19*25" SS wire and closed coil springs for individual canine retraction. The patients were reviewed every 21 days for four appointments, and records were taken for each review. Photographs were taken of the cast at every review, and the degree of canine rotation was measured and compared. The results indicate that there is no statistical difference between both the groups in the amount of canine rotation during individual canine retraction with a p-value greater than 0.05 at every interval. The results also indicate that there is a significant amount of canine rotation in Group 1 – Self-ligating brackets and Group 2 – Synergy brackets independently, when comparing T0 to every interval. Overall results show that there is no significant statistical difference between Synergy and Self-Ligating brackets in the amount of canine rotation during canine retraction. The mean or average amount of canine rotation for Group I Self-ligating was 3.32º ±6.55°. The mean or average amount of canine rotation for Group 2 Synergy was 4.08º ±3.85°.