SS White Research Articles

Progression of non-cavitated lesions in dentin through a nonsurgical approach: a preliminary 12-month clinical observation

Considering the minimally invasive approach to dentistry, the scientific community has focused on non-invasive treatments for caries lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a nonsurgical approach to arrest occlusal non-cavitated dentin lesions through glass ionomer sealing. In this controlled clinical trial, 51 teeth with clinically non-cavitated occlusal caries radiographically located beneath the enamel-dentine junction (radiolucent area) were selected among patients presenting a moderate to high risk of caries. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group receiving an application of Vidrion-R (SS White) glass ionomer and a control group not submitted to any clinical intervention. Caries progression was monitored by clinical and radiographic examination at 4-monthly intervals over a period of one year. In addition, marginal integrity of the sealant was evaluated in the experimental group. Clinical examination showed no statistical difference between the groups (P=.13). On the other hand, sealed teeth presented lower caries progression when analyzed by radiographic examination (P=.004). A glass ionomer sealant over non-cavitated occlusal caries lesions in dentin may not be sufficiently effective in arresting their progression.

A comparative evaluation of dentin caries removal with polymer bur and conventional burs—An <i>in vitro</i> study

Aim: To evaluate the comparative efficacy of Polymer bur (Smartprep) and Conventional burs (Carbide bur & Diamond Points) in selective Dentin caries removal. Materials and method: 15 freshly extracted carious human premolars and molars were selected for this study. These teeth were split in the center of carious lesion, in order to obtain two corresponding half. Thus 30 samples were prepared in this way. These were randomly divided in to 3 groups of 10 samples each. Group 1: The carious portion of these samples was excavated with the help of polymer bur Smartprep (SS White). Group 3: Prepared with Tungsten carbide round bur (No. 018). Group 3: Prepared with the help of Diamond points (No. 018). The period of time involved in this process is measured. After excavation of all carious lesions, a longitudinal section from mid most part of lesion was obtain with the help of diamond disc at slow speed. After staining with caries detector dye “Seek”, the sections were subjected to histological evaluation under stereomicro-scope. The thickness of remaining caries is measured in more or less than 1 mm. Results: The difference in grading of remaining carious dentin between Polymer bur and Conventional burs were statistically non- significant, but Polymer bur taken more time in comparison to Conventional burs. Conclusion: Smartprep bur is more conservative in selectively dentin caries removal than Conventional burs but same time it is more time consuming than Conventional burs.

Microhardness of glass ionomer cements indicated for the ART technique according to surface protection treatment and storage time

The aim of this study was to assess the microhardness of 5 glass ionomer cements (GIC) - Vidrion R (V, SS White), Fuji IX (F, GC Corp.), Magic Glass ART (MG, Vigodent), Maxxion R (MR, FGM) and ChemFlex (CF, Dentsply) - in the presence or absence of a surface protection treatment, and after different storage periods. For each GIC, 36 test specimens were made, divided into 3 groups according to the surface protection treatment applied - no protection, varnish or nail varnish. The specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 h, 7 and 30 days and the microhardness tests were performed at these times. The data obtained were submitted to the ANOVA for repeated measures and Tukey tests (alpha = 5%). The results revealed that the mean microhardness values of the GICs were, in decreasing order, as follows: F > CF = MR > MG > V; that surface protection was significant for MR, at 24 h, without protection (64.2 + or - 3.6a), protected with GIC varnish (59.6 + or - 3.4b) and protected with nail varnish (62.7 + or - 2.8ab); for F, at 7 days, without protection (97.8 + or - 3.7ab), protected with varnish (95.9 + or - 3.2b) and protected with nail varnish (100.8 + or - 3.4a); and at 30 days, for F, without protection (98.8 + or - 2.6b), protected with varnish (103.3 + or - 4.4a) and protected with nail varnish (101 + or - 4.1ab) and, for V, without protection (46 + or - 1.3b), protected with varnish (49.6 + or - 1.7ab) and protected with nail varnish (51.1 + or - 2.6a). The increase in storage time produced an increase in microhardness. It was concluded that the different GICs, surface protection treatments and storage times could alter the microhardness values.

Influence of luting agents on time required for cast post removal by ultrasound: an in vitro study

Objective:This in vitro study evaluated the influence of luting agents on ultrasonic vibration time for intraradicular cast post removal.Material and Methods:After endodontic treatment, 30 roots of extracted human canines were embedded in resin cylinders. The post-holes were prepared at 10 mm depth and their impressions were taken using autopolymerizing acrylic resin. After casting procedures using a nickel-chromium alloy, the posts were randomly distributed into 3 groups (n=10) according to the luting material: G1- zinc phosphate (SS White) (control group), G2 - glass ionomer cement (Vidrion C; SS White), and G3- resin cement (C&B; Bisco). In G3, the adhesive procedure was performed before post cementation. After 24 h, the cement line was removed at the post/tooth interface using a fine diamond bur, and the ST-09 tip of an Enac ultrasound unit was applied at maximum power on all surfaces surrounding the posts. The application time was recorded with a chronometer until the post was completely dislodged and data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05).Results:The roots were removed from the acrylic resin and inspected to detect cracks and/or fractures. The means for G1, G2, and G3 were 168.5, 59.5, and 285 s, respectively, with statistically significant differences among them. Two G3 posts resisted removal, one of which developed a vertical fracture line.Conclusions:Therefore, the cement type had a direct influence on the time required for ultrasonic post removal. Compared to the zinc phosphate and glass ionomer cements, the resin cement required a longer ultrasonic vibration time.

Preliminary study on chitosan modified glass ionomer restoratives

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chitosan (CH), a biocompatible polysaccharide, on the flexural strength of glass ionomer restoratives (GIR) and on the release of fluoride ions from GIR. Methods Commercial GIR (Vidrion, SS White) has been modified by adding chitosan (CH, Fluka). Samples containing 0.0044, 0.012, 0.025 and 0.045 wt% CH were prepared, molded and weighed. For flexural strength, sets of 10 specimens 10 mm × 2 mm × 2 mm of commercial and CH modified GIR were prepared. Differences were analyzed by the one-way analysis of variances (ANOVA) test, at significance level 0.05. The data were also analyzed by post hoc Tukey's HSD for unequal n (Spjotvoll/Stoline) test. Scanning electron microscopy analyses were performed on the composites cryo-fracture surfaces. For the fluoride release tests and medium pH determination, discs with 10 mm diameter and 2 mm height were prepared in a PTFE mold placed between two glass slides. Samples were weighed in order to normalize each material test group. At least 10 samples of each material were prepared. Approximately 5 min after preparation the discs were transferred into individual glass flasks containing 50 mL of distilled water. The concentration of released fluoride was determined as a function of time by means of a fluoride ion selective electrode Orion 94-09 SC connected to an Ionanalyser (Orion Research Inc., USA). The medium pH was monitored as a function of time at (25 ± 1° C), using a Digimed DM20 potentiometer (Digicrom Instrumentos, Brazil) equipped with a combined glass electrode. Ellipsometric measurements were performed to quantify the thickness of adsorbed polymer (poly(acrylic acid) or the mixture of poly(acrylic acid) with CH). Results The addition of 0.0044 wt% of CH led to a significant increase in the flexural resistance. CH contents higher than 0.022 wt% led to poor performance. For the same period of time the amount of fluoride ions released from CH modified GIR was much larger than that released from commercial GIR. CH catalyzed the fluoride release from GIR to the medium, especially from those with 0.0044 wt% of CH. As a consequence, the medium pH increased from 5.0 to 6.3. A model based on the formation of a polymeric network around the inorganic particles was proposed to explain the experimental findings. The adsorption of CH and poly(acrylic acid) onto planar Si/SiO 2 substrates was quantified and supported the proposed model. Significance The results presented here showed that the flexural strength of a commercial GIR can be considerably improved by the addition of a tiny amount of CH. Moreover, in the presence of CH, the release of fluoride ions from GIR is catalyzed.

Effects of a 10% Carbamide Peroxide Bleaching Agent on Roughness and Microhardness of Packable Composite Resins

Bleaching agents containing 10% carbamide peroxide may be applied to the surface of preexisting packable resin-based composite restorations. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of a 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent (Review, SS White, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) on surface roughness and microhardness of three packable resin-based composites (Fill Magic condensable, Vigodent, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Alert, Jeneric Pentron, Wallingford, CT, USA; Definite, Degussa, Hanau, Germany). For the control (no bleaching) and experimental (bleaching treatment) groups, 12 specimens of each material were prepared in cylindrical acrylic molds. The experimental specimens were exposed to the bleaching agent for 6 hours a day for 3 weeks. During the remaining time (18 h), they were stored in artificial saliva. The control specimens remained immersed in artificial saliva throughout the experiment. Surface roughness and microhardness measurements were performed on the top surface of each specimen. Analysis of variance and the Tukey test showed no significant differences in roughness among the packable composites evaluated (p = .18), but those submitted to the treatment with a 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent displayed significantly higher mean surface roughness than did the corresponding control group for each material. For the microhardness tests, there were significant differences among materials (p < .0001). Alert showed the highest microhardness values followed by Definite and Fill Magic condensable. Ten percent carbamide peroxide bleaching agents may change the surface roughness of packable composites, but they do not alter their microhardness. Under the conditions of this study, a 3-week bleaching regimen with 10% carbamide peroxide agents affected the roughness of packable composites. Nevertheless, the surface microhardness was not affected, although there were differences among the materials evaluated inherent to their composition.

Resistência à remoção por tração de coroas totais metálicas cimentadas em dentes com e sem reconstrução coronária

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a resistência à remoção por tração de coroas totais metálicas cimentadas com o cimento de ionômero de vidro Ketac-Cem (ESPE) em dentes adequadamente preparados, com e sem o pré-tratamento dentinário com o ácido poliacrílico a 40%, assim como sobre dentes previamente reconstruídos com o cimento ionomérico Vitremer (3M). Para efeito de comparação, empregou-se o cimento de fosfato de zinco (SS White). Foram selecionados 50 dentes humanos (primeiros pré-molares superiores) sendo os mesmos fixados em bases cilíndricas de resina acrílica poliestirênica e divididos em 5 grupos de 10 elementos cada. Após a cimentação, os espécimes foram termociclados nas temperaturas de 5ºC, 37ºC e 55ºC e posteriormente acoplados à máquina de ensaios universal (Kratos), para a realização dos testes de resistência à tração. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos a ANOVA, observando-se diferença estatística significante ao nível de 5% entre as diferentes condições estudadas. Com relação aos dentes sem reconstrução, verificou-se um resultado superior para o cimento Ketac-Cem quando da utilização do ácido poliacrílico. Para os grupos reconstruídos com o Vitremer, não observou-se diferença estatística significante entre os dois agentes cimentantes. A reconstrução coronária não prejudicou a retentividade das coroas totais metálicas.

Radiopacity of resin-modified glass ionomer liners and 2 bases

Statement of problem. Lining and base materials for restorations have traditionally been autopolymerized and include conventional glass ionomer cements. Light-cured resin-modified glass ionomer cements have recently become available, but a lack of information exists regarding their radiopacity. Purpose of study. In this study the radiopacity of glass ionomer cements was assessed with a standard method that related densitometric measurements to an equivalent thickness of aluminum. Material and methods. Radiographs were made of specimens with seven materials commonly used as liners and bases: two reinforced zinc oxide–eugenol cements (Kalzinol and Intermediate Restorative Material, De Trey Dentsply), a zinc phosphate cement (SS White, S.S. White Manufacturing), three resin-modified glass ionomer liners (Vitrebond [3M Dental Products], Fuji Lining LC [GC Dental], and Photac-Bond [ESPE Dental Medizin GmbH]), and a conventional glass ionomer liner/base (Ketac-Bond, ESPE Dental-Medizin GmbH), with dentin as a control. The radiopacity of all materials was compared with dentin. Results. Kalzinol had the greatest radiopacity of the materials tested. The glass ionomer cements were substantially less radiopaque than other materials. The conventional glass ionomer cement, Ketac-Bond, was more radiopaque than the three resin-modified glass ionomer cements. Of the three resin-modified glass ionomer materials, Vitrebond was the most radiopaque and Fuji Lining LC was the least radiopaque. Conclusion. Future resin-modified glass ionomer materials are recommended to be formulated to increase radiopacity for improved clinical detection. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;77:239-42.)

Shear bond strength of glass-ionomer cements to dentin: Effects of dentin depth and type of material activation

The purpose of this study was to determine, through the shear bond strength of in vitro tests, that the type of glass-ionomer cements (conventional or hybrid) and dentin depth (superficial or deep) are factors that may influence the adhesion of these materials to the dentin structure. Specimens of two conventional glass-ionomer cements (Vidrion R® - SS White and Chelon Fil®- Espe) and a hybrid-glass ionomer cement (Vitremer® - 3M) were separated in groups and prepared for the shear bond strength test. The results submitted to statistical analysis were (all values are in MPa): Group I - Vidrion R - superficial dentin 1.97 (&lt;FONT FACE="Symbol"&gt;±&lt;/FONT&gt; 0.56); deep dentin 3.15 (&lt;FONT FACE="Symbol"&gt;±&lt;/FONT&gt; 1.51); Group II - Chelon Fil - superficial dentin 2.43 (&lt;FONT FACE="Symbol"&gt;±&lt;/FONT&gt; 1.43); deep dentin 3.21 (&lt;FONT FACE="Symbol"&gt;±&lt;/FONT&gt; 0.89); and Group III - Vitremer - superficial dentin 7.04 (&lt;FONT FACE="Symbol"&gt;±&lt;/FONT&gt; 2.04); deep dentin 10.30 (&lt;FONT FACE="Symbol"&gt;±&lt;/FONT&gt; 1.99). There were significant differences between dentin depth and type of materials