Squid Samples Research Articles

Impact of high pressure impregnation and air drying on the quality of Dosidicus gigas slices

Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas) is the most abundant cephalopod in the fishing industry, and its high nutritional and organoleptic properties make it a go-to food product for consumers. Therefore, developing new processing techniques seems imperative to minimize quality deterioration and provide products with appropriate characteristics. The study aimed to determine the effect of high-pressure impregnation (HPI) pretreatment on hot air-drying kinetics and the quality of Humboldt squid slices. Various pressures, times, and concentrations of osmotic solution during HPI were evaluated, followed by drying at 40 and 60 °C. The HPI pretreatment reduced the drying time by around 26% when dried at 40 °C, and only 18% when dried at⋅ 60 °C compared with unpretreated samples. The Weibull, Page, and Logarithmic models were considered for experimental drying curve modeling. Diffusion coefficient values varied from 3.82 to 6.59 × 10−9 m2/s for all drying conditions. Moreover, the color, texture, and water-holding capacity were determined. Rehydration capacity values increased due to less damage to cellular tissue than the control (HPI-untreated dried samples). Also, scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed a compacted structure of HPI-dried squid samples. Overall, HPI proved to be a beneficial pretreatment as it reduced drying time and improved the quality characteristics of Humboldt squid.

Analysis of Pb(ii) in wheat grain, cow urine and squid samples using modified novel TSDB incorporated MWCNTs

To fabricate a selective lead (Pb(ii)) ion sensor, a slurry of the synthesized N,N′,N′′,N′′′-tetrasalicylidene-3,3′-diaminobenzidine (TSDB) ligand was deposited on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/paraffin graphite electrode (PGE).

Metal concentrations in native and transplanted species in the Eastern Ionian Sea (Greece).

Metal concentrations (Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, and Pb) in marine indicator species were assessed for the study of metal pollution in the Eastern Ionian Sea during the cold period of the year (December 2018 to February 2019). Limpets and sea urchins were collected from natural populations at seven coastal stations while mussels were transplanted at three near-shore stations in the study area. Mixed mesozooplankton samples were selected from a twelve-station offshore network. Additionally, fish, shrimp, and shortfin squid samples were collected by trawling. For the first time, metal concentrations in marine animals were measured in an extended variety of organisms in the area. Higher metal concentrations in limpets, sea urchins, and mussels were observed in the wider area of the two ports located at the sampling area's eastern and southern geographical borders. Levels in zooplankton also followed the same spatial variation. In general, metal concentrations in the investigated organisms were within the same range as those in other non-impacted Mediterranean areas. Accordingly, metal levels in the flesh of the fish, shrimps, and the mantle of shortfin squids did not reveal any risk for human consumption. Metal levels from the present study are proposed as a reference state for the area, while future deviations should be evaluated taking into account potential changes in the natural and anthropogenic pressures on the specific coastal marine ecosystem.

Efficacy of Gamma Irradiation in Eliminating Salmonella typhimurium Contamination in Seafood

Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen known to cause gastrointestinal disturbances. Contamination of seafood with Salmonella is a major public health concern, often occurring through cross-contamination. The natural habitat of Salmonella is the gastrointestinal tract of animals, including birds and humans. The current research study was carried out to investigate the gamma radiation sensitivity of Salmonella Typhimurium (NCIM 2501) in shrimp, squid, and clam samples. The decimal reduction dose (D10) values of Salmonella Typhimurium in saline and nutrient broth were 0.119 ± 0.004 kGy and 0.139 ± 0.0014 kGy, respectively. Seafood samples such as shrimp, squid, and clams were inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium and exposed to gamma irradiation at doses of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 kGy to evaluate the effectiveness of irradiation in the complete elimination of Salmonella Typhimurium. The D10 values of Salmonella Typhimurium in shrimp, squid, and clam samples were found to be 0.182 ± 0.0007 kGy, 0.209 ± 0.0014 kGy, and 0.192 ± 0.004 kGy, respectively. Gamma radiation treatment at a dose of 5 kGy resulted in the complete reduction of 6.85 × 10⁸ CFU/g of Salmonella Typhimurium from shrimp, squid, and clam samples. Additionally, no recovery of Salmonella Typhimurium was observed in 5 kGy-treated shrimp, squid, and clam samples stored at 4°C for up to 12 days, even after enrichment and selective plating. The results of the study reveal that application of gamma irradiation is very effective to control Salmonella contamination in seafood without affecting sensory quality and ensures seafood safety.

Challenges for assessment of cohabiting stocks of argentine shortfin squid Illex argentinus using parasites as biological tags

The Argentine shortfin squid Illex argentinus is one of the most important commercial species for the Argentine fisheries. The understanding of its stock structure is therefore necessary to ensure fishery sustainability and, given the relevance of squids in the regional food web, for biodiversity conservation. An overlap between parasitology and fisheries lies in the use of parasites as biological tags to identify the stock composition of exploited resources, however, the efficiency of this methodology has been questioned for stock assessment in cephalopods. In this work, the value of parasite assemblages of I. argentinus to discriminate between the co-occurring summer spawning stock (SSS) and south patagonic stock (SPS) in a mixing area over the Patagonian continental shelf during summer was evaluated for two cohorts. Five shortfin squid samples corresponding to SSS and SPS were examined for metazoan parasites. The squid size affected the parasite assemblage similarities, conversely, no gender effect on the infracommunities was observed. Multivariate analysis evidenced similarity in parasite assemblage composition and structure between both stocks captured in the mixing area on the same date. This similarity was related to the presence of short-lived trophically transmitted parasites, which are associated with their recently consumed food items and, indirectly, to the oceanographic conditions. The same set of host and environmental variables were identified as the most probable causes of the temporal variability observed in parasite assemblages between SPS cohorts and even intra-cohort. Despite the value of parasites as tags for discriminating squid stocks may have little value when cohabiting stocks are analysed, their variability could serve as a valuable indicator of environmental conditions. The use of parasites as biological tags to discriminate stocks needs to be verified at different spatiotemporal scales, including samples from other non-sympatric stocks in the analyses.

Morphometrics and Growth Patterns of Squids in the North and South Coasts of Java, Indonesia

Highlight Research The mitre squid (Uroteuthis chinensis), the Indian squid (Uroteuthis duvaucelii), and the purpleback flying squid (Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis) were identified. Morphometric differences among three squid species were analyzed. Microanatomy observations on the shapes of the sucker rings were important for species identification. Hypoallometric and isometric growth patterns were observed. Abstract Squids play vital ecological and economic functions as keystone species in marine food webs and integral components of global capture fisheries. However, a comprehensive understanding of their diversity and life history characteristics in Indonesian waters is still poorly understood. This study aimed to identify squids that inhabited Java's northern and southern coasts and examine their growth pattern through morphometric analysis. Six hundred eighteen squid samples were collected fishers caught from May to September 2022 in Blanakan and Palabuhanratu Bay, representing two areas of interest. The body size and the shape of sucker rings of squids were observed using morphometric method. Kruskall-Wallis test, Principal Component Analysis, and Spearman's correlation were performed to investigate morphometric variation and relationships. The length-weight relationships were estimated for each species.. This study reported three species of squid on the north and south coasts of Java, namely the mitre squid (Uroteuthis chinensis), the Indian squid (Uroteuthis duvaucelii), and the purpleback flying squid (Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis). There were significant differences observed in ten morphometric variables among the three species of squid (p < 0.05), with fin width, fin length, and sucker ring teeth identified as the key distinguishing feature for the squids. Spearman's correlation indicated stronger associations between mantle and fin variables (ρ = 0.666-0.967, p < 0.05) than those between mantle and head variables (ρ = 0.380-0.864, p < 0.05).Mantle length-weight relationships revealed a hypoallometric growth pattern for U. chinensis and U. duvaucelii, while S. oualaniensis exhibited an isometric growth pattern. The finding of this study provides valuable insights concerning the growth of squids that reflect variation in ontogenic development, trophic ecology, and environmental conditions in Indonesian waters.

Proteomics reveals the mechanism of protein degradation and its relationship to sensorial and texture characteristics in dry-cured squid during processing

Proteolysis in dry-cured squid contributes to the development of sensory and textural attributes. In this study, label-free quantitative proteomics was conducted to study the mechanism of proteolysis and its correlation with quality changes. The results showed that the protein profile of dry-cured squid changed markedly during processing, which was confirmed by the quantification of myofibrillar protein, amino nitrogen and total free acids, and sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis. Thirty-two key differentially abundant proteins were found to be correlated with sensory and texture characteristics, including myofibrillar protein, tubulin beta chain, collagens, heat shock proteins and cytochrome c. The correlation analysis indicated that myosin regulatory light chain and tubulin beta chain played the most important role in the development of texture and sensory attributes in squid samples during the dry-curing process. The results offered novel insights into proteolysis in dry-cured squid and its relationship to quality changes.

Dominant species of squid in the waters of Western Kalimantan and Northern Java identified by DNA barcoding method

Squid resources in Indonesia have high economic value, and their exploitation tended to increase due to declining fish resources in many waters. Previous research mentioned that 21 squid species were identified in Indonesian waters. However, many researchers argued that the identification of cephalopod morphology, especially squids, was challenging, and that is why supporting methods were needed, one of which was DNA analysis. The study aimed to determine the type and distribution of squid in the western waters of Kalimantan and northern Java using the DNA barcoding method on the COI gene. Squid samples were collected from six locations, consisting of Tanjung Pinang, Bangka Belitung (Babel), Kalimantan Barat (Kalbar), Muara Angke, Pekalongan, and Lamongan. The analysis results showed that Uroteuthis chinensis was present in all sampling locations except Tanjung Pinang, where Uroteuthis edulis and U. sibogae were found. The results of this study are very important in the management of squid resources because they can contribute to the sustainable management of marine resources and the maintenance of the sustainability of marine ecosystems.

To Eat or Not to Eat?-Food Safety Aspects of Essential Metals in Seafood.

The popularity of seafoods is high due to their superb dietary properties and healthy composition. However, it is crucial to understand whether they adequately contribute to our essential nutritional needs. Small amounts of essential metals are indispensable in the human body to proper physiological functioning; their deficiency can manifest in various sets of symptoms that can only be eliminated with their intake during treatment or nutrition. However, the excessive consumption of metals can induce undesirable effects, or even toxicosis. Shellfish, oyster, and squid samples were collected directly from a fish market. After sample preparation, the concentration of essential metals (cobalt, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and zinc) was detected by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. The results were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and two-sample t-tests. The average concentration of the investigated essential elements and the calculated burden based on the consumption were below the Recommended Dietary Allowances and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels. Based on these results, the trace element contents of the investigated seafoods do not cover the necessary recommended daily intake of them, but their consumption poses no health hazard due to their low levels.

Parasite assemblages in volatile host stocks: inter- and intra-cohort variability restrict their value as biological tags for squid stock assessment.

The Argentine shortfin squid, Illex argentinus, inhabits in the southwest Atlantic; it is a semelparous species which grows rapidly along its 1 year lifespan. The identification of its stocks is critical for sustainable fishery exploitation. Parasites have been used as biological indicators in a lower number of studies dealing with squids, therefore a validation of this methodology is necessary. The intra- and inter-cohort variability of parasite assemblages in the summer-spawning stock of I. argentinus was analysed to assess their value as indicators of stock structure. Four squid samples from the continental shelf of central Patagonia, corresponding to 3 consecutive cohorts, were examined for metazoan parasites. Results evidenced heterogeneity in terms of parasite assemblage composition and structure, dominated by short-lived gastrointestinal parasites, with a strong influence of host size, but no effect of squid sex. These changes are related to their recent habitats and diets, which change with ontogeny and migrations, clouding any interpretation of patterns when samples spatially or temporally separated are compared. Many squid species share these characteristics; therefore, it is recommended that the use of parasites as biological tags should be restricted to simultaneous sampling, while size or age must be considered for deriving proper conclusions.

Global squid contamination by halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and its trade induced risk transfer

Squid is traded globally as an important food resource. However, the occurrence of carcinogenic halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HPAHs) in squid and the risk of their transfer through trade is little understood or recognized. Here, we comprehensively evaluated the occurrence and risk transfer by quantifying the congener-specific concentrations of HPAHs in 121 squid samples collected from the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. This was the first time that nine of the 36 target chlorinated and brominated PAH congeners had been detected in squid. The HPAHs exhibited growth-dilution effects in the squid. The lipid content of squid was the most significant factor influencing HPAH bioaccumulation, while differences in squid growth and local ocean contamination influenced by geographical distribution also affected HPAH bioaccumulation. The redistribution and risk transfers of HPAHs in squid as a food could be affected by international trading. The cancer risks from squid consumption in China and Mexico were increased by 50 % and 30 %, respectively, because of international squid trading.

Automated Dual-Source Squid Dryer with Image Processing Monitoring

The aim of this project was to develop and fabricate an indoor dual-source drying system that uses IoT to detect moisture during drying. By comparing traditional drying methods to their automated system, the researchers were able to save a total of 34 hours while effectively monitoring humidity and temperature in real-time using image processing techniques. Development and Evaluation of an Automated Dual-Source Squid Dryer with Image Processing Monitoring for Enhanced Drying Efficiency. The study was conducted in Brgy. Canlanipa, Surigao City, Surigao del Norte, with a duration of 1 year. The study involved designing and developing an indoor dual-source dryer system with moisture detection through image processing monitoring, using Arduino Uno, Raspberry Pi 3b, sensors, and a motor. A working prototype was created, validated, and subjected to thorough testing using wet squid samples to evaluate its performance, leading to necessary adjustments and improvements based on feedback and test results. This study developed an automated dual-source squid dryer with image processing monitoring. The system demonstrated faster drying time (14 hours) compared to traditional methods (48 hours) while maintaining good quality. The indoor drying system proved advantageous, being weather-independent and achieving dry squid with 10% moisture content. The automated dual-source squid dryer with image processing monitoring achieved a shorter drying time of 14 hours, outperforming traditional methods that took 48 hours, while ensuring high-quality results. This highlights the system's efficiency and dependability for indoor squid drying, unaffected by weather conditions.

Comparison of physicochemical and volatile flavor properties of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii), jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas), and Argentine shortfin squid (Illex argentinus) during chilled storage.

The difference and similarities in the physicochemical and volatile flavor properties were determined in neon flying squid (OB), jumbo squid (DG), and Argentine squid (IA) mantles during 8 days of chilled storage. Physicochemical analysis indicated the chilled conditions induced rapid increases in pH value, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), and carbonyl and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the three squid species. In addition, myofibrillar protein (MP) content decreased and springiness in the OB, DG, and IA mantle samples declined with the extension of storage time. Importantly, OB mantles presented less chemical stability than the other two squid samples during 8 days of chilled storage. In addition, histological observations suggest DG mantle tissues presented more compact structures than those of the other two samples. Volatile flavor analysis showed propionaldehyde, 3-pentanone, trimethylamine, 3-furanmethanol, 2-methyl butyric acid, and 2-butanone were highly abundant in the squid mantles after storage, likely resulting from decomposition, oxidation, and degradation of proteins and lipids in the squid mantle, which varied with different squid species. The findings provide insight into the performance of three squid species during chilled storage.

Physicochemical and textural properties of squid (Loligo vulgaris) muscle treated with organic acids

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of organic acid treatments on tenderizing of squid muscle. Squid samples removed head, skin, viscera, and tentacles and cut into square pieces of 4 x4 cm were soaked into the citric and lactic acid solvents (1 and 2%) and kept in a refrigerator (4°C) for 24 h. It was found that organic acid treatments affected the physicochemical properties of squid. While acid application decreased pH values and water holding capacity, its increased cooking loss and free amino acid content. Texture profile parameters and sensory texture scores did not change significantly after acid treatments. The type and concentration of acids were not effective for all parameters except cooking loss.Keywords: Physicochemical; Organic acids; Squid; Texture

Life History Patterns of the Atlantic Brief Squid, Lolliguncula brevis (Blainville, 1823), in the Charleston Harbor Estuary, South Carolina, USA

The Atlantic brief squid, Lolliguncula brevis, is a euryhaline cephalopod that inhabits shallow, continental shelf habitats from Argentina to the Bay of Fundy. In the southeastern United States, brief squid can account for a considerable portion of the estuarine animal biomass and are an important component of the diets of species with high priority for management and conservation. Historical data from South Carolina Department of Natural Resources suggest that brief squid exhibit spatially and temporally variable size-frequency distributions within the Charleston Harbor estuary. Prior to this study, however, detailed life history information for this species was lacking in the region. Samples of brief squid were collected monthly at four stations along a salinity gradient within the Charleston Harbor estuary in 2019 to investigate temporal and spatial patterns of abundance, sex, size, and maturity. Season and station were significantly related to brief squid abundance, which was greater for all sexes in spring, summer, and fall than in winter. Catches of brief squid were dominated by immature squid compared with mature squid. Excluding sexually indistinct squid, and across all seasons, significantly more males were collected than females. Mean brief squid size tended to be larger in May than in several other months of the year, largely due to the lower abundance of small squid in that month. Logistic regression analyses indicated that brief squid size-at-maturity occurred at 50.2 mm for males and 59.2 mm for females. The presence of both small and large brief squid throughout the year at all stations supports a pattern of overlapping cohorts, whereas the continual presence of immature brief squid at all stations suggests asynchronous recruitment. This study provides valuable life history information that can be used to support the conservation and management of organisms that are either prey or predators of brief squid within the Charleston Harbor estuary. Further research over multiple years and within other estuaries in the Georgia Bight is needed, however, to determine how the life history patterns observed in this study apply more broadly across the region.

Physicochemical and textural properties of squid (Loligo vulgaris) muscle treated with organic acids

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of organic acid treatments on tenderizing of squid muscle. Squid samples removed head, skin, viscera, and tentacles and cut into square pieces of 4 x4 cm were soaked into the citric and lactic acid solvents (1 and 2%) and kept in a refrigerator (4°C) for 24 h. It was found that organic acid treatments affected the physicochemical properties of squid. While acid application decreased pH values and water holding capacity, its increased cooking loss and free amino acid content. Texture profile parameters and sensory texture scores did not change significantly after acid treatments. The type and concentration of acids were not effective for all parameters except cooking loss.Keywords: Physicochemical; Organic acids; Squid; Texture

N-nitrosamines in Qingdao dried aquatic products and dietary risk assessment

ABSTRACT N-nitrosamines are human carcinogens commonly present in dried aquatic products. A method of gas chromatography – mass spectrometry combined with steam distillation was developed for the determination of 9 N-nitrosamines in dried aquatic products in Qingdao, China, with which 300 samples of fish, squid, shrimp and sea cucumber collected from Qingdao were analysed. A health risk assessment was conducted based on determined levels of N-nitrosamines by using estimated daily intake and slope factors. Results showed that fish products was the category with the highest content of N-nitrosamines, whereas squid and shrimp products were the categories with the highest frequency of presence of N-nitrosamines. The average estimated cancer risk of N-nitrosamines in dried aquatic products in Qingdao ranged from 3.57 × 10−8 to 3.53 × 10−5. Nitrosodimethylamine, N-Nitrosodiethylamine and N-Nitrosodibutylamine could be considered to pose a potential cancer risk to residents in Qingdao.

Marinasyon öncesinde pişirme işlemi uygulanan kalamar halkalarının toplam mezofilik aerobik ve laktik asit bakteri sayılarını tahmin etmek için modellerin geliştirilmesi

This study was conducted in order to develop different statistical models for estimating the bacterial count of squid rings marinated with lemon juice and mineral water after cooking. The marination ratios and times were as follows: (10:90; 90:10; 50:50; 100:100/100 g squid ring) and (1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h), respectively. The effects of marination ratios and times on the microbiological and sensory changes of the cooked squid rings were observed at 4°C. Pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) were not found in the cooked (C) and cooked marinated (CM) squid rings in the present study. The TMC (total mesophilic aerobic bacteria counts) of all groups were determined as consumable at 72 h, whereas the TMC of C and CM samples (C7, CM7, CM14, CM21, CM28) increased to 5.92, 5.83, 5.71, 5.57 and 5.42 log cfu/g, respectively. Regression models were created to estimate the TMC and lactic acid bacteria count (LBC) of cooked squid rings during the marination process at 4°C to determine the increasing rates of bacterial growth of samples. As a result of this study; when compared with Model I and Model II; both of them can be preferred for predicting the TMC of C and CM samples. The variability in the TMC of C and CM squid samples was obtained as 93% in Model I, whereas the variability in the TMC of these samples was observed as 91% in Model II. So, these two models performed well, and they can be used for predicting the TMC of C and CM samples. Additionally, Model III was also developed for estimating the prediction value of LBC of cooked squid samples during the marination process at 4°C. This model was also determined very good performance (86%) to estimate the predicting values of LBC and it can be very essential together used with Model I or Model II for marinated fishery products to estimate the real shelf-life.

Biometric Characteristics of the Siboga Squid Uroteuthis (photololigo) Sibogae (Adam, 1954) from the South East Coast of India

Objectives: To study the various linear and non-linear relationships among the variables of siboga squid Uroteuthis (photololigo) sibogae (Adam, 1954) from the South East Coast of India from August to November 2021. Methods: Samples of the siboga squid were measured to the nearest value of 1.0mm and the weight was measured to 1gm. Findings: Females had a mean DML of 120 mm, whereas males were 129 mm. The mean total weight of pooled sexes was 38.9 gm with the female being 35.9 gm and the male 41.8 gm. Regarding mean mantle weight, the female was 20.5gm and the male was 24.7 gm with pooled sex of 22.6 gm. The nonlinear relationship between length and the total weight of females was calculated as 0.0014x2.1119, while the male was calculated as 0.0009x2.1998 and the pooled sex as 0.0009x2.2075. Whereas, the length-Mantle weight relationship of females and males was calculated as 0.0015x1.9857, 0.0004x2.2663 respectively, with pooled one as 0.0006x2.1721. The length - total weight and length - mantle weight relationship of female, male, and pooled sex shows negative allometric (b<3) indicating less cuboidal growth. Similarly, the linear morphometric relationship of female, male, and pooled sex also showed negative allometric growth (b<1). The P-value of b shows high significance (P<0.05), which rejects the null hypothesis. Novelty: The study on length-weight and the morphometric relationship of the species to understand the difference in growth patterns between males and females. Keywords: Uroteuthis (photololigo) sibogae; lengthweight relationship; morphometric study; allometry growth; sexual dimorphism

Age, Growth and Population Structure Analyses of the Purpleback Flying Squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in the Northwest Indian Ocean by Beak Microstructure

To explore the feasibility of using beak microstructure information to estimate the age of Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis, the microstructures of the upper beaks of individual squid were applied in this work to analyze the ages and growth patterns of squid caught from February–May 2019 and from October–December 2020 in the northwest Indian Ocean. The results indicated that the squid samples in the two years were no older than 9 months, and the samples in 2019 were autumn population and 2020 were spring population. The linear growth model of the autumn population (2019) was the best model for describing the relationship between age and ML, while the power model of the spring population (2020) was the best for describing the relationship between age and ML. The maximum instantaneous growth rate (IGR) and absolute daily growth rate (AGR) values of the spring population were 0.24%/d and 1.09 mm/d, respectively, occurring in squid between 200 and 220 days of age. The maximum IGR and AGR values of the autumn population were 0.69%/d and 1.73 mm/d, respectively, occurring in squid between 200 and 240 days of age. The period from 141–260 days (5–8 months) was considered to correspond to the subadult stage in the whole life history of S. oualaniensis in the Northwest Indian Ocean. The beak microstructure information can be effectively applied to estimate the age of S. oualaniensis individuals.