Squeeze Casting Process Research Articles

Corrosion and mechanical characterisation of Al/TiO2/Y2O3 hybrid nanocomposites produced by squeeze casting

ABSTRACT In this study, the corrosion and mechanical performance of hybrid aluminium matrix nanocomposites (HAMNCs) reinforced with titanium oxide (TiO2) and yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanoparticles were investigated. A squeeze-casting process was used to develop five HAMNCs with wt.% of nanoparticles of 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10. The corrosion resistance of HAMNCs was investigated during a 168-h salt spray test. XRD examined the crystallographic and elemental properties of the HAMNCs. FESEM was used to examine nanoparticle distribution and interaction in the matrix. The microhardness, compression strength and yield strength properties of the fabricated samples were examined. The introduction of nanoparticles at 5 wt.% TiO2 +5 wt.% Y2O3 (HAMNC6) in the Al matrix had the most outstanding properties (corrosion resistance, microhardness, compression strength, yield strength). The properties were shown to be inversely proportional with an increase in the wt.% of the nanoparticles. The SEM analysis of corroded surfaces revealed that TiO2 and Y2O3 nanoparticles were found near the grain boundaries of HAMNC6, causing small pits and minor cracks.

Effect of Cr:C ratio on open three-body wear resistance of squeeze cast high chromium cast iron

A series of high chromium white cast iron (HCCI) alloys with varying Cr:C ratios were designed and fabricated through the squeeze casting process. This study investigates the effect of the Cr:C ratio on the mechanical properties, microstructure, phase diagram, and both low-stress and high-stress abrasion performance of HCCIs. Alloys with a very high Cr:C ratio exhibited better impact toughness but poorer hardness. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and phase diagram calculations elucidated the influence of the Cr:C ratio on microstructure, carbide volume fraction, and carbide type. Abrasion resistance was evaluated using impact abrasive wear (high-stress) and rubber-wheel (low-stress) abrasion on quartzite in open three-body wear. Comprehensive assessments under impact abrasive wear and rubber-wheel abrasive wear conditions suggest that the alloy achieves optimal abrasion resistance with a Cr:C ratio ranging from 8 to 11. Post-wear analysis reveals that surface damage varies between high-stress and low-stress conditions. The microstructure of squeeze HCCIs is significantly influenced by the Cr:C ratio, resulting in diverse operative wear mechanisms, including micro-cutting and micro-fracture. Successful adjustment of the Cr:C ratio led to the attainment of a nearly eutectic HCCIs composition suitable for squeeze casting.

Innovation in sustainable composite research: Investigating graphene-reinforced MMCs for liquid hydrogen storage tanks in aerospace and space exploration

The demand for lightweight materials in space exploration applications has seen a significant rise. This study presents a novel approach by integrating graphene with Aluminium alloy (AA) 2900 powder, synthesized through High energy ball milling technique. The resulting powder was used to reinforce Aluminium alloy 2195, creating metal matrix composites (MMCs) via squeeze casting. The findings demonstrate that incorporating 0.5 wt % 2D graphene nanoplatelets (2D-Grnp) in AA 2195 achieved density match, enabling homogeneous dispersion, addressing composite casting challenges. Consequently, the AA 2900 alloy embedded with 2D-Grnp facilitated the homogeneous dispersion of reinforcements during the squeeze casting process, yielding MMCs Ideal for potential use in lightweight liquid hydrogen fuel tank structures for launch vehicles. Following T8 heat treatment, the final casted composite plate exhibited significant enhancements in ultimate tensile strength, with a 4.5% increase over monolithic Al 2195-T8, exhibiting nominal reduction in elongation behavior and higher hardness. Additionally, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) revealed the squeeze casting technique's effectiveness by exhibiting enhanced bonding among homogeneously reinforced 2D-Grnp, T1/θ’ precipitates, and AA 2195.

Effect of Casting Process and Thermal Exposure on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-Si-Cu-Ni Alloy.

This paper employed squeeze-casting (SC) technology to develop a novel Al-7Si-1.5Cu-1.2Ni-0.4Mg-0.3Mn-0.15Ti heat-resistant alloy, addressing the issue of low room/high temperature elongation in traditional gravity casting (GC). Initially, the effects of SC and GC processes on the microstructure and properties of the alloy were investigated, followed by an examination of the evolution of the microstructure and properties of the SC samples over thermal exposure time. The results indicate that the SC process significantly improves the alloy's microstructure. Compared to the GC alloy, the secondary dendrite arm spacing of the as-cast SC alloy is refined from 50.5 μm to 18.5 μm. Meanwhile, the size and roundness of the eutectic Si phase in the T6-treated SC alloy are optimized from 11.7 μm and 0.75 μm to 9.5 μm and 0.85 μm, respectively, and casting defects such as porosity are reduced. Consequently, the ultimate tensile strengths (UTSs) at room temperature and at 250 °C of the SC alloy are 5% and 4.9% higher than that of GC alloy, respectively, and its elongation at both temperatures shows significant improvement. After thermal exposure at 250 °C for 120 h, the morphology of the residual second phase at the grain boundaries in the SC alloy becomes more rounded, but the eutectic Si and nano-precipitates undergo significant coarsening, resulting in a 49% decrease in UTS.

An insight investigation on mechanical and corrosion behavior of ultrasonic squeeze casting processed Mg based alloy composites for bio-implantation

Magnesium (Mg) alloys are gaining prominence in the bio-implantation process due to their low weight, high strength, greater compatibility and ease of biological degradability. However, poor strength and rapid degradation in the physiological environment inhibit their application as implant material. The present experimental investigation examines the effect of Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) reinforcement on mechanical and corrosion behaviors of Mg - Tin (Sn) alloy composites, for assessing their feasibility in the targeted field. Mg-5%ZrO2, Mg-1%Sn, and Mg-1%Sn/5 % ZrO2 were fabricated via ultrasonic aided squeeze casting (UASC) process. Characterization studies on the synthesized composites were carried out to evaluate their morphology using SEM with EDAX and XRD. Mechanical properties were evaluated using micro-hardness and compression tests. Furthermore, the corrosion behavior was determined using Tafel and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results revealed that the Mg alloy bio-composite (Mg-1%Sn/5 % ZrO2) exhibits better compression (291.2 MPa) and yield (215.3 MPa) strength, elastic modulus (55.7 GPa), hardness (941.4 MPa) and reduced corrosion rate (0.475 mm/yr) than the base Mg and non-reinforced Mg bio-composite (Mg-1% Sn). Overall, the newly synthesized ZrO2 reinforced Mg bio-composite would potentially be used as a bio-implantation supportive material in bone fracture related treatments.

Influence of Graphene/h-BN and SiC/h-BN reinforcing particles on microstructural, mechanical and tribological characteristics of Al7075-based hybrid nanocomposites

Aluminium (Al) based Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) replaced conventional alloys in numerous sectors like the automotive to aerospace industries. In this investigation, Al7075/Silicon carbide (1 wt%)/Hexagonal-boron nitride (0.5 wt%) and Al7075/Graphene (1 wt%)/Hexagonal-boron nitride (0.5 wt%) hybrid metal matrix nanocomposites (HMMNCs) prepared using an ultrasonic-assisted melt-stirring squeeze casting process. To attain the homogenous mixing of hard ceramic/nanoparticles, reduce the aggregation effect and improve wettability of the reinforcing nanoparticles in the molten slurry. Reinforcement particles mixture (Silicon carbide (1 wt%)/Hexagonal-boron nitride (0.5 wt%) and Graphene (1 wt%)/Hexagonal-boron nitride (0.5 wt%)) have been ball-milled for the duration of 1 to 6 h (hrs). To analyze the morphology of the 1–6 h ball-milled hybrid reinforcing particles mixture was analyzed via scanning electron microscope (SEM). Moreover, microstructural investigation of the Al-based HMMNCs was performed using optical microscopy (OM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Also, the dispersal of hybrid reinforcing particles mixture in Al7075-based HMMNCs was examined via SEM-equipped with x-ray mapping analysis. The fabricated Al7075-based HMMNCs are tested for their tensile strength, microhardness and tribological behavior by employing universal testing machines, Vickers microhardness tester and ball-on-disc instruments. Tribological characteristics of the Al7075-based HMMNCs were observed via ball-on-disc tribometer apparatus with load (10, 15 and 20 N), time (15 min) and speed (300, 600 and 900 rpm). While investigating, it is perceived that that the wear, tensile strength, hardness and microstructure characteristics of the Al7075/Silicon carbide/Hexagonal-boron nitride and Al7075/Graphene/Hexagonal-boron nitride HMMNCs were superior over the Al7075 alloy. It is found that Vickers and Rockwell hardness of the Al7075/SiC/h-BN HMMNCs were superior by 36.87% and 16.29%, respectively, over the Al7075 specimen. Whereas, UTS of the Al7075/Graphene/h-BN HMMNCs were superior by 38.19% over the Al7075 alloy.

Effect of Ultrasonic Treatment on Ti/Al Composite using Squeeze Casting: Microstructural Analysis and Mechanical Properties

To segregate the Titanium (Ti) from the reinforcements of the molten scrap of Titanium/Aluminum (Ti/Al) composite, application of ultrasonic vibration is known to be one of the sound techniques. Various studies have been looked at the effect of ultrasonic vibration on the melting process, however not much have been investigated with respect to the solidification process. To fabricate Ti/Al composites in situ, ultrasonic vibration can be effectively used to compress the solidifying melt during the casting process. In this line, the present study focused to investigate the influence of ultrasonic vibration and squeeze pressure on solidification behavior of the α-Al matrix, characteristics of the matrix-reinforcements interface, and distribution of reinforcements. The experimental data indicated that when the amplitude was 60 μm, the Vickers hardness, yield strength, and tensile strength of composites increased by 8.6, 3.9, and 3.1 %, respectively, due to gravity casting. While the squeeze pressure was increased from 50 to 100 MPa, the mean grain size decreased from 90 to 60 μm during the ultrasonic aided squeeze casting (SC) process. However, as the squeeze pressure was raised, the microstructures became coarser and the mechanical characteristics weakened. Yield strength, and tensile strength were increased by 18.7% and 3.2%, respectively, when the squeeze pressure was 100 MPa.

Effects of squeeze casting on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–5Cu–1Mn–0.3Ti alloy

In this work, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Al–5Cu–1Mn–0.3Ti alloy prepared by different casting processes were investigated. The results showed that direct squeeze casting can further refine the grain and θ-Al2Cu phase, which is favourable to the uniform distribution of the θ-Al2Cu phase. The fluffy θ-Al2Cu/α-Al interface was caused by the severe pressure loss during the indirect squeeze casting process. The strength and elongation of direct squeeze casting alloy are 508 MPa and 18.5%, which are 40.3% and 123% higher than those of the alloys of indirect squeeze casting. The in situ tensile experiments revealed that the crack initiation mechanism of the indirect squeeze casting alloy is the debonding of the θ-Al2Cu phase at the grain boundaries.

Intelligent optimization design of squeeze casting process parameters based on neural network and improved sparrow search algorithm

Squeeze casting process parameters are the key to squeeze casting production and to obtain excellent performance casts. To realize intelligent optimization design of process parameters under various requirements, this work presents a new intelligent optimization design framework for squeeze casting process parameters based on process data and integrating a two-stage intelligent integrated optimization. To adapt to diverse optimization applications of different process and target parameters, the backpropagation (BP) neural network and existing process data are utilized to intelligently establish the incompletely determined correlations between process parameters and squeeze cast quality or properties. An improved sparrow search algorithm (LCSSA) is developed and integrated to optimize both the aforementioned model structure and intelligently obtain the optimal solution, that is, the two stages of optimization. For the purpose of assessing the effect of each performance on the combination of process parameters, the information entropy weight approach is used. Various application cases and experiments have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the suggested intelligent optimization design framework. It is indicated that the proposed method is practicable and can intelligently achieve ideal process parameters with high accuracy even based on small-scale data samples. The solving efficiency and optimization accuracy of LCSSA are superior than those of other intelligent optimization algorithms like the genetic algorithm (GA). The proposed framework outperforms the mixture of the BP neural network and other traditional optimization algorithms.

Squeeze casting of 4032 aluminum alloy and the synergetic enhancement of strength and ductility via Al-Ti-Nb-B grain refiner

The 4032 aluminum alloy is a high-Si deformation aluminum alloy, that is commonly generated through forging due to the difficulties involved in its direct casting. In this work, the 4032 aluminum alloy is innovatively prepared via a squeeze casting process, and the Al-6Nb-1.5Ti-0.5B refining agent is incorporated to enhance its mechanical properties. A range of analytical techniques are subsequently employed to analyze the grain refinement mechanism of Al-6Nb-1.5Ti-0.5B under squeeze casting conditions. It was found that the microstructure of the aged 4032 aluminum alloy after refinement treatment was mainly composed of α-Al grains measuring <100 μm in size, in addition to a eutectic Si phase, that is accompanied by stacked dislocations and diffusely distributed Q′-Al5Cu2Mg8Si6 and θ′-Al2Cu phases. The yield strength of the alloy reached 340 MPa, its tensile strength was 404 MPa, and the elongation was 4.1 %. In the presence of the Al-6Nb-1.5Ti-0.5B refiner, the generation of nucleation cores (e.g., MAl3(M = Ti, Nb)) in the melt led to a significant reduction (∼50 %) in the α-Al grain size of the aged 4032 aluminum alloy (i.e., 95.1 ± 21.0 μm), compared with the standard alloy. After the T6 heat treatment of the refined 4032 aluminum alloy, the size of the precipitation phase was reduced by 36.8 %, and fine silicon particles with a spherical morphology and a more random distribution were observed. No obvious selective orientation was detected, and the fracture morphology improved significantly, thereby leading to a synergistic improvement in the strength and toughness of the alloy.

Analysis of interfacial heat transfer coefficients in squeeze casting of AA6061 aluminum alloy with H13 steel die: Impact of section thickness on thermal behavior

A step die made of H13 steel was utilized in this investigation cast aluminum alloy AA6061 at a pressure of 95 MPa in sections measuring 3 mm, 6 mm, 9 mm, 12 mm, and 15 mm in thickness. Surface temperatures during the squeeze casting process, as well as temperatures at distances of 3 mm, 6 mm, and 9 mm from the inner wall of the die, were recorded using K-type thermocouples. Utilizing the inverse method to solve 1-D heat conduction equations, we successfully determined the interfacial heat transferring coefficients (IHTC) and the interfacial heat flux (IHF) of the cast and die surface. The calculations revealed that with the commencement of squeeze casting, there was a significant rise in the IHTC for each of the five sectional steps. These IHTC reached their peak before they began to decline. The peak range of IHTC incrementally increased with the section thickness, from the 3 mm of Step 1 up to the 15 mm of Step 5. Moreover, the rate at which the IHTC reached its peak and then stabilized at a low level was slower for steps with greater thicknesses.

Exploration of morphological and mechanical behaviour of Al2O3/Al-Mg-Cr-Zn alloy composites with Al6O13Si2 addition

Al-Mg-Cr alloys have inferior heat resistance compared to other aluminium alloys, however hard ceramic reinforcement and processing can improve it. The current work aimed to synthesise composites of mullite (Al6O13Si2)-reinforced Al-Mg-Cr-Zn alloy with different weight proportions using the squeeze casting process and its morphology and mechanical properties were examined using SEM and mechanical tests. It was observed that Al6O13Si2 is uniformly distributed in the matrix alloy indicating no residual pores. The eutectic particles of Al2SiC Mg17Al2.Mg2Si are precipitated along grain boundaries refining grain size 15–25 μm. Owing to enhanced grain refinement and heat treatment process, the mechanical properties, hardness (18.31 %), tensile (21.12 %), compressive (24.56 %), flexural (25.64 %) and impact strength (28.87 %) improved. Hard reinforcement nucleates oxide formation, improving corrosion resistance 29.90 %, while aluminium silicate makes the composite's harder particles more resistant to abrasive stress, lowering material loss.

Effect of pressure on the microstructure refinement, solidification mechanism and fracture behavior of wrought Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys prepared by squeeze casting

Squeeze casting process can effectively resolve the casting difficulties for wrought aluminum alloys by pressurized solidification. The effects of applied pressure (0.1–125 MPa) on the microstructure refinement, non-equilibrium eutectic phase aggregation and fracture behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys prepared by squeeze casting were investigated through metallography, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results showed that the primary α-Al grains transformed from coarse dendrites to refined equiaxed grains with increasing pressure. Considerable primary refinement was achieved at 100 MPa, with a significant decrease by 63% in the average grain size from 273 µm to 101 µm; the non-equilibrium eutectic phases were homogenized and refined, and almost dissolved into the Al matrix after T6 heat treatment. The mechanism of solidification behaviors in pressurized solidification was elucidated. Firstly, the applied pressure increased the thermodynamic driving force to promote primary grain nucleation. Secondly, the solute diffusion and constitutional undercooling at the front of the solid/liquid interface front were inhibited by pressure, and grain growth in a dendritic structure was thus restrained. Thirdly, interdependence theory and thermodynamic calculations were conducted to quantitatively describe the primary grain size changes under pressurized solidification. Lastly, the ternary eutectic reaction L → α-Al + T-Mg (Al, Zn, Cu)2 + Al2Cu and binary eutectic reaction L→ α-Al + Al7Cu2Fe were suppressed by the reduced solute segregation. Furthermore, when the pressure increased from 0.1 MPa to 125 MPa, the ultimate tensile strength was raised from 428 MPa to 538 MPa, almost approaching that of samples by forging process. The refined eutectic phases decreased stress concentration and improved fracture behaviors.

Enhancing Tribo-Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of ADC 12 Alloy Composites through Marble Dust Reinforcement by Squeeze Casting Technique.

This research intends to enhance the tribo-mechanical and corrosion properties of ADC 12 alloys by incorporating marble dust (MD) as a reinforcing element. Composites with varied MD concentrations (0-10 wt%) were fabricated using a squeeze casting process, addressing the limitations of conventional casting techniques. The microstructural analysis confirmed homogeneous MD dispersion within the ADC 12 matrix, facilitating an effective load transfer and solid interfacial bonding. As MD content increased, the experimental density decreased, while porosity increased from 1.22% to 3.97%. Remarkably, adding 4 wt% MD yielded a 20.41%, 17.63%, and 15.75% enhancement in hardness, tensile, and compression strength compared to the as-cast ADC 12. Incorporating MD particles facilitated Orowan strengthening and Hall-Petch strengthening mechanisms, contributing to the observed improvements. The wear rate was reduced by 18.33% with MD content, showing a 17.57% corrosion reduction at 72 h. These outcomes establish the synergistic benefits of ADC 12 squeeze casting with MD reinforcement, delivering superior tribo-mechanical and corrosion properties.

An emerging class of 3D GNPs&MWCNTs structure of Mg matrix composites with improved thermal conductivity

Graphene nanoplates (GNPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can construct efficient thermal flux channels in composites, which is becoming one of the effective methods to improve thermal conductivity (TC) of composites. In this paper, an emerging class of GNPs&MWCNTs preform with 3D orientated structures were prepared by using electrostatic self-assembly and directional freeze-drying methods, and then fabricated the GNPs&MWCNTs reinforced AZ91D magnesium (GNPs&MWCNTs/AZ91D) composites by squeeze casting process. To ensure the well preparation of the composites, the GNPs&MWCNTs preforms need to possess enough compression strength to withstand squeezing pressure. Therefore, the effects of the electrostatic self-assembly process, directional freeze drying process and thermal reduction process on the compression strength of 3D structure GNPs&MWCNTs preforms were studied. The compression strength of GNPs&MWCNTs preforms were well improved to 98KPa, which were used for the fabrication of AZ91D matrix composites. The TC of 0.5 wt.% (1:1) GNPs&MWCNTs/AZ91D composites reached 71.7 W/(m·K) in the freezing direction, which was 41.8% higher than that (50.6 W/(m·K)) of the AZ91D alloy. This work provides a novel method for preparing GNPs&MWCNTs/AZ91D composites with improved TCs.

Research on the squeeze casting process of large wheel hub based on FEM and RSM

Research on the squeeze casting process of large wheel hub based on FEM and RSM

Optimization of squeeze casting process parameters on mechanical properties of SiCp reinforced LM25 composites through Taguchi technique

Abstract The aim of the present work is to examine the influence of processing parameters on fabricated composites of LM25 alloy with SiC particle reinforcement through a squeeze casting technique. The following process parameters, like stirring speed from 550 to 750 rpm, SiCP (4 wt% to 8 wt %), and melting temperatures (from 600 to 700 °C) were employed. Then, the processed composites were subjected to microscopy analysis and mechanical tests to ascertain their metallurgical and mechanical properties. SEM micrographs of an LM 25 composite sample show better bonding of SiC particles with matrix, which is due to homogeneous dispersion of SiC particles in the stir casting process. The maximum tensile strength (211 MPa) and hardness (91 Hv) were achieved on the composite samples with processing parameters of 750 rpm stirring speed, 8% SiC proportions, and 650 °C melting temperature, respectively. From the design of the experiment by the Taguchi method, it is observed that the stirring speed plays a significant role in achieving a better distribution of SiC particles in the composite samples than other parameters like SiC weight ratios and the melting temperature of the alloy.

Investigation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of borosilicate reinforced magnesium nano composites

In the current investigation, nano borosilicate of varying weight proportions was used to strengthen AZ91D magnesium alloy. The squeeze casting process was used to create the material, and its microstructure and mechanical characteristics were analyzed to determine its suitability for functional applications. Using SEM and ASTM standards, morphology and mechanical properties were analyzed. Morphological studies indicate that reinforcing particles are evenly distributed throughout the matrix alloy's regions. Morphological studies illustrates that the nBS was uniformly distributed in AZ91D alloy without forming residual pore. The hardness (21 %) and tensile properties (26 %) of synthesized nano composites was improved due to reduction in grain size and higher dislocation density in comparison with monolithic alloy. Owing to the strong interfacial bonding strength and the dispersion strengthening the compressive strength of magnesium nano composites increased (24 %). As a result of improvements in the load bearing capacities of the reinforcing particles as well as the formation of transfer layers between the matrix and the reinforcement particles wear resistance significantly improved (25 %).

Microstructural and mechanical characterisation of reinforced aluminium foam sandwich panels made by one-step squeeze casting method

ABSTRACT In just one step, a squeeze casting process was applied to produce aluminium foam sandwich panels. NaCl particles with mean sizes of 4.75 and 6.35 mm were used as space holders in different proportions. In-situ face sheet manufacturing was conducted through previously placed steel meshes in the mould. The effect of NaCl particle sizes and the proportion of each size on porosity, microstructure, and mechanical properties were investigated. Results showed a decline from 59.8% to 43.8% in the porosity amount of samples with increasing the proportion of larger NaCl particles. Accordingly, an increase in compression yield stress (from 3.2 to 6.1 kgf/mm2) and the absorbed energy were observed. Also, at the elevated densities of the sandwich panel core, the plateau stress was enhanced. The presence of Cu, Ni, Fe, and Si elements leads to the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds in the microstructure of cell walls.

Synthesis and characterisation of graphene-reinforced AA 2014 MMC using squeeze casting method for lightweight aerospace structural applications

The need for lightweight materials towards aerospace has increased prominently. This paper focuses on introducing a novel reinforcement mixture of graphene with Al 2014 powder synthesised through ball milling technique. The synthesized powder was utilized as a reinforcement to fabricate Al 2014 based MMCs through squeeze casting technique. The results exhibited that Al 2014 mixture with embedded and interlocked 2D-Grnp (2.517 g/cm3) matched the density of the matrix metal (2.771 g/cm3) that facilitated homogeneous dispersion of 2D-Grnp and solved the dispersion problems during stir casting. As a result, AA 2014 embedded with 2D-Grnp acted as a carrier to homogeneously disperse combined with the squeeze casting process leading to the production of homogeneously reinforced MMC. This can be considered as a potential fabrication route for the launch vehicle super lightweight fuel tank (SLWT) structural application. The final casted plate after T6 heat treatment with 0.5 wt% 2D-Grnp exhibited an improved tensile strength of 361 MPa (52% higher than the monolithic 2014 aluminium alloy) with total elongation of 21% and improved hardness of 119 HRB (45.5 % increase). Furthermore, SEM and TEM results exhibited that squeeze casting led to enhanced interfacial bonding between the 2D-Grnp and Al 2014.