Contradictory Research Articles

안중근의 어머니 조마리아의 「편지」와 「전언」, 조작과 실체

The last 〈message〉 or 〈letter〉 said to have been sent to Ahn Jung-geun by his mother, Maria Jo, appeared in many scholarly articles and proliferated to broadcasts, entertainment programs, musicals, and movies. Today, such dissemination seemingly has been incorporated as a ‘historical fact.’ This study revealed the logical contradiction of the contents of 〈Letter〉 or 〈Message〉 and the manipulation process by comparing them to related historical materials. The two kinds of fabrication of 〈Letter〉 or 〈Message〉 were made in 1994. One was in January by Japanese Saito(齋藤泰彦), and the other was in April by Korean Choi Seomyeon. The seeds of this fabrication branched out into academic writings and expanded to all directions in the 21st century.BRThe fabrication of 〈Letter〉 and 〈Message〉 distorted the reason Jo Maria opposed her son Ahn Jung-geun’s appeal. That is, while homicide is a crime of violating the Ten Commandments, the manipulation transformed this into an act of pride. Because of this distortion, the unity of Jo Maria and Ahn Jung-geun’s position with the peaceful method of the anti-Japanese independence movement was lost. is issue of the peaceful method is a critical matter in succeeding Ahn Jung-geun’s Oriental Peace Theory.BRIn order to uncover the fabricated 〈letter〉 or 〈message〉 incorporated into ‘history,’ it is necessary to secure the rigor of maintaining objectivity to a well-disposed subject of interest and the academic openness that entitles critical thinking about the more patriotic themes.

Aristotelian Diagrams for the Proportional Quantifier ‘Most’

In this paper, we study the interaction between the square of opposition for the Aristotelian quantifiers (‘all’, ‘some’, ‘no’, and ‘not all’) and the square of opposition generated by the proportional quantifier ‘most’ (in its standard generalized quantifier theory reading of ‘more than half’). In a first step, we provide an analysis in terms of bitstring semantics for the two squares independently. The classical square for ‘most’ involves a tripartition of logical space, whereas the degenerate square for ‘all’ in first-order logic (FOL) involves a quadripartition, due to FOL’s lack of existential import. In a second move, we combine these two squares into an octagon of opposition, which was hitherto unattested in logical geometry, while the meet of the original tri- and quadripartitions yields a hexapartition for this octagon. In a final step, we switch from FOL to a logical system, which does assume existential import. This yields an octagon of the well known Lenzen type, and its bitstring semantics is reduced to a pentapartition.

Neurological, psychiatric and psychosocial consequences of cardiosurgical interventions in the conditions of artificial blood circulation and general approaches to their prevention

Cardiac surgery is a modern, effective, and promising direction of treatment of patients with severe cardiac pathology. An integral component of modern surgical interventions on the heart is artificial blood circulation, which is accompanied by several risks for the patient both during the operation and in the postoperative period. Despite the improvement of the surgical technique and the technological support of sur- gical interventions on the heart, the expansion of the spectrum of indications for operations and the increase in the average age of patients, the frequency of postoperative complications in CPH remains high, and the search for ways to reduce them is an extremely important task of modern medical science and practice. Among the postoperative complications of CVC, a significant place belongs to neurologi- cal disorders cerebral infarction, postoperative encephalopathy, and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Also, negative clinical-psychopathological and psychosocial consequences occupy a significant place. Current scientific data on the pathogenesis, clinical and phenomenologi- cal features, and ways of treatment and prevention of complications of CHD are incomplete, contra dictory, and require additional research. Based on the above, a conclusion was made about the relevance of a number of important problems regarding the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with neurological consequences of surgical interventions on the heart, which require careful study and further resolution.

Consistency as a Data Quality Measure for German Corona Consensus Items Mapped from National Pandemic Cohort Network Data Collections.

As a national effort to better understand the current pandemic, three cohorts collect sociodemographic and clinical data from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients from different target populations within the German National Pandemic Cohort Network (NAPKON). Furthermore, the German Corona Consensus Dataset (GECCO) was introduced as a harmonized basic information model for COVID-19 patients in clinical routine. To compare the cohort data with other GECCO-based studies, data items are mapped to GECCO. As mapping from one information model to another is complex, an additional consistency evaluation of the mapped items is recommended to detect possible mapping issues or source data inconsistencies. The goal of this work is to assure high consistency of research data mapped to the GECCO data model. In particular, it aims at identifying contradictions within interdependent GECCO data items of the German national COVID-19 cohorts to allow investigation of possible reasons for identified contradictions. We furthermore aim at enabling other researchers to easily perform data quality evaluation on GECCO-based datasets and adapt to similar data models. All suitable data items from each of the three NAPKON cohorts are mapped to the GECCO items. A consistency assessment tool (dqGecco) is implemented, following the design of an existing quality assessment framework, retaining their-defined consistency taxonomies, including logical and empirical contradictions. Results of the assessment are verified independently on the primary data source. Our consistency assessment tool helped in correcting the mapping procedure and reveals remaining contradictory value combinations within COVID-19 symptoms, vital signs, and COVID-19 severity. Consistency rates differ between the different indicators and cohorts ranging from 95.84% up to 100%. An efficient and portable tool capable of discovering inconsistencies in the COVID-19 domain has been developed and applied to three different cohorts. As the GECCO dataset is employed in different platforms and studies, the tool can be directly applied there or adapted to similar information models.

Issues of Legal Regulation of Expenditure of Republican Budget Funds by Public Authorities of the Republic of Abkhazia in the Framework of Harmonisation of the Legislation of the Republic of Abkhazia and the Russian Federation

The article deals with questions of legal regulation of the budgetary legislation of the Republic of Abkhazia, current legal mechanisms of formation of financial security at the state level. The author presents mechanisms for implementing the Law “On State and Municipal Procurement” within the framework of harmonization of the legislation of the Republic of Abkhazia and the Russian Federation, in order to minimize or eliminate corruption factors in the occurrence of legal relations in the acquisition of goods, works and services necessary to ensure the activities and functions of public authorities and public administration of the Republic of Abkhazia. Analysis of the legal regulation of the budgetary legislation allowed identifying the problematic issues, which are poorly reflected in the normative legal acts or have logical contradictions. Proposals for improving the legislation of the Republic of Abkhazia in the budgetary sphere are substantiated.

О ДИХОТОМИИ КОНСТРУКЦИИ СМЕШАННОГО ДОГОВОРА

Introduction: the article deals with the problems of the legal nature of mixed contracts in comparison with the related constructions of non-defined (innominate), complicated, and complex contracts. The possibility of individual regulation excluding the effect of imperative prohibitions (subject to compliance with the principles of law) contradicts the essence of a mixed contract. Purpose: to formulate the features of the mixed contract that distinguish it from non-defined, complicated, and complex contracts. Methods: along with traditional theoretical and empirical methods, the author used the teleological approach, which makes it possible to consider the target orientation of a particular norm or contractual structure. Results: the study reveals contradictions in the legal regulation of mixed contracts; defines their constitutive features; determines the legal nature and legal regime; differentiates the mixed contract from the complicated contract, non-defined contract, and complex contract. Conclusions: the existing priority of individual regulation in the construction of the mixed contract is in logical contradiction with its features and with the prohibition against inclusion of elements of non-defined contracts in its content. It appears that this conflict can be overcome through establishing: a ban on changing the imperative norms that establish the rules of conduct in relation to defined contracts included in a mixed contract; a permission to exclude (not to change) the effect of imperative norms; a permission to use non-defined contracts in the construction of the mixed contract. A contract must be classified as mixed if there are two or more obligations included in it. Additional features are the object, the parties, and other characteristics that determine the contract type. The interest of the parties in a mixed contract should be focused on a single object. If there are different subjects focused on different objects, this is a complex agreement. If various elements of defined contracts are used in the construction, with the exception of the subject of the contract, the contract should be classified as complicated, not mixed. In a complicated contract, all additional (auxiliary) obligations ‘work’ to achieve the goal of the main one and are directly dependent on it. In a mixed contract, the structure is represented by two or more independent obligations that are equivalent. Complex contracts should be understood as such contracts that have a multiobject and multi-subject structure, whereas a mixed contract combines subjects and other contractual terms aimed at one object. In a complex contract, there should be no cross-regulation, each subject has its own object and is regulated by the rules that exist in the legislation for a certain type or kind of contract. This approach allows solving the problem of determining the priority of legal norms, which exists in the construction of the mixed contract.

ПОНЯТИЕ ЮРИДИЧЕСКОГО ДОКУМЕНТА В ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ СФЕРЕ

The article aims at analyzing LEGAL DOCUMENT within the framework of conceptualization to create specific forms of mental representations such as scientific concepts. This specific case is used to model the formation of special knowledge and diagnose the problems that the expert community may encounter when using the classical attribute approach with binary oppositions in the content of the defined concept. We tried to show how both in written and spoken discourse lawyers fail to find common and essential features, which would unite all the elements included in the concept of LEGAL DOCUMENT and simultaneously differentiate it from documents of non-legal nature. Despite the fact that the phrase “legal document” is repeatedly mentioned in textbooks on the theory of state and law, often a self-evident expression, legal researchers admit that the concept of LEGAL DOCUMENT is difficult to define and there is a lot of controversy about it within the professional community. The study considered a) fragments of theoretical works (articles and monographs) and textbooks with explicit definitions of “legal document” and discussions of definitions by other authors, as well as other contexts of using “legal document” in scientific legal discourse and legal documents themselves; and b) oral statements of practicing lawyers on their understanding of what a “legal document” is - fragments of 5 semi-structured interviews. Cognitive-discursive and socio- and anthropolinguistic approaches were used for material analysis. Structural, lexical-semantic and conceptual analysis of the proposed definitions and quasi-definitions, as well as conversational analysis of the interviews were carried out. Individual statements were further considered in the broader context of reasoning about the problem, taking into account the general logic of argumentation development, the coherence/inconsistency of judgments both by different speakers and in the reasoning of one speaker, contradictions of examples of the formulated position, focusing/defocusing. Conversational analysis also took into account hesitation markers, prosody and extralinguistic multimodal data to reason about mental processes of the interviewees. The study shows that we seem to be dealing with an attempt to delineate with the traditional logical definition the boundaries of a scientific concept, which is based on the pre-existing and well-formed fragment of everyday knowledge, having slightly different structure and resisting such definition methods. As a concept of everyday consciousness, it would seem productive to describe the LEGAL DOCUMENT from the position of family resemblance as a fuzzy set of partially overlapping elements (without uniform feature(s), or some of them being a continuum of graded parameters). Such mental representation could be conveniently described through the idea of prototypes with good and bad examples of the category. However, the lawyers in legal discourse intermittently try to use the concept as one of everyday consciousness and a scientific formation and are not fully aware of the degree of difference. As a result, we see how logical contradictions in the professional discourse are intensified.

Christian paradoxology

The subject of the review is a work on paradoxes in Theology. The focus of the reviewed book is on the Triadological and Christological dogmas. The first part of the book establishes the paradoxical nature of these dogmatic formulations due to the discovery of a logical contradiction in them. The reviewer draws attention to the patristic texts used here by the Protestant author. Attention is also drawn to the conclusion of a historical and theological nature, which shows that from the first to the twentieth century, no author offered an Orthodox explanation of the dogma of the St. Trinity, which would be free from contradictions. The same choice between logic and dogmatics, according to the monograph, accompanies Christology. In the second part of the book, the author offers his own model for resolving theological paradoxes, which he called the RAPT-model (rational affirmation of paradoxical theology), which causes the reviewer’s critical attitude. The review concludes that the author failed to maintain a position that simultaneously satisfies both dogmatic fidelity and logical consistency. At the same time, D. Anderson, developing his own analytical approach, according to the reviewer, evades orthodoxy.

다자이 오사무(太宰治) 「토카톤톤(トカトントン)」에 나타난 모순의 구조 - 다자이 오사무의 전후 인식을 중심으로 -

Osamu Dazai’s (太宰治) Tokatonton(トカトントン) novel was published in Volume 2, Issue 1 of Gunzō (群像), on January 1, 1947. The novel is written in an epistolary format, where a 26-year-old young man complains to a certain writer about the pain of hearing a hammering sound and losing motivation, every time he tries to focus on something. The present paper contemplates Dazai’s post-war perceptions, after examining issues of post-war Japan’s ambivalence, desire for innocence, and expressions of irony, with a focus on the logical contradictions revealed in Tokatonton. Japan’s defeat in the war, brought about a surging desire to overcome the past and build a new Japan. This contradicted with those who wanted to go against the times and continue fighting. To the Japanese people, Japan’s defeat also meant liberation and freedom from the oppression of militarism. However, even after the defeat, the General Head Quarters (GHQ) ruthlessly censored creative works that went against the occupation policy. The issues that the young man in Tokatonton want to focus on, such as ‘writing novels,’ ‘post office work,’ ‘dating,’ ‘workers’ demonstrations,’ ‘sports,’ and ‘black market dealings,’ symbolize the misaligned post-war space. The young man’s frustration itself is ‘post-war frustration,’ which symbolizes the same. Hence, the method of expressing post-war Japan’s two sides in Tokatonton is similar to the method of expressing ‘irony’ in Japanese Romanticism, where Osamu Dazai had once participated. It can be said that, Osamu Dazai’s ‘ironic’ expressions have the structure in which, the side revealed openly and its opposing hidden side, reveal themselves cyclically, thus making it impossible to know the truth. For Dazai, Japan’s post-war space was ironic and impossible to interpret, with coexisting freedom and oppression. The hope of building a new Japan and the pitiful reality that did not match, neither did the pure ideals and the ‘dirty’ worldliness.

Абсурдные и парадоксальные пословицы в тувинском языке (онтологический и логический аспекты категоризации пословичной семантики)

Introduction. The article deals with absurd and paradoxical proverbs resulting from the categorization of proverbial semantics according to the criterion of ‘relation to reality’ in the ontological or logical aspects. Goals. The study aims to identify quantitative and qualitative features of ontological and logical contradictions to reality traced in semantics of Tuvan proverbs. Materials and methods. The work analyzes a total of 770 Tuvan proverbs contained in Tuvan Proverbs and Sayings (1966), Proverbs and Sayings of the Tuvan People (2020), and other sources. The publication employs the author’s methodology for semantics categorization of aphoristic units and their differentiation into semantic types according to the criterion of ‘relation to reality’. Results. The article reveals that one in eight Tuvan proverbs literally (in the direct sense) contradict the existing order of things in the world. The ontological nature of a contradiction to reality in a proverb is implemented via the semantics of the absurd, which is motivated by a situational or verbal context, and it is impossible to interpret the literal content of the proverb — from the viewpoint of logical (rational) thinking — being unaware of that very context. The logical nature of the contradiction to reality in the proverb is implemented via the semantics of the paradox, which can be motivated epistemologically, semantically or formally, and logically. Only one structural part of a proverb can be contrary to reality, and this part always dominates in terms of general content. The Tuvan proverbs that contradict reality are distinguished by the presence of absurdity semantics in one of their structural parts, and that of paradox in the other one. Conclusions. An unexpectedly large number of absurd and paradoxical proverbs in the Tuvan proverb corpus attests to that it is reality’s perception and comprehension — based on the ontological and/or logical contradictions to objective reality — that take a significant place in the Tuvan view of the world.

Diagrammatic and Modal Dimensions of the Syllogisms of Hegel and Peirce

While in his Science of Logic, Hegel employed neither diagrams nor formulae, his reinterpretation of Aristotle’s syllogistic logic in the “Subjective Logic” of Book III strongly suggests a diagrammatic dimension. Significantly, an early diagram depicting a “triangle of triangles” found among his papers after his death captures the organization of categories to be found in The Science of Logic. Features of this diagram help us understand Hegel’s logical project as an attempt to retrieve features of Plato’s thinking that are implicit within Aristotle’s syllogistic logic. It is argued that parallels between Hegel’s modification of Aristotle’s syllogistic figures and Peirce’s functional alignment of those syllogistic figures with his three inference forms—deduction, induction, and abduction—suggest modifications of the traditional “square of opposition” into a logical hexagon as found in recent discussions. However, Hegel had conceived of Aristotle’s syllogism as a distorted version of the “syllogism” thought by Plato to bind the parts of the cosmos into a unity as described in the dialogue Timaeus. In accord with this, it is argued that seen in the light of Hegel’s platonistic reconstruction of Aristotle’s logic, such logical hexagons should be understood as two-dimensional projections of a logical polyhedron.

On removal of one undetected paradox in foundations of probability theory

The paper points out a logical contradiction that arises in the modern approach to teaching the foundations of the probability theory. This contradiction is of the following form: \U0001d74e = {\U0001d74e}, where \U0001d74e is an arbitrary elementary outcome. In modern mathematics the formation of expressions of the form \U0001d499 = {\U0001d499} is unacceptable. Here {\U0001d499} is a unit set, i.e., a set whose sole element is some element \U0001d499 of an arbitrary nature. This paradox \U0001d74e = {\U0001d74e} is a consequence of the fact that random events and between them also elementary outcomes \U0001d74e are considered as some subsets in the set of all elementary outcomes. It is shown how this contradiction can be easily eliminated by applying the axiomatic method. It is based on the introduction of two simple axioms that impose restrictions on elementary outcomes and on the class of random events under consideration. In addition from these two axioms on the basis of strictly logical reasoning the authors derived the representation of an arbitrary random event in the form of a sum of elementary outcomes favorable to it. Moreover, another non-axiomatic approach to the elimination of this paradox is proposed. In the final part of the paper other variants of the second of the introduced axioms are considered as well.

The Logical Contradictions of the US Indo-Pacific Strategy and China’s Response

Since the Biden administration took office, China–US relations have been undergoing major adjustments. The US has strategically accelerated the implementation of the Indo-Pacific Strategy and related containment mechanisms against China, building multilateral networks led by the US to contain China on multiple fronts. As China–US strategic rivalry keeps intensifying, China faces increasingly complex peripheral strategic environment, regional economic cooperation and security situation. Through the analysis of the intentions and plans of the Indo-Pacific Strategy, it is found that there is a huge mismatch between the cost that the US can afford to adopt the strategy and its expected benefits, and a significant gap also exists between its current comprehensive national power and its ability to afford the cost of the strategy, which will severely limit the implementation effects of the US Indo-Pacific Strategy. These factors therefore create conditions for China, as the weaker party, to effectively cope with and successfully hedge against various challenges posed by the US Indo-Pacific Strategy.

Correlation of procedural and procedural forms of activity of public administration in the context of the Law of Ukraine «On administrative procedure»

The article examines the essence of the legal procedural and legal proceedings form of public administration activity in the context of the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On Administrative Procedure». The main differences of legal procedural and legal proceedings forms are revealed. The latter, due to the presence of stages, can cause the onset of a legal consequence even before the final resolution of the case, for example, after the completion of a specific stage of the case. While the procedural form can cause a legal consequence only at the final stage of its implementation. It is noted that a mandatory element of the legal proceedings form is the stage of proving the circumstances of the case. Based on the analysis of the features and correlation of the procedural and legal proceedings form, the thesis is substantiated that in the field of public management and administration there are two independent varieties of the legal proceedings form: administrative justice and administrative proceedings. Administrative procedure is a branch type of procedural form in administrative law. The impracticality of distinguishing between the concepts of administrative procedure and administrative proceedings on the basis of statics and dynamics has been proven. As branch varieties of higher-order categories (procedural and legal proceedings, respectively), these concepts can and should be distinguished precisely by generic features. It is emphasized that administrative procedure and administrative proceedings are specific concepts of different content categories, and attempts to establish generic-specific connections between these concepts lead to a number of logical contradictions. These contradictions are analyzed on the example of the Law of Ukraine «On Administrative Procedure». The main problematic issues, the solution of which is necessary before the entry into force of this law, are indicated. The circle of relations that should receive the legal proceedings form in administrative law has been clarified. At the same time, it was emphasized that administrative justice is an independent type of legal proceedings form of court activity and should not be considered part of the theory of procedural forms of public administration activity. Differences between theoretical and normative constructions of procedural and legal proceedings forms are emphasized. It is noted that their mistaken identification hinders the construction of the theory of administrative-procedural law, causes discussions about the relationship between the categories «administrative process», «administrative proceedings», «administrative procedure».

Mādhyamikas’ Argumentation against the Concept of Motion

The concept of motion in Madhyamaka is treated as empty, i.e. having no referent in reality, for any change including the change of position of an object in space is generated by unenlightened saṃsāric consciousness. The Mādhyamikas teaching on motion was compared by some scholars with the views of the ancient Greek philosophical school of Eleatics, who also treated motion as unthinkable. But, while the Eleatic school considered true being to be absolute rest, the Mādhyamikas considered the concept of rest to be as empty as that of motion, for it is correlated with the concept of motion and has no sense without it. According to Nāgārjunas argumentation and to his commentator Candrakīrti, motion exists nor in that part of space which has already been traversed neither in that part which has not yet been traversed, and the moving object itself is treated as a point having no spatial dimension and therefore devoid of internal motion. Besides, the Mādhyamikas oppose the moving subject, space and motion itself to one another, considering them to be independent of each other on the level of superficial truth. This leads to logical contradictions and thereby shows that all these concepts are empty. The real essence of motion could be described by words only if we knew it already, and we can understand it only using words and concepts. This forms a vicious logical circle, and the way out of it can be enlightenment and knowledge of the true reality.

Contrariety re-encountered: nonstandard contraries and internal negation**

Abstract This discussion explores the possibility of distinguishing a tighter notion of contrariety evident in the Square of Opposition, especially in its modal incarnations, than as that binary relation holding statements that cannot both be true, with or without the added rider ‘though can both be false’. More than one theorist has voiced the intuition that the paradigmatic contraries of the traditional Square are related in some such tighter way—involving the specific role played by negation in contrasting them—that distinguishes them from other pairs of incompatible statements constructed from the same conceptual materials. Prominent among examples, these other nonstandard pairs are the ‘new contraries’ presented by Robert Blanché’s hexagon(s) of opposition. With special, though not exclusive, attention to these cases, we investigate whether contrariety in the distinguished sense can be captured by adding to the incompatibility condition the further demand that the pair of statements concerned can be represented as the results of applying some sentence operator to the content in its scope, for one of the pair, and, for the other, the application of that same operator to the negation of that content. For one of the two cases, a Blanché case, of nonstandard contrariety singled out for attention, the question of whether such a representation is available is settled at the end of Section 4, and then in a more satisfying way in Section 5, though for the other case, noticed by Peter Simons, the question remains open, after some tentative discussion in one subsection, 6.2, of an Appendix (Section 6).

Phenomenology of Non-Ordinary Logics in Brief Strategic Therapy.

Brief Strategic Therapy (BST) is a psychosocial treatment for mental disorders based on a unique theory of psychological dysfunction that differs from major psychotherapy approaches in that psychological dysfunction follows non-ordinary logics rather than classic logical principles. BST contends that there are three different kinds of non-ordinary logics that underpin psychological dysfunction: the logic of contradiction, the logic of paradox, and the logic of belief. BST therapeutic strategies are based on these non-ordinary logics processes. Unfortunately, descriptions and case examples of these non-ordinary logics are scattered among a myriad of books so that it is difficult for the clinician to get acquainted with them. Additionally, BST literature has described these non-ordinary logics with a somewhat obscure and metaphorical language that might be difficult for the clinician to grasp. Herein, we condensate descriptions and case examples of the three non-ordinary logics, clarify the phenomenological processes of each of the classes of non-ordinary logics, and highlight research findings from different theoretical orientations that are coherent and consistent with our phenomenological accounts of non-ordinary logics. Based on our clinical observations, non-ordinary logics can be distinguished by three variables: (a) the immediate effect of the dysfunctional attempted solution (DAS), (b) the long-term effect of the DAS, and (c) the most salient mental phenomenon associated with the DAS that maintains a psychological problem. This advancement could foster clinicians' ability to identify non-ordinary logics and their ability to devise appropriate strategies to solve psychological problems.

Two Squares of Opposition in Two Arabic Treatises: al-Suhrawardī and al-Sanūsī

Two Squares of Opposition in Two Arabic Treatises: al-Suhrawardī and al-Sanūsī

Amplification of gravitationally induced entanglement

Observation of gravitationally induced entanglement between two massive particles can be viewed as implying the existence of the nonclassical nature of gravity. However, weak interaction in the gravitational field is extremely small so that gravitationally induced entanglement is exceptionally challenging to test in practice. For addressing this key challenge, here we propose a criterion based on the logical contradictions of weak entanglement, which may boost the sensitivity of the signal due to the gravitationally induced entanglement. Specifically, we make use of the weak-value scenario and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering. We prove that it is impossible for a classical mediator to act on two local quantum objects to simulate amplified-weak-value phenomenon in two-setting Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering. Our approach can amplify the signal of gravitationally induced entanglement that were previously impossible to observe by any desired factor that depends on the magnitude of the weak value. Our results not only open up the possibility of exploring nonclassical nature of gravity in the near future, but they also pave the way for weak entanglement criterion of a more general nature.

Fourteen modal theorems consistent with the theory of mental models

Very important concepts in the theory of mental models are those of ‘possibility’ and ‘necessity’. Based on the definitions this psychology theory gives for those concepts, it has been shown that it complies with the requirement Fitting and Mendelsonh provides in general for modal logic. That requirement consists of being coherent with the modal interpretation of the square of opposition presented by Aristotle. This paper tries to move forward in this direction. It analyzes fourteen modal theorems indicated by Carnap under the approach of the theory of mental models. The results reveal that the theory is also compatible with those theorems.