Square Feet Of Floor Space Research Articles

New Science Building

Dedication ceremonies for a new $2 million science and engineering building were held February on the campus of Michigan State University Oakland in Rochester, Mich. The building, provided by State Legislature of Michigan, contains 85 000 square feet of floor space and includes teaching and research laboratories, faculty offices, classrooms, and supporting facilities for instruction in physics, mathematics, chemistry, and the engineering and life sciences.

Field Studies on the Control of Resistant House Flies1

In 1959, Bayer Compound 29493 (O, O-dimethyl O-(4-methylthio-m-tolyl) phosphorothioate), ronnel, and Dimetilan® (3-methyl-5-pyrazolyl dimethylcarbamate) were evaluated against resistant house fly populations in dairy barns and poultry houses. Bayer 29493 as a residual treatment, Dimetilan-impregnated fly bands, and ronnel-impregnated cords gave the most promising results. Effective control was obtained with Bayer 29493 applied at the rate of 50 milligrams per square foot. As a bait treatment, this compound did not give satisfactory control except in one instance. Dimetilan-impregnated fly bands, when installed at one dairy at the rate of 30 linear feet per 100 square feet of floor space, produced adequate control for more than 14 weeks. However, when installed at a second dairy at the rate of 6 linear feet per 100 square feet, satisfactory control was not obtained until 7 weeks after installation, after which fly counts remained below 21 for the balance of the season. The ronnel-impregnated cords (3/32-inch diameter) gave effective control within 2 to 4 weeks after installation in June and July, and this control persisted for the remainder of the season.

California Institute of Technology

California Institute of Technology dedicated a new research laboratory and a new accelerator at separate ceremonies held in Pasadena last month. The five‐story Alfred P. Sloan Laboratory of Mathematics and Physics, converted from Caltech's old high‐voltage experimentation laboratory, will provide 50 000 square feet of floor space for the school's fast‐growing mathematics program and for expanding work in theoretical and experimental physics. The building houses a new low‐temperature laboratory and a new accelerator laboratory, and the upper three floors contain offices for faculty members and graduate students in mathematics, as well as conference and seminar rooms, a lecture hall, and a library. The new structure was made possible by a gift to Caltech from the Sloan Foundation of New York.

The Influence of Slatted Floor and Litter Floor on the Genetic Variations in Chickens

It is a known fact that interaction between environmental factors and genetic variations influences the accuracy of artificial selection and impedes the distribution of improved genotypes into a diverse environment. Slatted and litter floor chicken laying houses are two contrasting environmental conditions for laying chickens. Since the former tends to be prevalent in use, a study of the interaction between floor differences and genetic variations would be of interest to both poultry breeders and egg producers.A two-pen house, with approximately 20×20 square feet of floor space in each pen, was used in the experiment. One pen had a slatted floor, while the other had a wood-shavings litter floor. The slatted floor pen accommodated 360 pullets and 18 cockerels, while the litter floor pen accommodated 127 pullets and 6 cockerels. The average floor space for each chicken was approximately one square foot in the slatted floor pen, and 3 square …

Important Questions in the Economics of the Production of Basic Building Materials

The decision of the CC of the CPSU and of the Council of ministers of the U.S.S.R. "Concerning the Development of Housing Construction in the U.S.S.R.," set an important historical task: in the shortest possible time to obtain a substantial increase of the housing fund, so that in the next ten to twelve years, the housing shortage in the country can be ended. For 1956 to 1960, the Party and the Government established the volume of state housing construction at a total of 215 million square feet of floor space. This is ten million square meters more than the task set in the directive of the 20th Congress of the CPSU. Moreover, during this five-year plan, there should be built in the cities, settlements of the city type, M.T.S., soviet farms, and industrial lumber camps, at the expense of the population itself and with help of state credits, houses with a total floor area of 113 million square feet, and in the rural area at the expense of the members of the collective farms and rural intelligentsia, four million houses. These three sources for the growth of floor area for housing during the current five-year plan should add almost half a billion square meters of floor area.

Limitations of Malathion in Northern Fowl Mite and Louse Control

Many poultrymen have recently become very enthusiastic about the use of malathion in control of lice and mites. A rather extensive field testing program using malathion dust has been recently completed at the University of Georgia Poultry Farm. Results give some indication of its limitations as well as its value. In conducting the Broiler-Breeder Test, 21 entries of adult birds including 36 females and three males were received in September of 1955 from widely dispersed geographic areas of the United States. These entries were placed in 21 houses, each having approximately 155 square feet of floor space and containing wood-shavings for litter. Upon arrival some had a light infestation of lice and mites. The following species were present: the shaft louse, Menopon gallinae (L.), the body louse, Eomenocanthus stramineus (Nitz), the fluff louse, Goniocotes hologaster (Nitz), and the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (C. & F.).1By mid-November a heavy …

How Small a House?: Zoning for Minimum Space Requirements

IN a recent issue of this Review 1 Professor Charles M. Haar criticizes the New Jersey Supreme Court for using in Lionshead Lake, Inc. v. Township of Wayne2 liberal shibboleths attain an illiberal result . I With that conclusion we disagree. In the Wayne Township case, upon a challenge by a local land development corporation, the trial court held that a zoning ordinance requiring a minimum of 768 square feet of floor space in onestory dwellings I was reasonably related the public health or general welfare of the community, but [was] arbitrary and unreasonable and not within the domain of the police powers. I The Supreme Court reversed. Professof Haar has attacked that decision as countenancing intentional economic segregation, localism, and an isolationist view which used zoning to set and preserve rigidly the character of certain neighborhoods in the interest of preserving property values. 6 With segregation of

Radiant Heating Systems Need Cathodic Protection Too

Abstract For approximately $30,000 two cathodic protection systems were installed in two bus garages of the Detroit City Department of Street Railways avoiding replacement of a radiant heating system installed under garage floors with a less efficient space heater arrangement which would have cost $80,000. The radiant heating system piping, installed in a sand fill beneath a concrete floor in soil of high corrosivity provided heat for about 500,000 square feet of floor space. Salt and water melted from buses stored in the garages, seeped through cracks in the concrete floor causing between 150 and 200 leaks under one building alone and the loss of about 3000 gallons of 140 degree water per month. The cathodic protection system consisted of graphite anode rods installed under the concrete floor connected to selenium rectifiers of appropriate capacity. Accurate check of potentials is being kept.

A Relationship of Square Feet of Floor Space Per Bird and Egg Production

The generally-accepted recommendation of 3½ square feet of floor space per bird for White Leghorns and 4 square feet of floor space per bird for the heavy breeds seems to have developed from the practical experience of poultrymen. Experimental evidence on this subject has been lacking except for the report of Kimber (1941) who found that, over a 22-week period, White Leghorns allowed 4 square feet per bird laid at a rate of 70.8 percent as compared to 62.0 percent for birds allowed 3.5 square feet, 61.9 percent for birds allowed 3.0 square feet, and 61.4 percent for birds allowed 2.5 square feet of floor space per bird. In this experiment the area per bird was kept constant by adding additional birds as the original birds died, but these additional birds were not included in computing egg production. In another experiment Kimber did not add additional birds, but permitted the .

A Report on the Organization of the Paper Cup Company

_EPaper Cup Company, a small company engaged in the manu,facture and sale of paper drink-ing cups and soda cups, was organized in I937 and experienced a rather slow growth during the first four years. Increased industrial activity resulting from war conditions brought a large increase in the demand for the product, and the company expanded very rapidly after I94I. Prior to the wartime expansion, the president had been able to maintain direct control over all phases of the company's activities. With the rapid growth of the company, however, he found it increasingly difficult to cope with all problems of management and supervision. The president felt the need of a definite plan of organization for the company that wouldrelieve him of the details of management, take care of existing operations, and provide for future possible expansion. He felt that his previous management experlence was inadequate to enable him to prepare such a plan of organization himself, and besides he had little time to devote to such a project. In May, I943, he decided to engage the services of some management consultants for the purpose of drawing up a functional organization chart for the company. The consultants spent several weeks making a survey of the historical background, the present operations, and the possible future development of the company. They found that the company had been incorporated on April 22, I937, with two principal stockholders. One of these was the man who is still the president of the company; he had been a successful salesman for another paperproducts company for several years. The other man had been a production engineer for the same company; he remained with this new company less than two years, when he sold his interests to the president. After the company was organized, several months were spent in designing machine No. i to make flat-bottomed paper cups. This project was abandoned in July, I937, after an expenditure of about $I5,000, and all efforts were devoted to machine No. 2 to make coneshaped paper drinking cups. Actual production was begun in a small loft building during the latter part of that year. Work was then started on the development of machines Nos. 3 and 4 for cone-shaped cups; but they were not placed into production until the company moved into a leased building at a new location in May, 1938. This building, with io,ooo square feet of floor space, housed the complete operations of the company, including factory, offices, shop, and storage space, until May,

Wartime Concentration of Production

C ONCENTRATION of the production of essential civilian goods in a few plants in each industry is a step which a nation at war may be forced to take when the need for resources becomes so critical that wasteful uses cannot be tolerated. When the War Production Board announced on July 23, I942, that it had approved the principle of concentration of production as a means of furthering the war effort,2 it was adopting a policy which has played an important role in the British war production program since March, I94I. In Great Britain some fifty industries had already been concentrated into nucleus plants by the middle of I942, and about 250,000 workers and over 55,ooo,ooo square feet of floor space had been released for other purposes.3 In this country, on the other

Selective Package Conveyors

Abstract Severe competition is forcing every manufacturing industry to secure the most efficient layout of machinery and the maximum output from every square foot of floor space. Economical handling of materials, orders, letters, and instructions within the plant are important to secure the highest efficiency. Conveyors of many types are now available, and “selective” conveyors are an important variety. These are adapted for automatically delivering packages or materials to various predetermined points selected by the sender at the time the material is dispatched. The selection of destination may be determined by the size or weight of the package itself or by the position of a movable finger or selective pin. If the material to be transported is carried in trays or tote boxes over a conveyor system the movable selective finger can be mounted upon the upper front edge of the tray. This selective finger, for light service, may itself be used to deflect the tray from a conveyor by means of a switch bar, or may operate an electric circuit maker to control the movement of a heavy deflector bar. The latest method of selection employs a separate pilot car carrying the selective pin and followed upon the conveyor belt by a string of boxes, cartons, or bags which are all going to the same destination. The procession is followed by a caboose car carrying a selective pin which releases the deflector bar after the caboose has passed and allows the deflector to swing out of the path of passing pilot cars until another car approaches with its selective pin in the proper position to operate this particular deflector.

MUSCULAR EXERCISE IN DIABETES MELLITUS

In conjunction with Mr. C. N. H. Long, M.Sc., experiments are in progress on the effect of muscular exercise in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. We hope shortly to publish the results in full dealing with lactic acid, acidosis, and the respiratory metabolism. This preliminary communication on the blood sugar and urinary changes brought about by exercise is written more from the clinical standpoint. Allen and his followers have insisted that in the treat ment of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus it is bene ficial for them during the time of their dietetic adjustment and subsequently to take moderate exercise and not to remain in bed for prolonged periods. The present experi ments show that in a diabetic whose diet contains a moderate proportion of carbohydrate and who receives an adequate supply of insulin the effect of exercise is beneficial, rapidly lowering the blood glucose to a normal level and diminishing the production and therefore the excretion of ketones and so rendering tissue metabolism more complete. But in a patient even wTith adequate carbohydrate foodstuff or carbohydrate stores whose diabetes is moderately severe and who is without sufficient insulin, endogenous or exogenous, exercise produces little or no effect on blood glucose and ketosis is increased. The patients who are the subjects of these experiments had been treated for some time previous to the experiments by dietetic restriction and adjustment with insulin, and they are now continuing their ordinary routine life. The exercise which has been done is that of standing running in which the subject doubles rapidly on his toes with the elbows flexed and the arms drawn to the side of the chest, but he does not move forward and he maintains his position on about one to two square feet of floor space in the laboratory, drawing the knees well up. The number of steps a minute is noted, the patient keeping time with a metronome which is set to a certain rate; in this way the subject keeps up the rate of exercise for the stipulated time. The exercise done?for instance, 156 steps per minute?is only moderate, and a normal subject can readily do it for the time over which these patients were exercised, and with no great fatigue. By all out exercise is meant that the subject doubles as rapidly as he can so as just to last out the time, at the end of which he is done.'' Samples of blood and urine are taken at intervals before and after the exercise. A rough estimate of the amount of urinary ketones has been made by the depth of the colour which is attained in one minute by the Rothera or sodium nitro-prusside test. These are designated + for a faint trace, + trace, + + and + + + for deeper colorations. All the samples of urine are examined at the same time and set side by side so as to get the comparative variation in colour produced. Case i. Male, aged 36 ; decorator. Weight 10 st. 10 lb. Diet 2,090 calories : Carbohydrate 69 grams, protein 77 grams, fat 167 grams. Insulin 30 units a day, given in two doses, of 20 and 10 units each. This patient had received insulin for seven weeks and he had been discharged from hospital on the above diet for three weeks wThen the first experiments?for example, experiments B and E?were done. The experiments were made at intervals over a period of five and a half months. This man leads an active life and he feels and looks a fit man.

Observations on the Meningococcus Carrier-Rate in relation to density of population in Sleeping Quarters

1. A high meningococcus carrier-rate in a military unit denotes that dangerous overcrowding exists in this unit.2. Severe overcrowding (i.e. when beds are less than 1 foot apart) is usually accompanied by a carrier-rate (serological) of at least 20 per cent.(Twenty per cent. is the danger line indicated in the War Office Memorandum on Cerebro-spinal Fever, March 1917.)3. A carrier-rate of this height will usually imply that the mobilization standard of 40 square feet has been infringed, and also that beds are less than 1 foot apart.4. A carrier-rate of 20 per cent. (without awaiting the occurrence of any actual cases of the disease) should be regarded as a signal for prompt and effective action to abolish overcrowding, and to improve ventilation, and to increase the distance between the beds to at least 2½ feet.5. The distance between beds is of paramount importance.6. Carrier-rates of between 10 and 20 per cent. are unsatisfactory and imply a certain degree of overcrowding. They must be watched with suspicion, and the mobilization standard strictly enforced.7. Under the same conditions of overcrowding “non-contact” carrier-rates are the same as “contact” carrier-rates.8. Quite a moderate degree of “spacing out” of beds, combined with simple methods for improving ventilation are highly efficient agents in reducing high carrier-rates.9. When, however, a unit shows a high carrier-rate, insistence on the restoration of the mobilization standard is not sufficient.“Spacing out” must be carried further; and a distance of at least 2½ feet between beds insisted on.The “peace” standard of 3 feet between beds and 60 square feet of floor space with 600 cubic feet of air space would, of course, be still more effective.10. The mobilization standard, introduced for a grave emergency, is the lowest possible concession to military necessity, which can be allowed with safety.

DISCUSSION OF DR. VAUGHAN'S PAPER.

ABSTRACT Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Association of Medical Colleges:—The paper of Dr. Vaughan, which has interested us so much, suggests great changes in medical education. During the past year my attention has been called to some of the details of laboratory work which must be faced by every one of you. Allow me to very briefly speak of some of the results of my thoughts and studies.Laboratory rooms must be light and roomy. Forty square feet of floor is the least amount which will accommodate a single student, and then only in the chemical laboratory. In all other laboratories at least sixty square feet of floor space, not including aisles, must be allowed each student. In the chemical laboratory students' desks may be placed twenty feet from the windows; in laboratories in which microscopes are to be used, fourteen feet is a maximum.The ordinary medical class in