Squamous Epithelial Cells Research Articles

Cytomorphometric Analysis of Cervical Papanicolaou Smear for Females with Gynecological Clinical Complaints

Background: Limited information is provided on the quantitative cytomorphometric study of the cervical Pap test. The cervical Pap test is an important screening program for cervical cancer. A quantitative cytomorphometric examination of cervical Pap is used to accurately identify precancerous and cancerous lesions early and to reduce the occurrence and avoidance of invasive cancer. This study was aimed to assess the cytomorphological parameters (nuclear diameter [ND], cytoplasm diameter [CD], and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio [N/C ratio]) of squamous epithelial cells from a cervical Pap smear. Methods and Results: A prospective study was performed on 142 consecutive cervical Pap smears from women with gynecological clinical complaints. The ND and CD were determined by the Optika optical microscope camera using a digitizer cursor in both axes. The final images were taken with an X40 magnification. The ND, CD, and the N/C ratio were then measured and expressed in micrometers. The women were classified into 5 age groups: 5(3.5%) in the age group of <19 years, 46(32%) in the 20-29 group, 67(47.2%) in the 30-39 group, 23(16.2%) in the 40-49 group, and 1(0.7%) woman was over age 50. There were no significant differences in the N/C ratio of superficial cells between age groups. The ND, CD, and the N/C ratio were significantly higher in women with clinical complaints than in women without clinical complaints Conclusion: Cytomorphometic analysis might assist in the identification of cellular alterations due to gynecological diseases and increase the sensitivity and accuracy of the Pap smear technique.

Current research progress in the role of reactive oxygen species in esophageal adenocarcinoma.

In the past few decades, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has increased by six-fold in western countries, as the proton pump inhibitor targeting the gastric acid reflux has failed to control the disease. It is currently suggested that deoxycholic acid reflux leads to esophageal adenocarcinoma. As an inflammation-related cancer, the formation and progression of esophageal adenocarcinoma are closely related to the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Meanwhile, the critical developmental stage of esophageal adenocarcinoma involves characteristic pathological changes in which the distal esophageal squamous epithelial cells are replaced by intestinal columnar epithelial cells, suggesting the involvement of cancer stem cells. Thus, esophageal adenocarcinoma is a good model to study the interplay between ROS and stem cells in cancer. Until now, some important questions related to ROS in esophageal adenocarcinoma remain unanswered. For example, the molecular mechanism by which deoxycholic acid induces malignant transformation in esophageal adenocarcinoma remains unclear. In addition, whether ROS are involved in the induction of cancer stem cell formation by chemotherapeutic drugs and deoxycholic acid stimulation in esophageal adenocarcinoma remains to be further explored. This review summarizes current research progress on ROS and stemness activity, regulation of ROS by stanniocalcin-1 (STC1)/uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), and inspiration for ROS in esophageal adenocarcinoma to guide further research and provide insight into the clinical treatment of esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Crosstalk between MMP-13, CD44, and TWIST1 and its role in regulation of EMT in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play key roles in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) for the development of cancer cell invasion and metastasis. MMP-13 is an extracellular matrix (ECM)-degrading enzyme that plays crucial roles in angiogenesis, cell cycle regulation, niche maintenance, and transforming squamous epithelial cells in various tissues. CD44, a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on esophageal tumor cells, is required for EMT induction and invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The transcription factor TWIST1, as EMT and stemness marker, regulates MMPs expression and is identified as the downstream target of CD44. In this study, we aimed to investigate the probable interplay between the expression of key genes contributing to ESCC development, including MMP-13, TWIST1, and CD44 with clinical features for introducing novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets in the disease. The gene expression profiling of MMP-13, TWIST1, and CD44 was performed using quantitative real-time PCR in tumor tissues from 50 ESCC patients compared to corresponding margin non-tumoral tissues. Significant overexpression of MMP-13, CD44S, CD44V3, CD44V6, and TWIST1 were observed in 74%, 36%, 44%, 44%, and 52% of ESCC tumor samples, respectively. Overexpression of MMP-13 was associated with stage of tumor progression, metastasis, and tumor location (P < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between TWIST1 overexpression and grade (P < 0.05). Furthermore, overexpression of CD44 variants was associated with stage of tumor progression, grade, tumor invasion, and location (P < 0.05). The results indicated the significant correlation between concomitant expression of MMP-13/TWIST1, TWIST1/CD44, and CD44/MMP-13 with each other in a variety of clinicopathological traits, including depth of tumor invasion, tumor location, stage of tumor, and lymph node involvement in ESCC tissue samples (P < 0.05). Collectively, our results indicate that the TWIST1-CD44-MMP-13 axis is involved in tumor aggressiveness, proposing these genes as regulators of EMT, diagnostic markers, and therapeutic targets in ESCC.

Descriptive analysis of prostatitis in the emergency department.

Prostatitis is one of the most common urologic diseases in ambulatory patients. However, prostatitis data are limited from the emergency department (ED) setting. A data set was examined of patients age 18years or older who received urinalysis and urine culture or were tested for gonorrhea, chlamydia, or trichomonas in the ED from a health care system in northeast Ohio. Of 19,308 ED encounters of male patients, 77 encounters (0.4%) involved the diagnosis of prostatitis. Men with prostatitis were younger (52.4 vs 66.3years), were less likely to be hospitalized (27.3% vs 43.1%), had shorter clinical encounters (1336.5 vs 3019.3min), and were less likely to arrive by emergency medical services or police (6.5% vs 45.5%) than men diagnosed with urinary tract infection (UTI) without prostatitis (n=2527) (P≤.007 for all). Of the men with urinalysis, those with prostatitis had less bacteria (0.9+ vs 1.8+), blood (0.9+ vs 1.5+), glucose (4.0% vs 13.0%), leukocyte esterase (0.9+ vs 2.3+), nitrite positive (8.0% vs 21.4%), protein (0.5+ vs 1.2+), squamous epithelial cells (0.6 vs 1.7 per high-power field [HPF]), red blood cells (18.3/HPF vs 29.5/HPF), and white blood cells (31.6/HPF vs 57.6/HPF) than men diagnosed with UTI and no prostatitis (P≤.005 for all). Escherichia coli was the most common bacterium growing in the urine (58.8%; n=10) and the blood (100.0%; n=2) of men with prostatitis; however 73.0% (n=17) of urine cultures and 90.9% (n=22) of blood cultures had no bacterial growth. Of 77 patient encounters with prostatitis, 16 (20.8%) underwent testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis and 3 (3.9%) for Trichomonas vaginalis. Of those tested, only 1 person was infected, with C trachomatis. Prostatitis was uncommonly diagnosed in men undergoing urinalysis and urine culture or testing for sexually transmitted infections in the ED.

GATA4 blocks squamous epithelial cell gene expression in human esophageal squamous cells

GATA4 promotes columnar epithelial cell fate during gastric development. When ectopically expressed in the developing mouse forestomach, the tissue emerges as columnar-like rather than stratified squamous with gene expression changes that parallel those observed in the pre-malignant squamous to columnar metaplasia known as Barrett’s esophagus (BE). GATA4 mRNA up-regulation and gene amplification occur in BE and its associated cancer, esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), and GATA4 gene amplification correlates with poor patient outcomes. Here, we explored the effect of ectopic expression of GATA4 in mature human esophageal squamous epithelial cells. We found that GATA4 expression in esophageal squamous epithelial cells compromised squamous cell marker gene expression and up-regulated expression of the canonical columnar cell cytokeratin KRT8. We observed GATA4 occupancy in the p63, KRT5, and KRT15 promoters, suggesting that GATA4 directly represses expression of squamous epithelial cell marker genes. Finally, we verified GATA4 protein expression in BE and EAC and found that exposure of esophageal squamous epithelial cells to acid and bile, known BE risk factors, induced GATA4 mRNA expression. We conclude that GATA4 suppresses expression of genes marking the stratified squamous epithelial cell lineage and that this repressive action by GATA4 may have implications in BE and EAC.

Detection of Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule in Feline Normal and Tumor Cell Lines and Tissues With Selected Commercial Anti-human EpCAM Antibodies.

Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane protein expressed at intercellular junctions in epithelial cells. As an epithelial biomarker, it used for immunologic-based capture of epithelial-derived circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in human patients with different carcinomas. EpCAM expression has not been described in normal or neoplastic epithelial tissues in cats. Our goal was to find a commercial antibody that recognizes surface EpCAM expression for CTC detection. We tested two anti-human EpCAM antibodies, designated for use with flow cytometry, for detection of surface EpCAM expression on feline cell lines derived from normal mammary and renal epithelia and mammary and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas in cats. Only one of the antibodies, a goat polyclonal antibody, labeled normal and neoplastic feline mammary epithelial cells and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells; no labeling was observed for normal feline kidney epithelial cells. At low dilution, this antibody immunohistochemically stained the intercellular junctions of normal pancreatic, intestinal and mammary epithelium, as well as neoplastic mammary epithelium in feline tissues; however, oral mucosa, skin, and an oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma showed no positive immunostaining. The antibody only weakly bound feline squamous cell carcinoma cell lines under static adhesion. Our results indicate that EpCAM is expressed in specific epithelia in cats but is variably expressed in feline mammary tumors and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. A higher avidity cross-reactive or feline-specific antibody will be required to further investigate EpCAM expression in normal and neoplastic feline tissue or for detecting CTCs in the blood of tumor-bearing cats.

Nonfimbrial Adhesin Mutants Reveal Divergent Escherichia coli O157:H7 Adherence Mechanisms on Human and Cattle Epithelial Cells.

Shiga toxin-producing, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serotype O157:H7 is a major foodborne pathogen causing symptoms ranging from simple intestinal discomfort to bloody diarrhea and life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. Cattle can be asymptomatically colonized by O157:H7 predominantly at the rectoanal junction (RAJ). Colonization of the RAJ is highly associated with the shedding of O157:H7 in bovine feces. Supershedding (SS) is a phenomenon that has been reported in some cattle that shed more than 104 colony-forming units of O57:H7 per gram of feces, 100–1000 times more or greater than normal shedders. The unique bovine RAJ cell adherence model revealed that O157:H7 employs a LEE-independent mechanism of attachment to one of the RAJ cell types, the squamous epithelial (RSE) cells. Nine nonfimbrial adhesins were selected to determine their role in the characteristic hyperadherent phenotype of SS O157 on bovine RSE cells, in comparison with human HEp-2 cells. A number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found amongst these nonfimbrial adhesins across a number of SS isolates. In human cells, deletion of yfaL reduced the adherence of both EDL933 and SS17. However, deletion of eae resulted in a significant loss of adherence in SS17 whereas deletion of wzzB and iha in EDL933 resulted in the same loss of adherence to HEp-2 cells. On RSE cells, none of these nonfimbrial deletion mutants were able to alter the adherence phenotype of SS17. In EDL933, deletion of cah resulted in mitigated adherence. Surprisingly, four nonfimbrial adhesin gene deletions were actually able to confer the hyperadherent phenotype on RSE cells. Overall, this study reveals that the contribution of nonfimbrial adhesins to the adherence mechanisms and functions of O157:H7 is both strain and host cell type dependent as well as indicates a possible role of these nonfimbrial adhesins in the SS phenotype exhibited on RSE cells.

Alcohol drinking inhibits NOTCH-PAX9 signaling in esophageal squamous epithelial cells.

Alcohol drinking has been established as a major risk factor for esophageal diseases. Our previous study showed that ethanol exposure inhibited PAX9 expression in human esophageal squamous epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular pathways through which alcohol drinking suppresses PAX9 in esophageal squamous epithelial cells. We first demonstrated the inhibition of NOTCH by ethanol exposure in vitro. NOTCH regulated PAX9 expression in KYSE510 and KYSE410 cells in vitro and in vivo. RBPJ and NOTCH intracellular domain (NIC) D1 ChIP-PCR confirmed Pax9 as a direct downstream target of NOTCH signaling in mouse esophagus. NOTCH inhibition by alcohol drinking was further validated in mouse esophagus and human tissue samples. In conclusion, ethanol exposure inhibited NOTCH signaling and thus suppressed PAX9 expression in esophageal squamous epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Our data support a novel mechanism of alcohol-induced esophageal injury through the inhibition of NOTCH-PAX9 signaling. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Verification of UriSed 3 PRO automated urine microscope in regional laboratory environment

Background and aimsTen UriSed 3 PRO automated microscopes (77 Elektronika, Hungary) were verified for nine HUSLAB laboratories with 160 000 annual urine samples. Materials and methodsParticle counting of the primary UriSed 3 PRO instrument (77 Elektronika, Hungary) was verified against reference visual microscopy with 463 urine specimens, and against urine culture on chromogenic agar plates with parallel 396 specimens. Nine secondary instruments were compared pairwise with the primary instrument. ResultsRelative imprecisions compared to Poisson distribution, R(CV), were estimated to be 1.0 for white blood cell (WBC) and 1.5 for red blood cell (RBC) counts, respectively. Spearman’s correlations against visual microscopy were rS = 0.94 for WBC, rS = 0.87 for RBC, and rS = 0.82 for squamous epithelial cell (SEC) counts. Agreement with visual microscopy (Cohen’s weighted kappa) was 0.94 for WBC, 0.89 for RBC, 0.88 for SEC, 0.59 for combined casts, and 0.49 for non-squamous epithelial cells (NEC). Bacteria were detected with a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 39 against culture at 107 CFB/L (104 CFU/mL). Created flagging limits allowed automated reporting for 70–75% of patient results. ConclusionsUriSed 3 PRO instruments were adopted into routine use after acceptance of the verification.

Efficacy of oral brush cytology cell block immunocytochemistry in the diagnosis of oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma

This study assessed the efficacy of using oral liquid-based brush cytology and cell block immunocytochemistry in the diagnosis of oral leukoplakia as minimally invasive diagnostic adjuncts. Seventy-two patients diagnosed clinically with either oral leukoplakia (OLK) or oral squamous cell carcinoma were included. Oral brush samples using Orcellex® brushes were obtained from all participants directly before undergoing surgical biopsy. Cell blocks were prepared for all samples and assessed for cytomorphology and immunocytochemistry of DNA mismatch repair proteins (MSH-6, MSH-2, MLH-1 and PMS-2). A combined index score of immunocytochemistry expression and cytology grading was compared against the gold standard (histopathological diagnosis). A significant association was observed between the cytological assessments of oral liquid-based brush cytology samples and the histopathological diagnosis (P<.005). In addition, there was a significant inverse correlation between the grade of oral epithelial dysplasia and the cumulative score of the studied DNA mismatch repair proteins (P<.005). Grading criteria for both oral liquid-based brush cytology and immunocytochemistry cumulative index scores are proposed based on the analysis of receiver operating characteristic curve coordinates. The diagnostic accuracy of this approach was outstanding in terms of discrimination between the presence or absence of oral epithelial dysplasia (0.961) and squamous cell carcinoma (0.977) separately. Oral liquid-based brush cytology cell block immunocytochemistry provides a reliable strategy to investigate oral mucosal epithelial disorders. This approach presents a minimally invasive, highly accurate and non-technically demanding method for the surveillance of oral potentially malignant disorders and squamous cell carcinoma.

Evaluation of the detection ability of uropathogen morphology and vaginal contamination by the Atellica UAS800 automated urine microscopy analyzer and its effectiveness.

BackgroundTo help combat the worldwide spread of multidrug‐resistant Enterobacterales, which are responsible for many causes of urinary tract infection (UTI), we evaluated the ability of the Atellica UAS800 automated microscopy system, the only one offering the capability of bacterial morphological differentiation, to determine its effectiveness.MethodsWe examined 118 outpatient spot urine samples in which pyuria and bacteriuria were observed using flow cytometry (training set: 81; cross‐validation set: 37). The ability of the Atellica UAS800 to differentiate between bacilli and cocci was verified. To improve its ability, multiple logistic regression analysis was used to construct a prediction formula.ResultsThis instrument's detection sensitivity was 106 CFU/ml, and reproducibility in that range was good, but data reliability for the number of cocci was low. Multiple logistic regression analysis with each explanatory variable (14 items from the Atellica UAS800, age and sex) showed the best prediction formula for discrimination of uropathogen morphology was a model with 5 explanatory variables: number of bacilli (p < 0.001), squamous epithelial cells (p = 0.004), age (p = 0.039), number of cocci (p = 0.107), and erythrocytes (p = 0.111). For a predicted cutoff value of 0.449, sensitivity was 0.879 and specificity was 0.854. In the cross‐validation set, sensitivity was 0.813 and specificity was 0.857.ConclusionsThe Atellica UAS800 could detect squamous epithelial cells, an indicator of vaginal contamination, with high sensitivity, which further improved performance. Simultaneous use of this probability prediction formula with urinalysis results may facilitate real‐time prediction of uropathogens and vaginal contamination, thus providing helpful information for empiric therapy.

Implantation of rectosigmoid cancer in a preexisting anal fissure.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) rarely spreads by implantation. We report a case of implantation of rectosigmoid cancer in an anal fissure. A 70-year-old woman with a 15-year medical history of anal fissure was referred to our hospital with anal pain of 3-month duration. Colonoscopy revealed a rectosigmoid tumor and a 10-mm submucosal tumor at the anal verge. Biopsy of the rectosigmoid and anal tumors revealed that both were moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas, and abdominoperineal resection (APR) was performed. The anal adenocarcinoma was surrounded by squamous cell epithelium and mainly proliferated in the submucosal and muscular layers. The patient was diagnosed as having rectosigmoid cancer with implantation of cancer in a preexisting anal fissure. The patient remains well 43months post-surgery with no sign of recurrence. Implantation of CRC in anal fissure is a rare occurrence. Nevertheless, performing adequate anal examination of patients with CRC before surgery and during follow-up is necessary. Further, it is important to perform preoperative large bowel examination of patients with benign anal diseases to prevent implantation of CRC.

Ağızda Görülen Epitelyal Displazi ve Skuamöz Hücreli Karsinom Vakalarının Değerlendirilmesi: Vaka Serisi

Skuamöz hücreli karsinom, skuamöz epitelden kaynaklanır ve tüm oral kavite karsinomlarının %90'dan fazlasını oluşturmaktadır. Oral kavite kanserlerinin etiyolojisinde kötü ağız hijyeni, sigara ve alkol tüketimi büyük rol oynar. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kliniğimize uzun süredir geçmeyen ağız yaraları nedeniyle başvuran 4 hastanın teşhis sürecini sunmaktır. Klinik muayene ve biyopsi işlemlerinden önce tüm hastalardan veya yasal vasilerinden yazılı aydınlatılmış onam alındı. Sonrasında hastaların ağız lezyonları toluidin mavisiyle boyandı, fırça ve punch biyopsisi alındı. Biyopsi materyalleri, histopatolojik değerlendirme için tıbbi patoloji anabilim dalına gönderildi ve sonucunda olgulara farklı derecelerde epitelyal displazi ve oral skuamöz hücreli karsinoma tanıları koyuldu. Anamnezin değerlendirilmesi ve klinik muayene erken evre lezyonların teşhisinde oldukça önemlidir. Diş hekimleri bu tip lezyonların teşhisinde önemli rol oynamaktadır.

Профилактика осложненных родов путем нормализации вагинального микробиоценоза

Aim: to assess the effect of Lactobacilli on vaginal microbiocenosis in pregnant women with its pre-existing disturbances manifested as an increase in vaginal pH levels (&gt;4.5) and pathological vaginal discharge in the 1st trimester of pregnancy. Patients and Methods: a prospective study involved 261 pregnant women who registered their pregnancy before 14 weeks. Group 1 included 147 women with vaginal pH&gt;4.5 and gray white smelling discharge, but no cornified squamous epithelial cells and negative whiff test. Group 2 included 114 pregnant women with vaginal pH 3.8–4.5 and no vaginal discharge. At 11–14 weeks, 18–21 weeks, 30–34 weeks, and before delivery (36–41 weeks), vaginal pH, the composition of opportunistic flora, and Lactobacilli count were evaluated. In group 1, intravaginal lyophilized culture of L. casei rhamnosus (LCR) Doderleini was prescribed after each screening and before the delivery (in total, 4 courses). Results: the use of LCR preparation throughout the gestation reduced vaginal pH from 4.9 (11–14 weeks) to 4.5 (36–41 weeks) (p=0.001). In group 2, vaginal pH increased from 4.35 to 4.7 (p=0.000). In group 1 (probiotic containing LCR Lactobacilli was prescribed), the percentage of women with isolated L. jensenii strain increased by 1.6 times (from 9.52% to 14.96%). Meanwhile, in group 2 (no probiotic was prescribed), the percentage of women with isolated L. jensenii strain reduced by 4.2 times (from 14.91% to 3,51%; p=0.000). In group 1, abnormal birth activity and premature rupture of membranes were reported significantly less common (р=0.0001 and р=0.0001, respectively). Conclusions: probiotic containing LCR is favorable in terms of reducing the rate of pregnancy and birth complications. This fact is of particular importance for women who are at risk of bacterial vaginosis. KEYWORDS: pregnancy, Lactobacilli, vaginal microbiocenosis, pH measurement, probiotics. FOR CITATION: Karakhalis L.Yu., Ivantsiv N.S. Prevention of labor complication via the improvement of vaginal microbiocenosis. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2021;4(1):31–35. DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2021-4-1-31-35.

Cytological and histopathological characterization of squamous cell carcinoma from mammary region in a male dog : A case study

Cancer is a fatal malignant disturbance of growth and one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among canines. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is relatively more common and a highly malignant neoplasm, known to affect dogs. However, SCC of the mammary region is rare in occurrence in both veterinary and human medicine. The present study describes a case of well differentiated SCC of the mammary region in a male dog. An eleven-year-old intact male Pit Bull was presented in Veterinary Polyclinic Lalhri Distt Una, with a history of multiple cutaneous ulcerative lesions in the region of right posterior mammary gland. Fine needle aspiration and touch impression cytology smears were stained with giemsa examined on the day of presentation revealed large number of malignant squamous epithelial cells occurring either individually or in clusters exhibiting marked pleomorphism, anisocytosis and anisokaryosis suggestive of SCC. Surgical resection of the lesion involving mammary tissue was done. The excised mass grossly presented as grayish, irregular in size, lobulated subcutaneous tissue. The representative tissue pieces preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin were subjected to histopathological evaluation. Histopathological examination revealed cords and nests of proliferating neoplastic cells in the dermis consisting of immature polyhedral cells at the periphery and eosinophilic laminated keratin pearls at the centre separated by thin fibrous tissue stroma confirmed it for well differentiated form of SCC. The diagnosis of a well differentiated SCC was made on the basis of cytological findings and further confirmed on histopathological evaluation besides special staining.

Цитологические признаки вовлеченности крипт при цервикальной интраэпителиальной неоплазии

Objective. To determine the cytological criteria of crypt lesion by cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Patients and methods. The retrospective cohort study included 76 women who underwent a comprehensive medical evaluation after screening tests: cervical cytology test, colposcopy, biopsy and histological examination of the cervix, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for human papillomavirus (HPV). Cytological material was obtained using an endocervical brush (Cytobrush); it was stained by the Pappenheim method and examined by light microscopy; the Bethesda system was used. Results. Cytological examination of the cervical smears (cervical ectopy and endocervix) in 59 (78%) women revealed squamous epithelial cells with features typical for dysplasia of different severity: mild – LSIL (low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions) and severe – HSIL (high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion). Smears of 31 (53%) women also showed cylindrical (glandular) epithelial cells with signs of pronounced proliferation: 2 (9.5%) with LSIL and 29 (76.3%) with HSIL. Histological examination of the cervix in all 59 women revealed dysplasia of varying severity. Features of endocervical crypt involvement were detected in 28 women: 1 (4.8%) with LSIL and 27 (71.1%) with HSIL. The sensitivity and specificity of cytological diagnosis of cervical crypt involvement in LSIL were 100 and 95%, in HSIL – 87 and 67%, respectively. Conclusion. The cytological feature of crypt involvement by CIN is the presence in cervical mucus smears of clusters and papillary structures of proliferating, immature cylindrical epithelial cells, partially with cellular and nuclear polymorphism. Key words: crypts, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, cytological examination

Pleomorphic Adenoma Consisting of Multiple Cysts with Squamous Epithelial Lining: Findings on MRI, FNAC, and Histopathological Examination

The incidence of pleomorphic adenoma (PA) of the minor salivary glands is reported to be 10%, and while the histological findings in PA can be diverse, keratin-filled cysts lined by squamous epithelium are rarely reported. The condition can, however, present with cyst formation in some cases. We review a rare case of pleomorphic adenoma in the buccal mucosa that involved the formation of multiple squamous epithelium-lined cysts in a 69-year-old woman. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fine needle aspiration cytology, and histopathological examination were performed. Physical examination revealed a painless, mobile, elastic hard mass in the right buccal mucosa, measuring 2.5 × 1.0 cm. The MRI revealed a well-defined lesion with different signal intensities in the medial and distal regions of the right cheek. The medial side of the lesion showed a low signal intensity on T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) and T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), while the distal side showed a low signal intensity on T1WI, and a high signal intensity on T2WI and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) imaging. Fine needle aspiration of the lesion was performed under local anesthesia and a cytological diagnosis of an epidermoid or dermoid cyst was made. The tumor was completely resected under local anesthesia combined with intravenous sedation. The histopathological examination demonstrated the proliferation of atypical tumor cells with poor atypia and the formation of glandular, alveolar, large, and small cysts. The cysts were lined by keratinized squamous epithelial cells, their cavities were filled with keratinous material, and foreign body reaction was observed after rupture. Histopathological evaluation led to the diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma. The patient had no evidence of recurrence, 2 years and 3 months after the surgery. In conclusion, the presence of multiple cysts lined by squamous epithelium can pose a significant diagnostic challenge in patients with PA. It is important to make the correct diagnosis in order to avoid unnecessarily aggressive therapy.

CRISPR- Cas9: A revolutionary tool to eradicate HPV-mediated Cervical cancer.

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer in females. HPV is DNA virus that invades squamous epithelial cells and where E1 and E2 unwinds the circular DNA of the virus and E6 and E7 deceive the immune system, deactivates the apoptosis pathway, inactivates the P53 and pRB genes and proceeds viral replication and asymptomatic infections. CRISPR-Cas9 as an innovative technique can be used to edit, mutate or silence the E1 and E2 gene of the virus, thus restricting the helicase property of unwinding of the circular DNA and restricting the initiation of infections and probable carcinomas.

Branchial Cleft Anomalies in Children

INTRODUCTION: Objective: A retrospective study was planned to evaluate the clinical and radiological findings of childhood branchial anomalies together with the subclasses of the anomaly and to discuss the surgical results. Method: The medical records of the patients managed for branchial cleft anomaly between 2014 and 2019 were examined. Demographic features, clinical and radiological findings, surgical managements and outcomes were recorded. Results: Eighteen cases were included in the study. Median age of the cases was 5 years (1-14). Male/female ratio was 9/9. The complaints were discharge from the BC (n=13, 72%) and painless neck mass (n=3, 17%). The BC was at right side in 8 (44%), left side in 9 (%50) and bilateral in 1 case (6%). Physical examination revealed the presence of a fistula, and its orifice in 14 cases and cystic lesion was palpable in 4 cases. Ultrasound was performed in 9 cases (50%) and cyst could be detected in 3 of them. All cases were operated and step-ladder incision was used in 8 cases. The fistula tract was ended near to pharynx in 2, near to pretonsillar fossa in 10, submandibular region in 5, and external auditory tract in 1 case. Histopathological examination revealed inflammation in 2 cases and cartilage in 1 case. Stratified ciliary columnar and stratified squamous cell epithelium was detected in samples. Conclusion: Physical examination is the most important diagnostic method. The management is surgery and excision of whole lesion is important in preventing recurrences. Although using methylene blue is a guiding technique in surgical excision of tracts, the effect of its use on surgical outcome and recurrence rates is still debatable.

Anticancer effects of D-pinitol in human oral squamous carcinoma cells

D-pinitol is an analog of 3-methoxy-D-chiro-inositol found in beans and plants. D-pinitol has anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer effects. Additionally, D-pinitol induces apoptosis and inhibits metastasis in breast and prostate cancers. However, to date, no study has investigated the anticancer effects of D-pinitol in oral cancer. Therefore, in this study, whether the anticancer effects of D-pinitol induce apoptosis, inhibit the epithelialto- mesenchymal transition (EMT), and arrest cell cycle was investigated in squamous epithelial cells. D-pinitol decreased the survival and cell proliferation rates of CAL-27 and Ca9-22 oral squamous carcinoma cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Evidence of apoptosis, including nuclear condensation, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and caspase-3 fragmentation, was also observed. D-pinitol inhibited the migration and invasion of both cell lines. In terms of EMT-related proteins, E-cadherin was increased, whereas N-cadherin, Snail, and Slug were decreased. D-pinitol also decreased the expression of cyclin D1, a protein involved in the cell cycle, but increased the expression of p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Hence, D-pinitol induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in CAL-27 and Ca9-22 cells, demonstrating an anticancer effect by decreasing the EMT.