Spy Network Research Articles

Analysis of Personality Conflicts of The Characters in The Novel Az-Zayni Barakat by Jamal Al-Ghithanii (A Study of Sigmund Freud's Literary Psychoanalysis)

Personality conflict using a literary psychology approach is a way to study the behavior of characters in a literary work. With psychological science, readers will explore the mental state of the characters in the literary work. This novel tells the story of Zayni Barakat, a prominent Egyptian muhtasib who also served as governor of Cairo at the end of the Mamluk dynasty. In the Mamluk era, a muhtasib was not only authorized to control the market situation, but also to monitor the behavior and morals of the people. And as governor, in the midst of a chaotic political and security situation, he controlled the corrupt city through a network of spies and whistleblowers. Zayni Barakat was a pious and praiseworthy leader, honest and just, wise and with integrity, strong and decisive, disciplined and effective. He was much loved by his people. His partiality to the people is evident from his indiscriminate attitude towards the rich and the poor as well as the strong and the weak; he is also not reluctant to communicate directly with the small people, something that was impossible for any leader to do before. The descriptive method of analysis is carried out by describing the facts which are then followed by analysis. Etymologically descriptive analysis means describing based on Sigmund Freud's personality theory, it can be grouped into three parts, namely the conflict between id and ego, id and superego, and ego and superego. the conflict between id and ego is a conflict that occurs between the desires of an individual with rationality, the existing reality. The characters who experience conflict between id and ego are Vizcounti Gianti, Zayni Barakat, Attar, Zakariyya bin Radi and Amr bin al-Adawi.

Exploring the Effects of Corruption on Administration of Justice in Uganda

Corruption in Ugandan courts is still a widespread problem that must be aggressively combated before the rule of law could be upheld. It is sad to see the thriving nature of corruption in the Ugandan judiciary despite the provisions of the Anti-Corruption Act. This article explore the effects of corruption on the administration of justice in Uganda. Data for the article were secondarily sourced from journal articles, technological blogs, policy briefs, statutory provisions, case laws, newspaper publications and textbooks. At the end, the article recommends for the Inspector General of Government’s office to create an independent spy network that can discover corruption in courts. More so, the provisions of the Anti-Corruption Act should be enforced without favouritism, and the Ministry of Justice should support whistleblowers policy, who should always be on ground to reveal corruption incidences. Furthermore, CCTV cameras should be effectively and efficiently deployed in various judicial offices. Finally, justice dispensation processes should be sped up in Uganda. Keywords: Administration of justice, Anti-Corruption Act, Corruption, Court, Whistleblower.

DIPLOMATIC STRATEGIES OF KING PRITHVI NARAYAN SHAH IN UNIFICATION OF NEPAL

This research investigates the essential role of diplomatic strategies in the growth of the Gorkha kingdom and the eventual consolidation of Nepal under the leadership of King Prithvi Narayan Shah. The study analyzes Prithvi Narayan Shah's diplomatic approaches, including their objectives, methods, and outcomes. The findings underscore the crucial impact of diplomacy in uniting a historically fragmented region comprising over 50 small states during the medieval period, enabling Gorkha's leadership in the Nepal unification initiative. Prithvi Narayan Shah implemented various diplomatic strategies to achieve his objectives. Recognizing the economic significance of the Kathmandu Valley, he initiated an economic blockade to undermine its stability, increasing discontent among its inhabitants and prompting them to consider aligning with the Gorkhas. The Gorkha state employed a network of spies to manipulate conflicts among the Malla kings of the valley, fostering mistrust and discord, ultimately destabilizing the region, and facilitating unification. Additionally, he maintained ambiguity about his intentions, neither presenting himself as an enemy nor a friend to the British government. This article underscores how these diplomatic endeavors, coupled with strategic military actions, significantly contributed to the expansion of the Gorkha kingdom and the eventual unification of Nepal.

"Non-Returnees" of Perebudova: Escape Scenarios and Government Control in the Ukrainian SSR

The purpose of this article is to analyse the practice of defection as an illegal emigration mechanism. The set of tasks is outlined by the questions about the explanatory schemes used by the "fugitives", as well as the study of the reaction of state authorities and repressive organs to fugitive practices. The research methodology is based on a combination of interdisciplinary methods, including critical discourse analysis, narrative analysis, historical-comparative and historical-systemic methods. The scientific novelty of the study is that the defections and non-returns of the perestroika period have never been considered as a social phenomenon and social practices, as they were not scenarios through which the path of reforms was paved. Conclusions. The defections continued to be a channel of emigration throughout the period of so-called perestroika. These were planned actions included both in the practices of legal border crossing and in criminal practices related to the hijacking of aircraft. People of different ages, nationalities, professions, places of residence, and family status have resorted to defection. A common feature of their behaviour was a deep distrust of the authorities, such that they did not perceive any changes and reforms as possible or real.The explanatory schemes used by the fugitives depended on whether the attempt at illegal emigration was successful or unsuccessful. During the period under study, the KGB's rhetoric and practice of preventing defections from the Ukrainian SSR changed significantly. If at the beginning of perestroika, information on defectors submitted to the Central Committee of the CP(U) ended with a promise to make efforts to return them to their homeland, at the end of the period, they were reported as "working to clarify the circumstances and motives."Another sign of the times was the fact that the image of a defector began to be formed not according to the templates of an "enemy of the people", "traitor – member of a spy network", but according to formulas for devaluing the social importance of the offender. Fugitives were described in both official reports and the press as petty criminals, fraudsters, alcoholics, and people with mental disorders.

Spies and News about the Ottomans on the Southern Frontier of the Hungarian Kingdom until 1526

The issue of news about Ottomans in Transylvanian territories was not subject of Romanian or Hungarian scholars’ debate. The Turkish threat was permanent and became „intimate” at the southern borders of the Hungarian kingdom in the 15th and 16th centuries. As part of the kingdom, Transylvanians were directly involved in fighting the Ottomans, but also in a huge network of spies and news about the Crescent. The proximity and the close connections with Wallachia and Moldavia of the Saxon towns in the south Transylvania, allowed them to inform the Transylvanian or even Hungarian central authorities about Ottomans. A lot of news described troop movements, its number or possible invasions in different parts of the Hungarian Kingdom. In reality, most of this news was just rumors’, but produced fear and the feeling of insecurity for both offi cials and ordinary people.

Containing Contagion in a Garrison State

Containing Contagion in a Garrison State

Quantum Secret Aggregation Utilizing a Network of Agents

Suppose that the renowned spymaster Alice controls a network of spies who all happen to be deployed in different geographical locations. Let us further assume that all spies have managed to get their hands on a small, albeit incomplete by itself, secret, which actually is just a part of a bigger secret. In this work, we consider the following problem: given the above situation, is it possible for the spies to securely transmit all these partial secrets to the spymaster so that they can be combined together in order to reveal the big secret to Alice? We call this problem, which, to the best of our knowledge, is a novel one for the relevant literature, the quantum secret aggregation problem. We propose a protocol, in the form of a quantum game, that addresses this problem in complete generality. Our protocol relies on the use of maximally entangled GHZ tuples, shared among Alice and all her spies. It is the power of entanglement that makes possible the secure transmission of the small partial secrets from the agents to the spymaster. As an additional bonus, entanglement guarantees the security of the protocol, by making it statistically improbable for the notorious eavesdropper Eve to steal the big secret.

Rebel Capacity, Intelligence Gathering, and Combat Tactics

AbstractClassic and modern theories of rebel warfare emphasize the role of resource endowments. We demonstrate that intelligence gathering, made possible by these endowments, plays a critical role in determining specifics of how rebels launch complex attacks against better equipped government forces. We test implications of a theoretical model using highly detailed data about Afghan rebel attacks, insurgent‐led spy networks, and counterinsurgent operations. Leveraging quasi‐random variation in opium suitability, we find that improved rebel capacity is associated with (1) increased insurgent operations; (2) improved battlefield tactics through technological innovation, increased complexity, and attack clustering; and (3) increased effectiveness against security forces, especially harder targets. These results show that access to capital, coupled with intelligence gathering, meaningfully impacts how and where rebels fight.

The Fall of Robespierre: 24 Hours in Revolutionary Paris, by Colin Jones

It is a great irony that the Library of Congress has catalogued this book under ‘Robespierre’ and ‘the Reign of Terror’. In his innovative study, Colin Jones argues that, on the contrary, Robespierre should be decentred in the story of his own political demise on 9 Thermidor (27 July 1794), and that the Thermidorian-spun narrative that the Terror concluded with his execution is inaccurate. In lieu of these frameworks, Jones offers a compelling third perspective to explain the momentous day. He highlights a constellation of institutional tensions (including those among sectional committees, the Commune, the National Convention, National Guard troops, artillery command chains, police branches and spy networks); long-term changes in political culture (including the rise of legalism, a growing suspicion of celebrity and the decline of sans-culotte influence); and a city-wide cast of characters with highly localised understandings of the journée (including militia troops, protesting workers, press owners and judges, among others).

Rebels into Loyalists, or Loyalists into Rebels? Habsburg Officials and Their International Contacts during the Age of Revolutions

ABSTRACT During the Age of Revolutions, the Habsburg monarchy initially opposed nationalist movements as revolutionary. While the monarchy later sought to co-opt loyal patriots, historical memory often imagines the Habsburg state as implacably opposed to both nationalism and nationalist movements. In practice, however, Habsburg officials and central European nationalisms overlapped and engaged with each other in surprising ways. Their interaction problematizes a sharp line between monarchism and nationalism. This essay speficially introduces a special issue of Central Europe, consisting of two papers presented at a 2022 conference on the Habsburg state apparatus. The two papers explored the tensions and interactions between Habsburg officials and patriot circles as they played out in international relations. Polish exiles sought to recruit Habsburg officials to the national cause, while Habsburg agents sought to recruit patriots to the spy network of the Habsburg political police.

Neighbor connectivity of pancake graphs and burnt pancake graphs

The neighbor connectivity (resp. edge neighbor connectivity) of a graph G is the least number of vertices (resp. edges) such that removing their closed neighborhoods from G results in a graph that is empty, complete (resp. trivial), or disconnected. For a graph G , the neighbor connectivity and the edge neighbor connectivity of G are denoted by κ N B ( G ) and λ N B ( G ) , respectively. The notion of these two kinds of connectivity was derived from assessing the impact of subversion caused by the underground resistance movement in spy networks. Currently, it can provide more accurate measures regarding the reliability and fault-tolerance of networks. In this paper, we completely determine the neighbor connectivity and edge neighbor connectivity of pancake graphs and burnt pancake graphs as follows: κ N B ( P n ) = λ N B ( P n ) = n − 1 for n ≥ 3 , and κ N B ( BP n ) = λ N B ( BP n ) = n for n ≥ 2 .

“Мій візит не заспокоїв мене”: з історії відвідин Лестером Пірсоном Радянського Союзу (5–12 жовтня 1955 р.)

The article examines the political background, organization and course of the official visit of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs of Canada Lester Pearson to the Soviet Union in October 1955. It is established that after ten years of mutual mistrust caused by the “Gouzenko case” (exposing the Soviet spy network in Canada), each side pursued its own goal of establishing contacts. Diplomatic searches for common ground between the two countries were made possible by a change of top leadership in the Soviet Union and a brief reduction in international tensions following the 1955 Geneva Summit, which expressed readiness to discuss acute international conflicts. Significantly, Pearson was destined to become the first high-ranking Western official to visit the Soviet Union since NATO’s founding. Pearson tended to be flexible in relations with the USSR, in particular, sought to take advantage of bilateral relations. Despite criticism of Soviet expansionist policies in the international arena and contempt for human rights within the country, he believed that it was in the West’s interest to maintain contacts with the USSR through trade in non-strategic goods and cooperation within the UN. For this he was sometimes accused of being too lenient with communism. At the same time, in the Soviet Union, Pearson was perceived as a cautious politician, “hostile” to their country. The visit of the Canadian official delegation led by L. Pearson to the Soviet Union was organized by the newly appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Canada John Watkins (1954–1956). Watkins earned the support of the Soviet leadership, but fell victim to the newly formed KGB: they tried to turn him into an “agent of influence” by blackmailing him with leaked spicy information about the diplomat’s homosexual relations. In addition to Moscow, part of the Canadian delegation – only four people – visited Stalingrad, from where in the afternoon of October 11, 1955 arrived in Sevastopol. In addition to two hours of Soviet-Canadian talks with Khrushchev’s expressive behavior, the Crimean part of the Canadian delegation’s visit went down in history with its “drinking session”. The Crimean part of L. Pearson’s visit to the Soviet leadership and Khrushchev personally was an attempt to show that the Soviet Union was a sincere and reliable partner with whom it was profitable to deal. Unaware of common approaches to international issues, the parties focused on economic cooperation, which resulted in a mutually beneficial Canadian-Soviet trade agreement in 1956. The Soviet Union became a regular buyer of Canadian wheat for many years. It was found that conversations during the so-called the “Crimean party” (banquet) became for the Canadian delegation an indicator of the mood and intentions of the new Soviet leadership, which differed little from those that took place in the Stalinist era. Despite slight liberalization, the Soviet regime of the “Khrushchev thaw” period remained expansionist, hostile to human rights and freedoms. Nikita Khrushchev’s anti-Western (primarily anti-American) rhetoric, diluted by reflections on war and peace, allowed Canadian visitors to acknowledge the longevity of Soviet foreign policy and the inevitable continuation of the Cold War.

Subversion analyses of hierarchical networks based on (edge) neighbor connectivity

The notion of neighbor connectivity was derived from the assessment of subversion in spy networks caused by the underground resistance movement. For a network G, the neighbor connectivity κNB(G) (resp. edge neighbor connectivity λNB(G)) is defined as the least number of vertices (resp. edges) such that if we remove the closed neighborhoods of them, the network will become disconnected, empty, or complete (resp. trivial). The two connectivities can also provide more accurate measures regarding the reliability and fault-tolerance of networks. Star graphs Sn and hypercubes Qn are the two most famous structures in the family of Cayley graphs. They are widely studied in the research of developing multiprocessor systems. In this paper, we investigate the neighbor connectivity and edge neighbor connectivity of two kinds of hierarchical networks, called hierarchical star network HSn and complete cubic network CCn, which take Sn and Qn as building blocks, respectively. Specifically, we obtain the following results: κNB(HSn)=n−1 and λNB(HSn)=n for n≥3, and κNB(CCn)=⌈n2⌉+1 and λNB(CCn)=n+1 for n≥2. In addition, to further determine the distribution of the number of subverted vertices and their occurrence status, we also carry out experiments to simulate the subversion at the vertices on these networks.

Участь українських адвокатів у справі Ольги Басараб

Based on archival sources and historiography, the author examines the participation lawyers Stepan Shukhevych and Volodymyr Bachynsky from Lviv in clarifying the circumstances of Olga Basarab’s death. The defeat of the Ukrainian liberation movement during the Polish-Ukrainian war caused aggravation of relations between Ukrainians and Poles. In the early 1920s, Polish police conducted audits and arrests among Ukrainian students in Lviv. During one of those audits, there are was made an arrest, which later led to the death of O. Basarab in prison. In the article the author reveals the course of events connected with the death of O. Basarab, which took place in February 1924 in Lviv. At the beginning of February 1924, on 34 Vispyanskoho st., in O. Basarab's apartment, representatives of the police information department conducted searches, finding a significant quantity of intelligence materials. The excluded materials were perceived by the Polish police as a spy agent materials from a secret military organization known as the Ukrainian Military Organization. The detainee was interrogated, but she denied belonging to the spy network. O. Basarab died in prison after interrogation and torture. The police did not inform the family and society about the death of the prisone. Lawyers' statements were filed against a criminal case fabricated by Polish police to cover up a cynical death. At the Lviv District Criminal Court, lawyers, together with the victim's family and judges, heard forensic expert Wlodzimierz Sieradski, who found traces of the beating on the body of the deceased. After hearing the conclusion, lawyers of V. Bachynsky and S. Shukhevych filed a criminal offense. In the statement, they demanded the immediate exhumation of the body and a re-autopsy, through the personal doctor of the deceased Marian Panchyshyn; additional hearing of V. Seradsky and all those who was at the first autopsy; interrogation of prisoners who were in the prison on February 13 and 14, where O. Basarab died. Lawyers also applied for access to police records to find out who questioned the victim and was present during the interrogation. The problems faced by the lawyers during the consideration of the criminal case protocols were identified. The judge did not take into account all the facts mentioned by the lawyers. At numerous oral and written requests to Judge Kazimierz Angelsky by V. Bachynsky and S. Shukhevych never received the originals files of the case and the protocol of the judicial autopsy of the body of the deceased. But under pressure from family, lawyers and the public, the judge ruled that the body tour was on February 26. Lawyers S. Shukhevych and V. Bachynsky arrived at the appointed time. However, the exhumation was carried out before the arrival of the lawyers, and they were not allowed to examine the body, because according to the court ruling, the lawyers had the right to be only during the exhumation of the body. By doing so, the Polish authorities avoided the presence of lawyers to provide an alibi during the exhumation process. Thus, despite the resonance of the case and the exhumation of the body, it was not possible to find out whether the deceased actually committed suicide or was tortured in prison during interrogations. The fact that the Polish police concealed death and probable staging of suicide was proved by the lawyers efforts. Thanks to the hard work of S. Shukhevych and V. Bachynsky, the torture of Ukrainian prisoners was reported, especially in political cases.

Hesitations

Hesitations

Spies and Scholars: Chinese Secrets and Imperial Russia’s Quest for World Power

Spies and Scholars: Chinese Secrets and Imperial Russia’s Quest for World Power

On the margins: action heroines in Coin-Locker Girl and The Villainess

ABSTRACT In this paper, I examine Coin-Locker Girl (Chainataun, Han Jun-hee, 2015) and The Villainess (Aknyeo, Jung Byung-gil, 2017), two recent examples of women-centred action genre films through the key concepts of surveillance, usefulness and the Freudian concept of the uncanny, which structure the films’ plot and meaning. In both films, usefulness becomes the reason for the characters’ survival and makes one recognizably human, while being useless makes one a ghost and even leads to death. Both films also present mentors and quasi-parents, who constantly put the protagonists, who exist in the margins of society, under surveillance and demand proof of their usefulness. In response, the protagonists struggle to overcome their marginalized existence but they are thwarted by larger external forces, such as the network of spies or criminals that determine the conditions in and against which the protagonists must work to survive. Furthermore, I hope to also show that China, which the films imagine and visualize in particular ways, provides the context of the characters’ marginality. Cinema reflects reality – in this case, it reflects the reality of contemporary Korea’s marginalized female subjectivity that exists beyond the film screen.

The Spy that links: Creation of nonlinear protein architectures and materials using SpyTag/SpyCatcher chemistry.

The peptide/protein pair, SpyTag/SpyCatcher, which is derived from split immunoglobulin-like collagen adhesin domain (CnaB2) from Streptococcus pyogenes, can spontaneously form a stable Lys-Asp isopeptide bond under physiological conditions. This enabling technology- also known as genetically encoded click chemistry owing to its marked efficiency and specificity-has led to a variety of applications in protein engineering, materials science and synthetic biology in recent years. In this chapter, we discuss the use of SpyTag/SpyCatcher chemistry to create nonlinear protein architectures and materials, with emphasis on its role in shaping up topology engineering as an emerging branch of protein engineering. The synthesis of entirely protein-based molecular networks, Spy networks, is highlighted. The protocols for preparing Spy networks and applications thereof are also illustrated.

Madame Fourcade's Secret War: The Daring Young Woman Who Led France's Largest Spy Network Against Hitler by Lynne Olson

Madame Fourcade's Secret War: The Daring Young Woman Who Led France's Largest Spy Network Against Hitler by Lynne Olson

Cobalt-Cross-Linked, Redox-Responsive Spy Network Protein Hydrogels.

Although assembly of recombinant proteins by SpyTag/SpyCatcher chemistry has proven to be a versatile approach for creating bioactive hydrogels, the resulting Spy networks often exhibit weak mechanics due to the poor efficiency of interchain cross-linking. Here we leverage metal/ligand (i.e., cobalt/His6-tag) coordination interactions to modulate the bulk mechanics of the protein networks. The drastic difference between the Co2+ and Co3+ complexes in thermodynamic and kinetic properties enabled us to regulate the materials' properties and to immobilize and release recombinant proteins in a redox-dependent manner. The resulting hydrogels are capable of not only supporting cell growth and proliferation, but also influencing specific cell signaling via immobilized growth factors such as leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). The integrated use of stimuli-responsive metal coordination and SpyTag/SpyCatcher chemistry opens up a new dimension for designing bioactive protein materials.