Spring Wheat Varieties Research Articles

Estimation of the adaptogenic potential of melatonin on salinity resistance of spring wheat seeds and sprouts

The current paper is devoted to the study of melatonin as an adaptogen capable of increasing wheat tolerance to stress caused by excess levels of easily soluble salts in the environment. The purpose of the study was to evaluate, within the framework of a laboratory model experiment, the ability of melatonin to increase seed germination and stimulate growth processes in wheat sprouts against the background of salinity. The study was conduc ted at the FSBI All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Agrochemistry named after D.N. Pryanishnikov in 2024. The study objects were seeds of the spring wheat variety ‘Darya’. Before the experiment, the seeds were treated with aqueous solutions of melatonin in concentrations of 0; 0.01; 0.1; 1 and 10 mg/l using the priming method. Distilled water and a 150 mM sodium chloride solution were used as background solutions for germination. As a result, there has been shown that within the framework of the experiment, there is an increase in seed germination against the background of treatment with melatonin solutions in concentrations from 0.1 to 10 mg/l against a saline background. Seed treatment with melatonin has demonstrated a pronounced growth-stimulating effect on wheat sprouts, especially in relation to the root system. However, the strength of this effect was somewhat reduced on a saline background compared to control conditions. There was a maximum growth-stimulating effect of melatonin on both backgrounds when using a solution with a concentration of 1 mg/l. There was also established that priming seeds with melatonin promoted water retention in seedling root cells, which may be one of the mechanisms for increasing plant resistance to salinity.

The effectiveness of modern fungicides in the protection of grain crops

Sanitary monitoring of spring wheat agrocenosis in the zone of unstable moisture was carried out to determine the degree of development and prevalence of diseases. The fungicidal activity and effectiveness of seed protectants of various classes against seed infection on spring wheat variety Yasenka have been studied. The results of the research established the effectiveness of the disinfectant DVD Chance, KS, corresponding to 85.7% relative to the effectiveness of the standard Polaris, ME Eco Plus (100 g/l prochloraz + 25 g/l imazalil + 15 g/l tebuconazole) (84.6%). An increase of 15–20% in damage to spring wheat plants by root and basal rot caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium in the “tillering” phase and its dependence on the climatic conditions of the growing season was established.By the “flag leaf” phase, the prevalence of root and basal rot caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium increased to 20,5%, and the degree of development — to 7–9%.Evaluation of the effect of the fungicide DVD Chance, KS (30 g/l difenoconazole + 6.3 g/l cyproconazole) by pre-sowing treatment of spring wheat grain of the Yasenka variety established the effectiveness of the drug at a consumption rate of 1.0 l/t against molding of seeds, corresponding to 85.6% , in the reference variant the indicator is 84.6%, with the development of the disease in the control — 34.5%. By harvest, the effectiveness of the drug remained and reached 79.2%, in the standard — 78.3% with the development of the disease 43.7%. Research contributes to the expansion of the range of fungicides for treating grain crops, the development of regulations for use and the possibility of recommending them for registration tests for further inclusion in the State Catalog of those approved for use.

The role of salicylic acid in modulating phenotyping in spring wheat varieties for mitigating drought stress

Climate change-related droughts that recur frequently are one of the biggest obstacles to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. Worldwide, attempts are being done to establish drought-resistant cultivars. However, progress is slow since drought tolerance is a complex trait controlled by numerous genes, and its expression is influenced by the environment. Phenotypic, biochemical physiological, and genotyping approaches are highlighted as critical research components for leveraging genetic variation in eight wheat genotypes. Treatments included eight spring wheat genotypes (IPK_040, IPK_046, IPK_050, IPK_071, IPK_105, WAS_007, WAS_024 and WAS_031), normal irrigation (NI), drought stress (D) (30% field capacity (FC)), normal irrigation with 0.5 mM SA (NSA), and drought treated with SA (DSA). The results revealed that there was a reduction in relative water content, an increase membrane leakage, and leaf chlorophyll content under drought stress. SA induced the defense responses against drought by increasing the osmolytes and the antioxidative enzymes activities. Compared to the NI group, the DSA treatment improved the water regulation, antioxidant capacity, and drought stress resistance. SA significantly reduced the deleterious effects of water stress on phenotyping more in WAS_ 024 and IPK_ 105 genotypes. The most responsive genotypes to salicylic acid were IPK_ 046 among the IPK genotypes, whereas WAS_031 genotype was amongst WAS genotypes based on the morpho-physiological traits. The findings of this study give a solid foundation for assessing drought resistance in T. aestivum and developing cultivation-specific water management methods.Graphical

The association of glutenin subunit composition to baking quality traits of spring and winter wheat in Estonia

In Estonian local mills, protein content (PC) and wet gluten content (WGC) are among the main indicators considered and evaluated when purchasing grains. Protein composition also significantly affects baking quality. The baking quality of ten winter wheat (WW) and spring wheat (SW) varieties was studied at the Center of Estonian Rural Research and Knowledge (METK). PC, WGC, gluten index (GI), and dough stability time (DST) were higher in SW varieties. PC was positively correlated with WGC and loaf volume (LV) in both wheat types. PC and WGC were negatively correlated with GI and positively correlated with DST only in WW. The viscoelastic properties of dough are linked to its high- and low molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS and LMW-GS). The allelic composition of the glutenin genes was determined using DNA markers. All the studied varieties had the allele Glu-D1d and additional allele Glu-D1a was found in the variety ‘Voore’. Fourteen varieties had Glu-A1a and b alleles associated with improved backing quality. Alleles Glu-B1с and Glu-B1b were found in WW varieties. SW varieties carried alleles Glu-B1al, b, с and h. The average QS was higher in SW. Eight varieties had null alleles Glu-A1c, Glu-A3e, and Glu-B3j, which negatively affected bread-making quality.

Development of a new hexaploid spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety “NIFA NIJAT-23” for commercial cultivation in irrigated areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Sustainable wheat farming requires an ongoing process of variety development, release, and quality seed production of new high yielding and disease resistant varieties. Farmers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are currently cultivating several wheat cultivars, including NIFA AMAN-17, NIFA AWAZ-19, PIRSABAK-21, ZARGHUN-21, PIRSABAK-19, GULZAR-19, KHAISTA-17, PIRSABAK-15, INSAF-15, KP-15 and LALMA-13 under both irrigated and rainfed circumstances. The frequent changes in disease virulence, particularly yellow rust and leaf rust observed frequently over the last three years in KP, have forced breeders to develop new resistant varieties in order to increase productivity. The new hexaploid spring wheat variety NIFA NIJAT-23 (CTHN-162056) developed at NIFA has demonstrated resistance to yellow rust during testing in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Wheat Yield Trials (KPWYT) at 13 distinct locations in 2019-20, and this variety with a grain yield of 3337 kg ha-1 has been placed at the third position among 24 test entries. Under normal planting conditions in 2020-21, the NUWYT (National Uniform Wheat Yield Trial) pooled analysis revealed that CTHN-162056 secured the 1st position and provided the greatest mean grain yield of 4701 kg ha-1 across all the candidate lines throughout Pakistan at 31 locations. According to the data reported by the Crop Diseases Research Institute (CDRI), Department of Plant and Environmental Protection, National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, it has demonstrated highly desirable relative resistance index (RRI) for two consecutive years (2020-21 & 2021-22). The Provincial Seed Council (PSC), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa approved CTHN-162056 and registered as a potential variety “NIFA NIJAT-23”.

Качество зерна новых сортов яровой пшеницы в Северном Зауралье

Abstract. The production of high-quality food wheat grains depends to a large extent on the quality potential of the cultivated varieties and the conditions that ensure its implementation. Studies have identified quality-resistant varieties and factors that ensure an optimal combination of yield and grain quality. The purpose of the research is to consider the possibilities of new varieties of spring wheat to form the technological properties of grain in the northern forest-steppe of the Tyumen region. Methods. Studies were carried out in 2021 and 2022 in the northern forest-steppe zone of the Tyumen region at the Ishim state section. The soil is leached chernozem. The predecessor in the experience is pure steam. The technological properties of wheat grain were assessed by the West Siberian Interregional Center for Comprehensive Quality Assessment of the Tested Varieties (Barnaul). The main criteria for assessing wheat varieties are taken as the gluten content in flour, the strength of flour according to the alveograph and the liquefaction of the test according to the farinograph, these indicators in local conditions are often limiting when assessing varieties according to bakery strength. According to the results of studies, it was established that the indicator “gluten content in flour” in the studied varieties significantly depended on meteorological conditions. For example, in 2022, with a higher degree of moisture and a lower degree of heat compared to 2021, in the predominant part of the varieties (80 %), the amount of gluten in the flour was lower than the standards for wheat filler. At the same time, the following varieties showed high opportunities to provide flour with the amount of gluten: Tyumenskaya 25, Agronomicheskaya 5, Baganochka, Dorada, Tyumenskaya 29, Varden. Varieties stood out – their indicators were at the level of requirements for strong wheat: Baganochka, Ishimskaya 12 and Lenta 45. In terms of “dough liquefaction”, a significant part of the varieties corresponded to the class “wheat-filler”. At the level of strong wheat were indicators in the varieties Ishimskaya 12, Zagora Novosibirsk, Nitsa. Scientific novelty: In the conditions of the northern forest-steppe of the Tyumen region, new scientific information has been obtained on the formation by new varieties of spring soft wheat of the state test of technological indicators characterizing the baking power of flour. The highest gluten content in flour of 70% yield was distinguished by the varieties Agronomic 5, Dorada, Varden, Baganochka, Ishimskaya 12, and Lenta varieties were characterized by high indicators of the physical properties of the test on the alveograph; Ishimskaya 12 on the farinograph, Zagora Novosibirsk, Nice.

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ СЕМЕНОВОДСТВА СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ КУЛЬТУР НА ОРОШЕНИИ И ТЕХНИКА ПОЛИВА (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ)

his paper presents a brief summary of research work carried out in 2012-2022. on the irrigated fields of the peasant farm of IP "Vafin R.K." Laishevsky and LLC AF "Kyrlay" Arsky municipal districts of the Republic of Tatarstan on the selection of short-stemmed, resistant to lodging, diseases and pests, highly responsive to additional moisture of such spring wheat varieties as Zlata, Kazanskaya Yubileynaya, Omskaya 33 and varietal technology for their cultivation. It was found that when placing spring wheat on a layer of irrigated perennial grasses and after spring rapeseed, optimizing nutrition backgrounds, using modern biologics and seed protectants, high-quality basic and pre-sowing soil preparation, compliance with sowing methods and timing, intensification of crop care techniques, including digital technologies for determining the timing and quality of irrigation, provides more than 6.0 tons/ ha of grain with a yield of commercial seeds at the level of 65-76%, with a mass of 1000 seeds of 40 or more g corresponding to the second class of quality in terms of gluten, protein, vitreous and grain nature.

On the Anniversary of the Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Stanislav Ivanovich Grib

Stanislav Ivanovich Grib, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, an Honored Scientist of the Republic of Belarus, a Laureate of the State Prize of the Republic of Belarus, an Academician of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) of Belarus, a Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, a talented Belarusian scientist in the field of plant breeding, known in the country and abroad, the leader of the Belarusian scientific school in the area of breeding and seed production, an experienced organizer of agricultural science, turned 80 years old on August 6, 2024. He was the first in Belarus to scientifically substantiate and implement in practice a new scientific direction, that is, breeding of intensive varieties of grain crops with a yield of 10-12 t/ha of grain; developed methods for broadening genetic diversity and identifying genotypes that combine high productivity and good product quality with tolerance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors; substantiated the parameters of the model of intensive varieties; created and introduced into production systems of highly productive, resource-saving varieties of barley, triticale, and spring wheat. The results of his research have been published in more than 700 scientific works, including 12 monographs, books and textbooks. Stanislav Ivanovich is the author of eight inventions and 89 varieties of agricultural plants. Academician S.I. Grib, the leader of the scientific school of plant breeding in Belarus, trained four doctors and twelve candidates of science. S.I. Grib's achievements have been recognized abroad. He was elected a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, an Honorary Professor of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a member of the European Association of Plant Breeders (EUCARPIA), and an Honorary Doctor of the Belarusian Agricultural Academy (BSAA). Stanislav Ivanovich was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor, a diploma of the Supreme Council of the BSSR, medals and diplomas of the Exhibition of Economic Achievements, honorary diplomas of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Republic of Belarus, and the Scientific and Practical Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Agriculture.

Vasil Yakovych Yuriev: Life and scientific heritage (on the 150th anniversary of his birth)

The article discusses the main stages of life and scientific activities of the renowned and respected academician-breeder Vasyl Yakovych Yuriev. His name is inextricably linked with the activities of the Ukrainian Research Institute of Plant Breeding, Selection, and Genetics (now Yuriev Plant Production Institute of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine). It is shown that in his scientific work, Vasyl Yakovych paid special attention to the collection of initial material, the selection of parental forms for crossing, developed methods for testing hybrids and varieties at different stages of the selection process, and demonstrated the advantages of the method of selecting pure lines from local wheat populations compared to the ineffective method of mass selection. Based on this method, under his leadership, many high-yielding valuable varieties of winter and spring wheat, rye, millet, barley, and corn were developed. To study the patterns of inheritance of important valuable traits in wheat, V. Ya. Yuriev used intervarietal and interspecies crosses of the diallel type. Many studies have been conducted in the field of breeding varieties for disease and pest resistance and immunity. In recognition of his scientific achievements, the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine established the Vasyl Yakovych Yuriev Prize, which is awarded for the highest achievements in the field of selection and genetics.

Phenotypic diversity of key adaptive traits in advanced Nordic and Baltic spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding material

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has become the most widely grown cereal crop in the Nordic-Baltic region, but due to climate change, its yields are under increasing risk. Here we present results of an international effort to use available wheat germplasm from the region to identify tools and genotypes for breeding wheat varieties with improved stability. We formed a panel of 300 spring wheat genotypes from the Nordic-Baltic region and studied their phenotypic diversity across environments to identify genotypes with high potential for adaptation to a changing climate. Field experiments were carried out in 2021 and 2022 in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Norway. The performance and stability of yield (GY), protein content (PC), thousand kernel weight (TKW), test weight (TW), length of growing period (GP), and nine other traits were studied. Drought and excessive rainfall occurred in the Baltic countries in 2021–2022, whereas the weather in Norway was more stable. High variability for most traits, and significant GxE effects for all studied traits, were identified. We identified stable genotypes combining yield and quality using the AMMI model-based Weighted Average of Absolute Scores index (WAASB). Finally, we selected nineteen superior genotypes that combined high yield with high values of important quality traits. Thus, combining broad Nordic-Baltic wheat germplasm with extensive field phenotyping, we identified promising breeding material to develop climate-ready spring wheat varieties for the region.

A comparative study on germination of wheat grains with different anthocyanin pigmentation of the pericarp in natural or induced aging.

One of promising areas of wheat breeding is the creation of varieties with a high concentration of anthocyanins in the grain for the production of functional food products. Nonetheless, the question of how these compounds affect seed viability after long-term storage has remained unexplored. A comparative study on seed viability was conducted using a set of near-isogenic lines on the background of spring wheat variety Saratovskaya 29. These sister lines carry different combinations of recombinant DNA regions (on chromosomes 2A and 7D) containing dominant and recessive alleles at loci Pp3 and Pp-D1 (Pp: Purple pericarp), which determine the anthocyanin color of coleoptiles and of the pericarp. Seeds were germinated on two layers of water-moistened filter paper in a climatic chamber at a constant temperature of 20 °C on a 12-hour daylight cycle. During long-term natural storage of the seeds for up to 9 years in a dry ventilated room in Kraft bags at 20 ± 2 °C, the tested wheat samples experienced a loss of seed germination capacity of ~50 %; anthocyanins were found to not participate in the preservation of germination capacity. Nonetheless, anthocyanins contributed to the preservation of seed viability under unfavorable short-term conditions of a temperature rise to 48 °C at 100 % humidity. The accelerated aging test did not predict poor germination capacity after long-term seed storage. The results showed a neutral role of anthocyanins in the maintenance of seed germination capacity for 6-9 years under natural storage conditions at 20 ± 2 °C. A small statistically significant increase in grain germination capacity during natural aging was associated with the presence of a recombinant region containing the Pp-D1 gene on wheat chromosome 7D.

Adaptive breeding of soft spring wheat for the conditions of Western Siberia and the Omsk region

The article provides the results of testing 13 soft spring wheat variety samples of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Omsk ASC" in the competitive variety testing nursery in 2020–2022. According to the ripeness groups, characteristics is given according to phenotypic traits, resistance to leaf diseases and grain quality. Variety samples have been identified based on yield, stability factor (S.F.) and yield range (d), with weaker variability (CV), which exceed standards and are characterized by the highest level of realization of productivity potential. In medium-ripeness group the following variety samples have been selected: Lutescens 83/14-3, Lutescens 205/12-5, in mid-late maturity group – Lutescens 15/16-17, which ensure the formation of a consistently high grain yield, grain quality, and resistance to fungal pathogens, regardless of the environmental conditions. The parameters of ecological plasticity of variety samples according to grain yield were determined and the most adaptive ones in this set were identified – Lutescens 83/14-3 (bi =1.16, Sd2 = 0.02) and Lutescens 205/12-5 (bi = 1.09, Sd2 = 0.03). The obtained research results made it possible to transfer the cultivars ‘Omskaya krepost` 2’ (Lutescens 205/12-5) and ‘Omskaya krepost` 5’ (Lutescens 83/14-3) to the state variety testing. Using the PCR method, a genetic profile of the transferred cultivars was obtained using certain DNA markers.

ВОСТРЕБОВАННОСТЬ СРЕДНЕПОЗДНИХ СОРТОВ ЯРОВОЙ МЯГКОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЗАУРАЛЬЯ

The objective of the study is to determine the characteristics and advantages of mid-late varieties for sustainable harvesting of food grain in the region based on long-term variety testing. Objectives: to study the economically valuable indicators of spring wheat varieties and to identify the advantages of late-ripening varieties. The object of the study is mid-late ripening spring soft wheat varieties, including the Raduga variety bred by the Kurgan Research Institute of Agriculture. Predecessors are fallow and provo-cative backgrounds: sowing on stubble and late sowing date. Observations and assessments are carried out in accordance with the Methodology of state variety testing. The studies were carried out at the Kurgan Research Institute of Agriculture – a branch of the Ural FRC of the Ural Branch of the RAS. Mid-late varieties, when sown at different times, excluding extremely late ones, showed an advantage in a number of economically valuable traits. The mid-late Raduga variety allows obtaining consistently high indicators in various weather conditions. For the period 2017–2023, with a yield of 1.22–5.53 t/ha, the excess over the Uralosibirskaya standard was 0.24 t/ha, with annual fluctuations from 0.08 to 0.53 t/ha. In arid conditions of 2020–2021 it was 0.15–0.20 t/ha. The variety responds to fertilizers and the use of fungicides. The grain quality met the GOST requirements for valuable wheat or a good filler. The gluten content in the grain, depending on the conditions, ranges from 23 to 37 %, protein – 14.7–15.7 % (2021–2023). Raduga, thanks to its genetically determined resistance to diseases, exceeded the standard in yield in three sowing pe¬riods by an average of 1.27 t/ha during the years of rust epiphytotics, demonstrating a resistance of 1.5 points versus 5 points for the standard.Against the background of mass germination of grain on the root in 2023, the percentage of sprouted grains in Raduga was 14.5 versus 40 % in the Uralosibirskaya standard. It is included in the list of breeding achievements for 7 and 9 regions of Russia.

СЕЛЕКЦИОННЫЕ КРИТЕРИИ ЗАСУХОУСТОЙЧИВОСТИ ТВЕРДОЙ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЗАПАДНОЙ СИБИРИ

The aim of research is to conduct a comparative assessment of varieties of durum spring wheat for drought resistance in the conditions of Western Siberia. The experiments were laid out after fallow in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe at the stationary site of the laboratory of selection of durum wheat of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Omsk Scientific Center. In long-term studies (2001–2018) on a large set of varieties (26), when studying the yield, the number of grains in an ear, the weight of 1000 grains, the parameters of drought resistance were determined. In this case, the following indicators for these traits were calculated: average over the years of research, average in dry years, average in favorable years, the degree of reduction under stress compared to conditions without stress, the drought resistance index (DSI according to R.A. Fischer, R. Maurer). Tests on the studied characteristics revealed the following varieties: by yield – Omskiy Izumrud, Aleyskaya, Omskaya Stepnaya, Zhemchuzhina Sibiri, by weight of 1000 grains – Bezenchukskaya Stepnaya, Omskaya Stepnaya, Aleyskaya, Elizavetinskaya, Svetlana, by the number of grains in an ear – Omskiy Izumrud, Saratovskaya Zolotistaya, Zhemchuzhina Sibiri, Omskaya Stepnaya, Bezenchukskaya Stepnaya. According to the general integrated assessment, the best indicators were obtained for the varieties Omskaya Stepnaya, Omskiy Izumrud, Bezenchukskaya Stepnaya, Aleyskaya, Zhemchuzhina Sibiri, Saratovskaya Zolotistaya. The indicators of average values under drought, the degree of reduction under stress conditions, the drought resistance index for grain yield, 1000-grain weight, and the number of grains in an ear are reliable criteria for drought resistance of hard spring wheat. The best differentiating ability is possessed by tests calculated by yield and the number of grains in an ear.

Влияние минеральных удобрений в различных сочетаниях на урожайность и качество зерна яровой мягкой пшеницы в условиях Предкамья Республики Татарстан

The results of two-year experiments to study the effect on the yield and grain quality of spring soft wheat of a full dose of mineral fertilizers in various combinations for pre-sowing cultivation, as well as foliar top dressing at a dose of N30 in the tillering and milk ripeness phase are reported. Fertilizers increased grain yield to varying degrees and had different effects on the technological qualities of grain. According to the grain yield of spring wheat of the Ulyanovsk 105 variety, on average for 2 years, the best options were: N90P90K30 (an increase of 3,6 t /ha) and N30P90K30 + N30 with top dressing in the tillering phase (an increase of 3,71 t/ha). According to the Tulaykovskaya Nadezhda variety, the best is the introduction of a complete mineral fertilizer (N30P90K30) with one and two top dressing (an increase in yield of 0,53 and 0,57 t/ha). Mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on grain quality in both varieties of spring wheat. The grain quality of the Ulyanovsk 105 variety is significantly improved under the influence of fertilizers. The vitreous content of the grain in the control was 52% in 2022 and 64% in 2023. In all variants with fertilizer, it is in the range of 60,0-79,0% in 2022 and 68,5-75,9% in 2023. In the Tulaykovskaya Nadezhda variety, the vitreous content of grain in 2022 increased from 45% in the control to 49 ...60% in other variants, and in 2023, respectively, from 57 to 60 ... 71%. The content of the mass fraction of gluten in the grain of the control variant in 2022 was 17,1%, protein 10,5%. The use of fertilizers contributed to an increase in the amount of gluten to 28,8%, protein to 11,6...13,8%. A similar situation was observed in 2023. The highest content of protein and gluten in the grain of the harvest of 2022 and 2023. it was observed in the variant with one and two nitrogen fertilizers (13,5...13,8% and 14,5...14,9%), 26,0...28,8 % and 33,0...33,6%, respectively.

Урожайность и качество зерна различных сотов пшеницы, выращенных в условиях черноземных почв Предволжья Республики Татарстан

The paper presents a comparative assessment of the yield and grain quality of spring soft wheat of various genotypes (varieties) in the conditions of chernozem soils of the Volga region of the Republic of Tatarstan. The research was conducted in 2022-2023 at Avangard LLC in the Buinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. Such varieties of spring soft wheat as Simbirzit, Yoldyz, Idelle, Balkysh, Alvaris, Ekada 109, Burlak and Arhat, which were zoned in the region, were tested. The seed qualities of the tested spring wheat varieties in both years of research were determined before sowing in the laboratory of the Buinsky MRO and the RO branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoznadzor for the Republic of Tatarstan" and they meet the requirements of GOST R52325-2005. In the conditions of 2022, the yield of various varieties of spring wheat fluctuated in a wide range (from 3.22 t/ha for the Simbirzit variety to 5.48 t/ha for the Arhat variety), on average, reaching the level of 3.97 t/ha for all varieties. In the dry year in 2023, the most important varieties were Ekada 109 – 3.41 t/ha, Alvaris – 3.50 and Arhat – 3.57 t/ha. The average yield for all varieties was 3.26 t/ha. On average, over 2 years, such varieties as Ekada 109 – 3.75 t/ha; Balkysh – 3.8; Alvaris – 4.02 and Arhat – 4.06 t/ha turned out to be the most productive. According to the data obtained in the laboratory of the Buinsky elevator, after determining the technological qualities of grain grown in 2022-2023 in the fields of Avangard LLC, it was revealed that in all tested varieties of spring soft wheat, the grain turned out to be suitable for baking in terms of the mass fraction of gluten – 21.0-24.3% and the IDC index – 81-92 units.

К ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ НА ЧЕРНОЗЕМЕ ОБЫКНОВЕННОМ В КРАСНОЯРСКОЙ ЛЕСОСТЕПИ

The purpose of research is to develop an effective technology based on assessing the impact of reducing energy costs for soil cultivation with an increase in the use of chemicals (fertilizers and herbicides) on the productivity of different varieties of wheat. Based on the results of many years of research at the laboratory of varietal agricultural technologies of the Krasnoyarsk Research Institute of Agriculture, an assessment was made of the effect of surface tillage using the BDM-6 “Rubin” disc harrow and milling, without main treatment, on the yield of 4 varieties of spring wheat in comparison with traditional technology based on moldboard plowing (control ). The harvest was formed under harsh weather conditions, which limited productivity to 0.6–3.6 t/ha. The energy coefficient with minimal processing using ammonium nitrate was 4.8 and with direct sowing without the use of mineral fertilizers it was 4.4. This circumstance necessitates the need to expand methods of soil preparation for sowing, especially after the use of minimal tillage. As an experiment, the surface of the soil was milled with FBN 1.1 for high-quality sowing using a disc seeder SN-16. Treatment with a milling cutter was carried out after the scattering of ammonium nitrate. In general, resource-saving technologies (sowing after disking and sowing without main tillage before milling) reduced production costs by 11–13 %, and fuel consumption decreased by 42–43 % compared to technology based on plowing. Carrying out pre-sowing treatment with a milling cutter guarantees complete cleansing of the soil from early weed shoots; control is carried out using a UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle). Differences in yield levels between tillage options are insignificant; NSR05 was 0.4 t/ha. And the influence of mineral fertilizers, well mixed with the soil in the surface layer using a milling cutter, has increased sharply.

Yield of spring wheat varieties of different dates of zoning when grown under intensive technology in the forest-steppe of the Novosibirsk Ob region

Yield of spring wheat varieties of different dates of zoning when grown under intensive technology in the forest-steppe of the Novosibirsk Ob region

Qualitative indicators of spring wheat varieties in the conditions of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe

Qualitative indicators of spring wheat varieties in the conditions of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe

SPRING WHEAT IN THE DRY CLIMATE OF THE LOWER VOLGA REGION OF RUSSIA

Background. The growing of spring wheat in arid conditions is a difficult task because the biological characteristics of the crop and its demands on moisture reserves. The need for sowing spring wheat in the spring is dictated by the possible death of winter grains in winter. Purpose. To determine the most adaptive varieties of spring wheat with high yield and good quality for cultivation in the dry climate of the Lower Volga region of Russia. Methods. To achieve this goal, an environmental test of spring wheat varieties was carried out by us; the harvest results were processed by analysis of variance. To characterize weather conditions, the hydrothermal coefficient was calculated according to T.G. Selyaninov. An analysis of the ability of varieties to adapt to local climatic conditions was carried out using the coefficient of adaptability, stress resistance and compensatory ability of varieties. The graph was constructed and statistical data processing was carried out in Microsoft Excel 2008. Result. As a result of the research work, it was established that on average over three years of research, the highest yield of spring wheat was in the following varieties: Saratovskaya 73 -1.65 t/ha, Kamyshinskaya 3 - 1.32 t/ha, Bezenchukskaya 205 - 1, 4 t/ha. Processing of spring wheat harvest data are used by dispersion analysis made it possible to determine that the gross harvest of the crop is largely influenced by meteorological conditions, up to 42.0%, the choice of variety is about 19.7%, and agrotechnological and other environmental factors are 38.2%. It can be noted that spring soft wheat in the conditions of the Lower Volga region is capable of producing grain yields of good quality with large grains from 31.2 to 36.4 g of 1000 grains. Analysis of indicators of the level of resistance to drought conditions shows that the most stress-resistant varieties are: Zinaida - 0.06 t/ha, Kamyshinskaya 3 - 0.24 t/ha, Albidum 188 - 0.24. The varieties that have the highest genetic flexibility in the conditions of the Lower Volga region are: Saratovskaya 73 - 1.72 t/ha, Bezenchukskaya 205 - 1.5 t/ha and Kamyshinskaya 3 - 1.32 t/ha. The spring wheat varieties Bezenchukskaya 205 have the highest responsiveness to changes in crop growth conditions - 0.12, Dobrynya is in second place - 0.14, Albidum is in third place, Kamyshinskaya 3 - 0.15. The adaptability coefficient is higher than 1 in the varieties Albidum 188, Kamyshinskaya 3, Saratovskaya 73, Prokhorovka, Zinaida. Conclusion. The varieties Saratovskaya 73 and Kamyshinskaya 3 are distinguished by yield, stress tolerance, genetic adaptability to dry climate.