Spring Coil Research Articles

Effectiveness and safety of robotic assisted-bronchoscopy system in locating and removing spring coils placed in the peripheral lung of beagle dogs: a pilot study

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the robotic assisted bronchoscope system for localizing and removing the spring coils that placed in the peripheral lung of beagle dogs. Methods: The study was conducted from June 18th to June 20th, 2021. Metallic lung coils were placed as the simulated lesions to the periphery of the lungs of two adult male beagle dogs using a bronchoscope under general anesthesia. The navigation path was planned by the navigation function that built in the robotic bronchoscope system. After training, the doctors operated the robotic bronchoscope system to locate and remove the coils from the lung. The navigation success rate, sampling success rate, position of the coil, navigation time, sampling time, and operation time were evaluated. The damage to the airway mucosa during the operation and the vital signs of the beagles during and post-operation were accessed. Chest computerized tomography (CT) was performed post-operation to detect if there were complications such as pneumothorax and bleeding. Results: A total of 12 spring coils were successfully inserted into the two beagles. All the navigation paths of the simulated lesions were successfully planned. The navigation success rate was 12/12. The navigation time was (43.9±19.8) seconds. The distance between the tip of the flexible endoscope arm and the target point measured by the navigation system was (6.93±2.15) mm. The locations of the simulated lesions were distributed in the 6th-8th generation of bronchi. The sampling success rate was 12/12. The sampling time was (42.4±11.3) seconds. There was no pneumothorax or mediastinal emphysema after the placement of the coil. The vital signs of the beagle dogs were stable throughout the operation, and no operation-related or postoperative complications occurred. Conclusions: The robotic bronchoscope system can be used to locate and remove the spring coils from the peripheral lung of beagle dogs, and the procedure is simple and safe. It suggests that the robotic bronchoscopy system has great clinical significance in the sampling and diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions.

Improvement of Method and Mechanism for Conical and Paraboloid Springs Hardening

The disadvantage of the known methods of hardening springs is the impossibility of their use when hardening springs of a conical shape or of a shape of a paraboloid of rotation, since they are intended only for cylindrical shape springs and are not suitable for conical shape springs or those of a shape of a paraboloid of rotation specifically because of the difference in the shape of the springs. One of the disadvantages of the known springs hardening mechanisms is the impossibility of hardening the inner surface of the conical compression springs. A new method of hardening springs is proposed, the unmatched advantage of which is the ability to create plastic deformations on the inner and outer surfaces of the spring coils compressed to contact and on the surfaces along the line of contact between the coils. A new advantageous mechanism for hardening springs is proposed, which makes it possible to harden the inner surface of compression springs having a conical shape or a paraboloid shape of rotation, in a compressed state.

The 4-hook anchor coaxial needle with scaled suture is superior to the double spring coil for preoperative localization.

BackgroundPreoperative localization of small size pulmonary nodules is challenging, but it is necessary for surgical resection of early lung cancer. As a new device for preoperative localization, the 4-hook-anchor coaxial needle with scaled suture was tentatively applied in our department to improve the effect of preoperative localization. However, double spring coil, as a proven positioning technology, used to be our preferred method in the past. We did a retrospective single-centre research driven by the interest on which one should be the first choice for preoperative localization among these two approaches.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis on 100 patients undergoing surgery with the new coaxial needle from 2019 to 2020, and 98 patients undergoing double spring coil from 2017 to 2019. The duration of localization, success rate, operation time, intraoperative bleeding, and positioning-related complications of these two groups of patients were examined in this study.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the two groups of patients in terms of the success rate. However, the new coaxial needle seemed to be able to shorten the duration of preparative localization and operation time by accelerating the efficiency of exploring small nodules intraoperatively, and also decreased the risk of positioning-related pneumothorax and pulmonary hemorrhage. The logistic analysis indicated that the puncture depth was an independent risk factor for overall complications. Meanwhile, previous lung diseases and positioning time were independent risk factors for pneumothorax, besides pneumorrhagia and depth of penetration as well.ConclusionsThe new coaxial needle can save time for both radiologists and thoracic surgeons, while reducing the risk of positioning-related complications. We support its application clinically instead of the double spring coil.

ANALISIS DIAMETER KAWAT SPRING DAN PANJANG LOWER MOUNTING SUSPENSI BELAKANG MOTOR MATIC

The stability of the vehicle / motorbike is also determined by the suspension. Usually the suspension on the motor is installed right-left symmetrically. This is so that the vehicle load is evenly distributed if there is a shock / sudden load. But development and need negate each other.
 Currently, the development of automatic motorbikes is quite rapid. This motorbike is designed to be sleek and nimble and easy to maintain. Therefore, the rear suspension of the automatic motorbike is installed on only one side. And this usually occurs during sharp turns and high speeds and if you go through uneven roads. For this reason, it is necessary to design the right suspension so that the vehicle can maintain stability even when turning or passing uneven roads. This instability is due to the large vibration of the vehicle. The objectives of this study are 1. To determine the effect of the size of the spring wire and the length of the mounting on the vibration frequency. 2. Find the diameter of the spring wire and the length of the mounting that will give a good vibration frequency. This study uses the Desaign Of Experiment method. Desaign factor 2, namely diameter of spring wire and length of muoting. Level 3 factor is 6 mm, 7 mm and 8 mm diameter. Mounting lengths of 30 mm, 35 mm and 40 mm. Data analysis using MINITAB program. From the analysis, it is found that 1. The diameter of the spring coil wire and the mounting has a significant effect on the vibration frequency of the automatic motor. 2. The best size for wire spring diameter for coil spring motor matic is 7 mm, while the thickness of the mounting is 37 mm.
 
 
 Keywords: Suspension, Motorcycle, Spring Wire. Lower Mounting, vibration frequency

Nonlinear Ultrasonic Guided Wave Method Using Semi-Analytical Finite Element (SAFE) Technique on a Damaged SWO-V Spring Coil

This work presents a non-destructive method for quantitative essessment of fatigue damage of materials with linear elastic properties using nonlinear ultrasonic techniques. A nonlinear study was conducted on these materials with fatigue and shot peening processing using a nonlinear ultrasonic technique. A numerical method based on the semi-analytical finite element (SAFE) technique, was used to obtain the phase-matching modes of the specimens. Experiments confirm that the nonlinearity for shot peening and samples with a certain level of fatigue shows a tendency to increase with levels of fatigue.

Preliminary feasibility torque mechanical evaluation for 3D printed orthodontic springs with different parameters: in vitro study

BackgroundThe purpose of the presented investigation is to evaluate the resulting torque on loaded 3D printed springs using different coil thickness and length.MethodsSpecimens were designed and printed using the 3D printer MAX (Asiga, Sydney, Australia) with 3D printable, experimental, flexible material (Code:BM2008, GC, Tokyo, Japan). The specimens were divided into three groups according to spring coil design. Control group (n = 18), length group (n = 19) and thickness group (n = 22). Groups were tested using a Sauter Machine for torque calculation (DB, Grindelwald, Switzerland) in conjunction with a universal testing machine (Zwick Z010, Ulm, Germany) for clock-wise and anti-clockwise testing. Statistical analysis was performed using the Steel–Dwass test to compare median values of the three groups in both testing directions (p < 0.001).ResultsThe highest torque value was determined in the thickness group for both clockwise and anti-clockwise testing directions, achieving 44.00 N/mm and 39.62 N/mm respectively. The length group ranged from 21.65 to 11.04 N/mm in clockwise direction and from 18.04 to 11.38 N/mm in counter-clockwise testing. The control group ranged from 22.72 to 17.18 N/mm in the clock-wise direction while in the anti-clock wise testing it ranged from 21.34 to 16.02 N/mm.ConclusionsThe amount of torque produced from the computer aided designing/computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) springs is being affected by diameter more than the length design parameter in comparison to the control group. The values of the thickness group are significantly higher than those of the length group (P < 0.001).

Utilization of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) for Temperature Detection and Warning in an Automobile Engine

In the present work a new design of coolant temperature sensor (CTS) was carried out based on intelligent material. This material called shape memory alloy (SMA) which contain Nickel-Titanium alloy that have the ability to contract at different rates of temperatures when utilize in fabrication the spring coil. CTS was designed from SMA this material due to the characteristic of these materials such AS the high resistance of corrosion and conductivity of electrical when compared with a conventional sensor. The novel SMA sensor was evaluated accorfing to its performance by changing the temperatures during the period exposure of experiment that has been conducted to test the SMA spring coil. The design of the intelligent system proposed has been the ability to provide more automated control by using advanced materials to reduce each cost and maintenance. Coolant temperature sensor gained the best consequence of performance by getting contraction about 20mm when the range of temperature increase from (85°C – 95°C).

Active stiffness control of a synergistically operated variable stiffness compliant actuator

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) have been used as actuators for applications in fields like artificial muscle in robotics, assistive devices, and surgical manipulators. SMA possesses attractive features like inherent stiffness varying property during phase transformation, high force to mass ratio, offer new mechanically simple and flexible designs, making them a potential alternative to conventional compliant/variable stiffness actuation technologies. This paper focuses on the performance analysis of active stiffness control of the synergistically operated translational compliant variable stiffness actuator (STCVSA), which comprises a compressive passive bias spring (coil spring/wave spring) and SMA wire(s) appropriately arranged between two discs and around a shaft. To control the stiffness of the compliant actuator, adaptive control (fuzzy PID and fuzzy SMC) algorithms are designed and implemented. The performances of the STCVSA with the controllers are compared with their conventional forms. It is observed that fuzzy SMC has a better ability to handle uncertainties, disturbances, and parameter variations.

An Orthodontic Spring Coil and Soft Tissue Complication

This case report describes a scenario where a 14-year-old patient during orthodontic treatment at Solihull Hospital, West Midlands, presented with a rare soft tissue orthodontic complication. On routine examination, the spring coil from the orthodontic appliance was found to be located in the parotid gland duct. This was extracted by the oral and maxillofacial team at Solihull Hospital. The patient was followed post-operatively for any signs of sialadenitis, sialolithiasis and strictures. After 3 years of follow up, no post-operative complications were noted. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Soft tissue and orthodontic complications are common, usually due to trauma from sharp components. Clinicians should be aware of complications that can also occur.

4D printing and collaborative design of highly flexible shape memory alloy structures: a case study for a metallic robot prototype

This paper investigates the entire process of 4D printing of shape memory alloys (SMAs), characterized by pre-programming of the future responsive shape of a deformable structure during its 3D forming. Taking an inchworm-inspired crawling robot as an application case, we propose a system prototype composed of two deformable SMA structures, i.e. a curved sheet and a spring coil. From the behavioral synergism of these two antagonistically configured structures, the initial and responsive shapes of each binary structure were collaboratively designed. The feature shapes of different structures were then pairwise combined to generate the robot’s gait, which was realized through the alternating activations of the two components. We also investigated the processing strategy and methods of the presented structures with small feature sizes and unique configurations, based on the optimal 3D printing process of selective laser melting of nickel–titanium alloys. The experimental results verified the design expectations and demonstrated the performance stability of the SMA structures under multiple testing cycles. This research confirmed the possible use of hard materials to create customized smart structures with high levels of flexibility and deformation control, providing new ideas for further development of intelligent, flexible robots.

Impact Characteristics and Fatigue Life Analysis of Multi-Wire Recoil Spring for Guns

Recoil spring is a key part in automatic or semi-automatic weapons re-entry mechanism. Because the stranded wire helical spring (SWHS) has longer fatigue life than an ordinary single-wire cylindrically helical spring, it is often used as a recoil spring in various weapons. Due to the lack of in-depth research on the dynamic characteristics of the current multi-wire recoil spring in recoil and re-entry processes, the fatigue life analysis of the current multi-wire recoil spring usually only considers uniform loading and does not consider dynamic impact loads, which cannot meet modern design requirements. Therefore, this paper proposes a research method for fatigue life prediction analysis of multi-wire recoil spring. Firstly, based on the secondary development of UG, a three-wire recoil spring parameterized model for a gun is established. Secondly, ABAQUS is used to carry out a finite element analysis of its dynamic response characteristics under impact, and experimental verification is performed. Then, based on the stress-time history curve of the dangerous position obtained by finite element analysis, the rain flow counting method is used to obtain the fatigue stress spectrum of recoil spring. Finally, according to the Miner fatigue cumulative damage theory, the fatigue life prediction of the recoil spring based on the S-N curve of the material is compared with experimental results. The research results show that the recoil spring has obvious transient characteristics during the impact of the bolt carrier. The impact velocity is far greater than the propagation speed of the stress wave in the recoil spring, which easily causes the spring coils to squeeze each other. The maximum stress occurs at the fixed end of the spring. And the mean fatigue curve (50% survival rate) is used to predict the life of the recoil spring. The calculation result is 8.6% different from the experiment value, which proves that the method has certain reliability.

Endovascular Management of Intractable Nasopharyngeal Hemorrhage in Patients Irradiated for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Twelve-Year Experience.

PurposeTo evaluate the efficacy of endovascular treatment of intractable nasopharyngeal hemorrhage after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and report the relevant endovascular therapeutic experience.Patients and MethodsRecords of patients who underwent endovascular treatment for intractable nasopharyngeal hemorrhage after irradiation for NPC from January 2007 to December 2019 were reviewed. The demographics, endovascular therapeutic details, and clinical outcomes were analyzed.ResultsTwenty-four consecutive patients were included in this study. Nineteen patients underwent embolization of the bilateral internal maxillary arteries; one patient underwent embolization of the right internal maxillary artery and the left external carotid artery; one patient underwent embolization of the left internal maxillary artery and the right internal carotid artery, and the other three patients underwent embolization of the unilateral internal carotid artery. During a mean follow-up of 600.9 days (range, 2–1658 days), twenty patients showed no recurrence of bleeding; one patient died of hemorrhagic shock; one patient had recurrent bleeding, and angiography revealed a pseudoaneurysm in the right internal carotid artery, which was then embolized with spring coil after a 30-min occlusion test. Two patients had recurrent bleeding on 2.5 months and 29.9 months respectively after the endovascular treatment, and angiography showed hypervascularity supplied by the bilateral internal maxillary arteries and then was embolized with polyvinyl alcohol particles. The three patients who received re-interventions showed no re-bleeding until the last follow-up.ConclusionPseudoaneurysm and hypervascularity are the main angiographic characteristics of patients with intractable nasopharyngeal hemorrhage after radiotherapy for NPC, and endovascular treatment provides a safe and effective management approach.

MODELING AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR THE URETHRAL VALVE USED TO MANAGE SEVERE URINARY INCONTINENCE

This paper presents a new urethral valve to deal with severe urinary incontinence (UI) caused by sphincter injury or dysneuria. This valve consists of a wireless power transfer system and a valve body structure driven by SMA (shape memory alloy) spring. The mechanical model of SMA spring and coupling model of wireless energy transfer are derived. Special attention is also given to the biological effects of electromagnetic filed as the proposed device is powered by wireless power transfer system. This valve is validated by simulation experiment and the models are used to investigate the influence of SMA spring parameters, control parameters and coil parameters on the driving characteristics of the proposed urethral valve.

Force degradation of nickel-titanium closed coil springs: an in vitro

Objective: evaluation of the forces resulting from the initial stretching of closed Nickel-titanium springs and the degradation of these forces after 28 days of stretching. Methodology: The sample comprised 80 Morelli Nickel-titanium closed coil springs, divided into 4 groups of 20 according to their length, 7, 9, 12 and 15mm. In each group, 10 spring coils suffered distension in 50 and 100% of its original length and were maintained in devices to simulate the distension. The resulting forces were measured with a tensiometer and compared with the force described by the manufacturer on the spring packaging (200 grams force). Measurements were performed in 2 time-points; right after the initial strain (T1) and after 28 days (T2), when the devices were kept in artificial saliva at a temperature of 37°C. For the statistical analysis, the Mann-Whitney test was applied to compare the forces in T1 with the manufacturer's value and the paired t test to compare the forces between T1 and T2. In all statistical tests, a significance level of 5% was adopted. Result: In T1 the springs of 9, 12 and 15mm stretched by 50% showed significantly lower values ​​and the springs of 7 and 15mm stretched by 100% showed significantly higher values, both compared with the manufacturer's recommendation. All groups of springs showed significant degradation of forces between T1 and T2, with percentage rates of force degradation from 7.1 to 21.9%. Conclusion: It is necessary to measure the forces of the springs during orthodontic treatment, aiming to establish an optimal force for tooth movement and thus optimizing the total treatment time.

Investigation of stiffness and energy absorption of variable dimension helical springs fabricated using multijet fusion technology

Recent advances in additive manufacturing (AM) have made the direct manufacturing of intricate shapes such as metamaterials and complex geometries easier, more efficient, faster, and optimally functional, as compared with the manufacturing of simple solid blocks. In this study, the authors conducted experimental investigations and simulations on the energy absorption, stiffness, and deflection of various variable dimension helical springs fabricated by a recently developed high-speed AM technology, namely, the multijet fusion (MJF) system. The variable dimension helical springs were designed by defining various parameters such as the pitch, diameter of the spring wire and spring coil, and total height of the spring. For comparison, the total masses, bounding boxes, and total heights of all samples were kept constant. The results show that the variable parameters (e.g., shape) significantly affect the properties of helical springs; therefore, the stiffness and deformation can be controlled by varying them for a particular application. Furthermore, in designing variable dimension helical springs, nonlinear force–displacement behaviors and stiffness, along with reductions in weight and maximum stresses, can be obtained. Finally, it was concluded that by optimally defining the above parameters, a spring with an ideal geometry can be designed, thereby realizing comfort, stability, and reliability, along with other application-specific benefits (e.g., lightweight).

Design and Fabrication of Automatic Multidimensional Spring Rolling Machine

In the spring industry both power and hand-operated machines are used.As the making of spring in a regular manner takes a lot of time and energy.to make several springs with less time and less energy, there is a need for an alternative spring making mechanism. Traditionally making of spring requires some operations on lathe machine like fixing and loosing checks, removing springs from the shafts. the solution to this problem is the design and fabrication of a multidimensional spring rolling machine. our project is simple by having a motor with pully to drive the shafts. The gap between the spring coil can be regulated by a proper arrangement that can guide the wire automatically. Design and fabrication of spring rolling machines include electric sewing motor, pulley, shaft, and belt.to overcome the limitations that are in the traditional lathe machine spring making process. This project gives suitable ways to produce springs of wire diameter up to 6mm, inner diameter up to 20mm.the proposed springs are capable of bearing maximum loads of 100N for three different materials like copper aluminum, steel.

Treatment efficacy of Solitaire stent- and LVIS stent-assisted coil embolization for intracranial wide-neck carotid aneurysm

To compare the safety, efficacy and complications of LVIS stent-assisted coil embolization and Solitaire stent-assisted coil embolization for management of intracranial wide-neck carotid aneurysms. We retrospectively analyzed the data of 86 patients with intracranial wide-neck carotid aneurysm treated in our hospital between June, 2016 and June, 2019. Forty-three of the patients received LVIS stent-assisted coil tamponade and the other 43 received Solitaire stentassisted coil tamponade. Arteriography was performed during, immediately after, and at 3 months after the surgery. The immediate embolization rate, surgical complications (vascular spasm, acute thrombus, coil escape, and bleeding), and the recurrence rate were compared between the two groups. In the LVIS stent group, 37 aneurysms were completely embolized, 5 were nearly fully embolized, and 1 was partially embolized, as compared with the numbers of 35, 6, and 2 in the Solitaire stent group, respectively. Surgery-related complications occurred in 5 patients in LVIS stent group and 3 in Solitaire stent group. Follow-up digital subtraction angiography (DSA) at 3 months after the operation revealed 4 recurrent aneurysms, including 1 in LVIS group and 3 in Solitaire stent group. All the patients had favorable outcomes that did not differ significantly between the two groups. Stent-assisted spring coils can achieve a high rate of complete and near-total embolization for intracranial aneurysms and is associated with a low incidence of neurological complications and favorable prognosis of the patients. The embolization rate, complications and recurrence rate are comparable between LVIS stent and Solitaire stent.

Self-made electromagnetic vibration energy harvester of different stroke length and number of coil turns

This paper presents the experimental work on a new tube-shape electromagnetic vibration energy harvester to obtain its optimum peak-to-peak voltage output based on different stroke length, number of coil turns and optimum frequency. The harvester is fabricated using Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) material. It consists of housings with three different stroke lengths, top and bottom covers, Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) magnets, spring and copper coil. The tested stroke lengths are 40 mm, 45 mm and 50 mm while the number of coil turns are 10, 20 and 30. A standard energy harvesting circuit which consists of full-wave bridge rectifier and a capacitor is designed and fabricated to conduct this experiment. The importance of this circuit is to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) as well as to enable harvesting and storing processes of electrical energy. The harvester is tested on external vertical vibrations generated by shaker with frequency ranged from 5 Hz to 50 Hz with interval of 5 Hz. The raw voltage readings have been extracted from Oscilloscope and are analysed using Microsoft Excel and Octave software. From the results obtained, the optimum peak-to-peak voltage harvested is 39.41 mV at resonant frequency of 5 Hz by 50 mm stroke length and 30 coil turns device. The higher the stroke length and number of coil turns, the higher the peak-to-peak voltage can be harvested.

Coralclip®: a low‐cost solution for rapid and targeted out‐planting of coral at scale

Re‐attaching or out‐planting coral as fragments, colonies, and on larval settlement devices to substrates is a major bottleneck limiting scalabilty and viability of reef restoration practices. Many attachment approaches are in use, but none that are low‐cost, opportunistic, rapid but effective, for integration into existing tour operations on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) where staff and boat time is a major cost and chemical fixatives cannot be easily used. We describe a novel attachment device—Coralclip®—developed to meet this need and so aid maintenance and restoration of GBR tourism sites. Coralclip® is a stainless steel springclip attached by a nail integrated through the spring coil, and can be deployed with a coral fragment in as fast as 15 seconds. Initial laboratory tests demonstrated that Coralclip® secured coral fragments or larval settlement tiles under dynamic flow regimes characteristic of exposed reefs. Coral out‐planting from fragments of opportunity and from nurseries (n = 4,580; 0.3–1.9 coral/minute; US$0.6–3.0/coral deployed) or larval settlement tiles (n = 400; 2.5 tiles/minute; US$0.5 tile deployed−1) when deployed by divers from routine boat operations at Opal Reef confirmed highly effective attachment, with ≤15% failure of clips found after 3–7 months. We discuss how Coralclip® is a cost‐effective means to support reef maintenance and restoration practices.

Endovascular Treatment of Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome

Endovascular Treatment of Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome