Spring Barley Varieties Research Articles

Effects of drought on yield and on grain and malt characters in spring barley

AbstractThe effects on yield and on grain and malt characters, of drought stress applied at different stages of grain development and ripening were studied in three varieties of spring barley grown in a glasshouse. Differences between variety means were found for most of the characters studied, but only for wort filtration time was there a significant interaction between variety and irrigation treatment. Grain yield was reduced by all the treatments involving drought stress and the reduction was greatest when stress was applied at heading and maintained for at least 14 days. A similar response was found for the number of ears per plant. Number of grains per main‐shoot ear was reduced by drought stress applied at heading but not when the stress was applied from 32 days after heading until harvest. Grain size was significantly reduced by all treatments. Raw‐grain characters known to be correlated with malt extract were found to be affected by the treatments: grain nitrogen content, barley extract viscosity and the rate of sedimentation of barley flour in ethanol were all increased by drought stress, the degree of response varying with the length and timing of the period of drought. Malt extracts were reduced by drought stress whether this was applied early or late in grain development. Malting loss and germinative energy were reduced, and wort filtration time increased by late stress. α‐Amylase activity in the germinating grain was unaffected by any of the treatments.

The genetical expectations of doubled haploid lines derived from different filial generations

The genetical expectations of the means, variances and covariances of populations of doubled haploid lines derived from f1, F2, F3 and intermated F2 (S3) generations are presented. These expectations are identical, regardless of genetical architecture, providing there is no linkage disequilibrium. In the presence of linkage disequilibrium differences will occur whose magnitude and direction will depend on the degree of disequilibrium, recombination frequency and the presence or absence of epistasis.Data from an experiment to detect linkage disequilibrium in a cross between two spring barley varieties are presented. This involved a comparison of means, variances and covariances of doubled haploid populations derived from the F1 and F2 generations using the H. bulbosum system. Linkage disequilibrium was detected for important agronomic characters and the effect of this disequilibrium on the choice of generation for doubled haploid production is discussed.

Effects of the Growth Regulator Terpal (BAS 098 00W) on Morphology and Yield of Three Spring Barley Varieties

(1981). Effects of the Growth Regulator Terpal (BAS 098 00W) on Morphology and Yield of Three Spring Barley Varieties. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica: Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 415-425.

Etude de quelques caractères agronomiques et technologiques chez des variétés d'orge de printemps

Barley, Yield, Amylases, Glucanases, Heritability, Dominance, Interaction, Correlation. Comparison of spring barley varieties for some agronomical and quality characters 54 spring barley lines on breeding and 2 check-varieties, Aramir and Berenice, were experimented in 4 locations ; the characters recorded were yield, 1 000 grain-weight, protein percentage, a and /3-amylase activities and (3-glucanase activity. Broad variations of enzyme activities according to the genotype are observed ; the experimented material had never been selected for these characters. (3-glucanase activity has low heritability. To be efficient the selection must probably be carried out over several generations and in different locations. a and /3-amylase activities have higher heritability. However, the genotype-environment interaction is comparatively more important for a-amylase activity. Our results seem to indicate the dominance of high a-amylase activity, as well as of high (3-amylase activity. Correlations study between characters suggests that high values of the following characters can be associated :

Variation in the concentration of major carbohydrates in the grain of some spring barleys

AbstractA procedure adapted for rapid routine analyses was used to determine the content of starch, amylose, low molecular weight carbohydrates, and dietary fibre in grain from 37 barley genotypes grown in triplicate yield trials. Among 20 high‐yielding spring barley varieties grown in two subsequent years, the content of starch varied from 55 to 62% of the dry matter, while the content of amylose varied from 23 to 35% and averaged 30% of the starch. Among 17 exotic genotypes and mutant lines the content of starch and amylose in starch varied from 43 to 62% and from 17 to 48%, respectively. The amylose content was related neither to starch content nor grain yield. The content of low molecular weight carbohydrates was high in some starch‐deficient mutants but close to 2% in all other varieties and genotypes. There was a negative relation between grain yield and low molecular weight carbohydrates among the high‐yielding varieties. The content of dietary fibre varied from 18 to 25% in high‐yielding varieties, but was considerably influenced by environment. The content of dietary fibre was unrelated to grain yield or kernel weight. The exotic genotypes contained from 14 to 29% dietary fibre. Starch‐deficient mutants produced more dietary fibre per kernel than did normal varieties.

A comparison of spring barley grown in England and in Scotland. 2. Yield and its components

SummaryYields of two spring barley varieties, Golden Promise and Maris Mink, were greater at the Scottish Plant Breeding Station (SPBS) than at the Plant Breeding Institute (PBI) in both 1976 and 1977. In both seasons more ears per plant were produced and the number of grains per ear was greater at the SPBS. Weight per grain was greater at the Scottish Plant Breeding Station in both 1976 and 1977, but the distribution of grain size along the ears differed between seasons. Grain at the tip of the ears of plants grown at SPBS in 1976 was lighter than the corresponding grain on the Cambridge-grown plants. In 1977 the SPBS-grown plants had heavier grains at all the main shoot spikelet positions. At the SPBS the relative difference between main shoot and tillers 1 and 2 was smaller than at the PBI.These results are taken to indicate that the combination of climatic factors in Scotland affects plant development in such a way that intraplant competition is reduced and more spikelet primordia survive to form grains and more tillers produce fertile ears.

Varietal Responses in Spring Barley to Natural and Artificial Lodging and to a Growth Regulator

SUMMARYEight varieties of spring barley differing in their morphology and resistance to lodging were grown in a trial as main plots which were split for seven treatments: a natural control (C), a control with plots which were mechanically supported (S) and four artificially induced lodging treatments: permanent early lodging (PEL); temporary early lodging (TEL); permanent late lodging (PLL) and temporary late lodging (TLL). The seventh treatment (GR) was an application of the growth regulator BAS 09800W. In comparison with S, treatments PEL, TEL, PLL and TLL reduced grain yield by 38–1, 24–8, 22–0 and 13–9 % respectively. Natural lodging in C plots reduced the yield of the two weakest strawed varieties, Guilden and Jupiter, by 8 and 10% respectively in comparison with treatment S. Yields (C) of these two varieties were increased by GR which had no effect on the yield of other varieties, but reduced grain size in some cases. Treatment GR significantly reduced but did not eliminate natural lodging in weaker strawed varieties and reduced the length of the top four internodes. Lodging reduced grain size in terms of 1000–grain weight and sieving fractions and increased the content of husk and protein. Lodging susceptibility was positively correlated with plant height but showed no clear relationship with the number of vascular bundles, stem diameter, wall thickness, or with the content of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose in the basal internodes. Lodging resistance appeared to be closely associated with short basal internodes.

Genetical, physiological and pathological relationships of resistance to Puccinia hordei and P. striiformis in Hordeum vulgare

Genetical, environmental and pathological studies identified three different genes for resistance to Puccinia hordei in spring barley varieties. Cebada Capa, Gondar, La Estanzuela 75a, Forrajera Klein × Rika No. 7, C.I. 12201 and H 2212 carry the gene Pa7 which confers resistance to all known races of P. hordei at normal temperatures but was ineffective against race F at 5°C. Estate, Aim, Ribari and I265/70 carry the gene Pa3 for resistance to P. hordei and this gene was effective at all temperatures tested. A previously undescribed resistance gene was detected in C.I. 1243 and the designation Pa9 is proposed. Resistance to P. striiformis in Cebada Capa and Gondar was found from genetic studies to be controlled by the same dominant gene which was linked to gene Pa7 with a recombination value of between 12.1 and 18.3%. The possible implications and utilization of these resistance genes in a breeding programme is discussed.

The inheritance of diastatic power and alpha-amylase contents in spring barley

In a diallel cross of 13 spring barley varieties, non-allelic interactions interfered with the analysis of diastatic power. Regression of W r on V r was less than unity both in the full experiment and in the sub-set of two-row varieties. The simple additive-dominance model was adequate for the analysis of alpha-amylase. Regression of W r on V r indicated directional dominance, increasing alphaamylase. For both characters non-additive variance was detected and the effects of directional dominance, asymmetry of gene distribution and SCA were evident. Significant GCA effects were also present. No serious obstacles to the improvement of either character in adapted two-row varieties were apparent.

Seedling vigour and grain yield of cereals grown from seeds of varying protein contents

SUMMARYThe effect of seed protein content on grain yield has been studied in varieties of spring barley, oats and wheat grown under differing cultural conditions. Grain yield was affected by seed protein content in one experiment where very low yields were attained, but the effects were inconsistent. No effect was observed in two other experiments made in a glasshouse and the field. In a growth-room experiment, seed with high protein content produced more vigorous seedlings than low-protein seed; these differences were accentuated by increasing seedling age at very low nutrient levels, but decreased with seedling age at normal nutrient levels. It is concluded from the results that variations in seed protein content are unlikely to have a significant effect on yield under practical conditions.

The reaction of three spring barley varieties exposed to epidemics of Rhynchosporium secalis of varying intensity and duration

SummaryThree spring barley varieties, Proctor, Vada and Mosanne, were inoculated with Rhynchosporium secalis(Oudem.) J. J. Davies at Growth Stages 3, 7, 10·1 and 10·5 (Large, 1954). The treatments included single inoculation at each growth stage and multiple inoculations at two, three and four of the above growth stages. There was no effect of inoculation oil the number of fertile tillers. Thousand-grain weight was reduced in all seven inoculation treatments in Mosanne but only the quadruple inoculation adversely affected the other two varieties. Numbers of grains of both Mosanne and Vada were reduced by treatments which included an inoculation at ear emergence but Proctor was affected only by the quadruple inoculation. In terms of disease assessment Mosanne was very susceptible and Proctor moderately resistant but Vada, with symptom scores only slightly better than Mosanne, exhibited a degree of tolerance which was reflected by the grain weight results in which small increases were recorded. This tolerance mechanism, possibly acting through compensation in this variety, is compared with compensation reported in wheat.

The reaction of spring barley varieties to Selenophoma donacis

Nine spring barley varieties were screened under field conditions for reaction to Selenophoma donacis (Pass.) Sprague & A. G. Johnson, using artificial inoculations at three growth stages. Significant varietal differences in reaction were observed for leaf infection at each growth stage and for awn infection at growth stage 11.1. A significant variety × growth stage interaction was evident for leaf disease assessment. Halo spot symptoms were most intense on all varieties at growth stage 11.1 because of the high susceptibility of the flag leaf. S. donacis caused significant reductions in six varieties for two yield parameters, Zephyr showing the largest mean reductions in iooo grain weight and mean yield per head of 13·4 and 14·1% respectively.

Relation between compatible and incompatible infection sites of Puccinia hordei on barley

In Hordeum vulgare L. the degree of infection by Puccinia hordei Otth. varies between susceptible genotypes. In a breeding programme a problem arises in measuring this level of infection in the presence of effective hypersensitive resistance which prevents normal colonization. Therefore, in these experiments the numbers of compatible and incompatible infection sites produced by either a virulent or an avirulent race were compared for the spring barley varieties Batna, Peruvian and Ricardo under conditions of controlled inoculation. The results indicate a correspondence between the number of infection sites produced by the virulent and avirulent races on each of the varieties tested. Thus it may be possible to select segregants combining effective hypersensitive resistance with high background resistance to P. hordei and also to estimate the degree of cryptic infectability of a barley genotype which carries an effective gene for hypersensitive resistance.

Environmental and varietal differences in diastatic power and four associated characteristics of spring barley

SummaryResults from two trials on spring barley varieties are presented. A factorial fertilizer trial estimated the effects of N, P and K at each of three levels on diastatic power, heat-stable alpha-amylase activity, grain nitrogen content, thousand corn weight and yield in a single variety. This revealed that the main effect of N was the most important source of variation. In a subsequent variety–nitrogen trial seven varieties were tested at each of three levels of N.In the variety–nitrogen trial, diastatic power was found to be positively correlated with both grain nitrogen content and alpha-amylase activity although these latter two variates were not themselves correlated. These observations were confirmed both within genotypes and within environments, and a hypothesis is advanced in explanation.The implications of the results for a breeding programme directed towards the production of high-yielding, high-diastase varieties are discussed.

Importance of Synchrony of Ear Emergence in Plant Breeding Programmes

IN plant breeding, there is a general trend to apply the term “synchrony” to intra-plant variance or inter-tiller variance of a character like ear emergence. Thus, plants with the least intra-plant variance are considered more synchronous. The importance of synchrony of tillering in breeding programmes and the procedure for studying it is not yet well defined. To investigate this topic further I have studied six genetically distinct varieties of spring barley which have been bred in the past with little or no evidence of conscious selection for synchrony.

Varietal Differences among Barley Seedlings Grown with Various Nutrient Solutions1

AbstractSeedlings of 24 spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties were grown in sand with continuous light and supplied with a complete nutrient solution or with a solution lacking nitrogen or phosphorus. Significant differences were found among varieties in necrosis of first leaf blades induced by a lack of phosphorus. Average necrotic area of first leaf blades of ‘Svaloef Pallas,’ ‘Svaloef Bonus,’ and ‘Svaloef Hellas’ was 70% or more. On the other hand, no more than 1% of the leaf blade areas of ‘Dickson,’ ‘Erie,’ and ‘Vaughn’ was necrotic.With all three nutrient solutions very obvious differences developed in color of lower leaf sheaths. These ranged from green to intense red. A few varieties contained a mixture of red and green plants but most were uniform for this characteristic.‘Carlsberg II’ seedlings grown without phosphorus developed purple color on about one‐third of the area of second leaf blades. Other varieties had little or no purple color.Varieties differed significantly in length of lower leaf sheaths when grown without nitrogen. Those of Calsberg II averaged three times as long as those of ‘Trebi.’

Abnormalities Induced in Barley Ears by Gibberellic Acid

Five varieties of spring barley were sprayed with gibberellic acid (GA) at various growth stages from the onedeaf to the five-leaf stage. In short days a number of abnormalities of the ear were found. These abnormalities are described in the mature ear, and in the case of the branched ear, the ontogeny of the abnormality is shown. The relationship of the abnor malities to the environment, to the stage at which the plant was treated, and to the variety is analysed. The role of GA in inducing these abnormal features is discussed and their resemblance to abnormalities induced genetically and by environmental manipulations is pointed out.

The influence of post-treatment storage on the frequency of ethyleneimine-induced chromosomal aberrations and gene mutations in barley.

Dry seeds of spring barley variety MOS-121 were treated with ethyleneimine and after the treatment were stored in the desiccator over granulated KOH from 6 to 46 days. During this period statistically significant changes in the general level of chromosome rearrangements, number of chlorophyll mutations, death-rate and fertility of M 1-plants were observed. The spectrum of chlorophyll mutations also changed. The maximum genetic effect resulting from storage was noted by the 18th day, and this was followed by the decrease of injuries reached zero by the 46th day. The mode of changes in dynamics of the formation of chromosome aberrations, chlorophyll mutations and recessive lethal mutations proves the similar nature of the initial mechanisms of their potential changes.

Main results and prospects of spring barley selection in environment of high soil acidity

Purpose. One of the main factors holding back the increase in spring barley yield is high soil acidity in the Forest-Steppe and Polissya natural zone of Ukraine. Aluminum is a major toxic factor of acidic soils. Therefore, one of the ways to increase the yield of barley is to create aluminum-resistant varieties of this crop. These studies are aimed at obtaining, highlighting the results of work and determining the prospects of selection for the creation of varieties of spring barley, tolerant to the effects of edaphic stress of high soil acidity. Methods. Field (phenological observations and accounting), laboratory (establishment of aluminostability of collection varieties), biometric and measuring-weight (for accounting of productivity and yield), mathematical and statistical (objective evaluation of the obtained experimental data). Results. Research on the evaluation and creation of promising breeding material and varieties adapted to high soil acidity was conducted in the experimental fields of the Institute of Feed Research and Agriculture of Podillya of NAAS (2013-2019). According to the results of the research conducted in the laboratory, the potential 73 aluminium resistant varieties of spring barley were established, and the results of verification of the obtained data in the field against the background of natural high soil acidity were shown. The obtained research results made it possible to select samples that are potential donors of tolerance to the toxic effects of Al3+ ions and high soil acidity. Promising breeding material of spring barley, tolerant to the effects of edaphic stress of high soil acidity, which is effectively used in the creation of new varieties of spring barley has been cteated. Conclusions. Evaluation of productivity of the studied samples, which were isolated by laboratory evaluation of potential aluminium resistance, in the field on a natural background with high soil acidity (pH 4.3-4.8) confirmed the effectiveness of this method in the selection process, aimed at creation varieties tolerant to cultivation in conditions of highly acid soils.

INCREASE IN BIOMASS AND DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION OF SPRING BARLEY DEPENDING ON THE MINERAL NUTRITION LEVEL AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

The article presents the results of a study of the effect of applying doses of mineral fertilizers (N0P0K0, N30P30K30, N60P60K60, N90P90K90) when cultivating varieties of spring barley (Vladimir, Reliable, Yaromir) on the formation of the area of leaf plates, the growth of green biomass and the accumulation of dry matter by crop plants in different years of moisture in the South of the Central non-Chernozem region. It was found that the use of mineral fertilizers in doses N60P60K60, N90P90K90 contributed to the greatest increase in the area of the assimilation apparatus and the growth of plant biomass. In the phase of entering the tube, the leaf area on the above backgrounds exceeded the control variants by an average of 49,6 and 63,3 % (Vladimir variety), 62,3 and 45,4 % (Reliable variety), and 44,6 and 53,2 % (Yaromir variety). The average growth of biomass in 2017-2019 with the use of N60P60K60, N90P90K90 increased compared to the control variants by 83,3 and 182,7 % (Vladimir variety), by 68,9 and 88,3 % (Reliable variety) and by 82,0 and 107,5 % (Yaromir variety) in the beginning of earing phase with further growth of this indicator to the phase of milk ripeness of plants. The percentage of dry matter in plants depended not only on the doses of mineral fertilizers, but also on weather conditions, namely, on the value of the Selyaninov hydrothermal moisture coefficient (SCC). With an increase in the applied rates of fertilizers, at values of GTC in the range of 0,37 – 0,44, dry matter is accumulated by plants, at values from 0,64 to 1,2, due to the provided moisture and greater water consumption by spring barley varieties, the percentage of dry matter content decreased. Yield – the final indicator of all conditions. Reliable and Yaromir varieties showed the greatest stability in obtaining a good harvest, which exceeded the values of control variants on average for 2017-2019 by 89,1 and 79,0 % on backgrounds N60P60K60 and N90P90K90 respectively. Correlations were determined for all the studied indicators.