Spring Barley Varieties Research Articles

Drought tolerance of barley varieties in relation to their root system size

With 2 figures and 4 tables AbstractThis study introduces the evaluation of root system size (RSS) for the breeding of barley, in particular for drought tolerance. In 2005–2008, 10–22 varieties of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were evaluated at two locations (only one in 2007) for RSS by its electric capacity. The RSS was compared with the yield and the quality of the varieties in state registration trials at 7–19 stations each year. Varieties with a greater RSS than the others varieties had a significantly higher yield in the dry year of 2007. Similar relationships between RSS and yield in the other years were found in only some of the environments. Malting varieties with a greater RSS had significantly higher contents of starch, saccharide extracts and malt extracts, as well as higher yields of protein and starch in 2007. It can be concluded that a small RSS is related to a low grain yield and malt quality in dry environments, even in genetically diverse varieties.

Post-Registration Study of Barley Varieties (Hordeum vulgare L.)

The article provides summary of post-registration research on Barley varieties in 2008-2009. Best varieties of Winter and Spring Barley for different climatic and soil conditions of Ukraine are specified, as well as their productivity subject to the influence of environmental factors.

The effect of light, temperature and desiccation on differential stability of mrna, from spring and winter wheat seedlings

The research focused on working out a molecular method of assessing stress-steadiness and photoperiodism of wheat and Barley varieties Selekcia KN11 grown under stress conditions. A total RNA preparation was isolated from spring and winter seedlings using phenol-detergent method, and the isolated poly (A) RNA were recovered from the total RNA using Affinity chromatography with poly Uracil sepharose as an absorbent. One of the objectives of the study is to adapt mini preparation procedure for the effective and rapid isolation of poly (A) RNA, from total RNA preparation. Variable yields of poly (A) RNA were obtained from four days old seedlings of winter and spring wheat and barley varieties, Celekcia KN11 which were sown under various environmental condition, the poly (A) RNA was studied and analyzed and the findings for photo-periodism of wheat varieties: krasnodarskaya-39, Bezostaya-1 and Drujna showed that the former two varieties are highly light sensitive (long day) while the latter is moderately long day variety. Variety Spectra was found to be neutral to light (photo-periodism). On the other hand, the result of 3 varieties krasnodarskaya-39, Olimpiya and Bezostaya-1is consistent with the findings of conventional breeding for the assessment of wheat stress-steadines. The three varieties are all relatively resistant to drought in the following order: Krasnodarskaya-39 > Olimpiya > Bezostaya-1 at P

Spring barley breeding for malting quality

The aim of this contribution is to illustrate the results of spring barley breeding for malting quality and point out an important position of variety in production of qualitative raw material for maltinq and beer industry as well as the system of evaluation the qualitative parameters of breeding materials and adaptation of barley breeding programms to the new requirements of malting and beer industry. As an example of the results obtained most recently description is made of the Ezer, Levan, Donaris, Sladar spring barley varieties with very good malting quality and effective resistance to powdery mildew. Cultivation of these varieties and malting barley production with reduced use of pesticidies is environmentally friedly alternative.

Using DRIFT Molecular Spectroscopy with Uni- and Multivariate Spectral Techniques To Detect Protein Molecular Structure Differences among Different Genotypes of Barley

The objectives of this study were to characterize protein molecular structure using DRIFT spectroscopy with univariate and multivariate molecular spectral analyses and identify the structure differences in both hull and seeds among six spring barley varieties [AC Metcalfe (malting-type), CDC Dolly (feed-type, spring forage type), McLeod (feed-type), CDC Helgason (feed-type), CDC Trey (feed-type), CDC Cowboy (feed-type)]. The molecular structure spectral analyses involved protein amide I and II region ca. 1716-1485 cm(-1) (attributed to protein amide I C=O and C-N stretching; amide II N-H bending and C-N stretching) together with agglomerative hierarchical cluster (CLA) and principal component analyses (PCA). The results showed that the molecular spectral techniques were able to identify spectral differences associated with the molecular structural differences among the barley varieties. The molecular spectral analyses at the region of ca. 1715-1485 cm(-1) together with the cluster and principal component analyses were able to show that the molecular structures of the seeds (NOT hull) exhibited distinguished differences among the barley varieties. It was found that CDC Helgason had the distinguished differences from AC Metcalfe, McLeod, and CDC Cowboy in both protein amide I and II. The molecular spectral technique provides a new approach for plant protein molecular structure and biopolymer conformation study.

Estimation of the callus formation and regeneration efficiency in spring varieties of barley zoned in Ukraine

Eight commercial varieties of spring barley (Getman, Tabora, Adagio, Galaktik, Europrestige, Korona, Nevada, and Stalker) were used for the in vitro culture establishment and the development of an efficient protocol for the induction of the callus formation and plant regeneration. Mature embroys of the above-mentioned genotypes were used as explants. The induction of callus formation, culture passage, and plant regeneration were carried out using a medium containing MS salts supplemented with casein hydrolysate (1 g/l), L-proline (690 mg/l), thiamine-HCI (1 mg/l), maltose (30 g/l), 2,4-D (2 mg/l), CuSO4 (12.5 mg/l), myoinositol (250 mg/1), and gelrite (3.5 g/l) at pH 5,6–5,8. The ability of callus formation was observed in all studied varieties, and the callus formation’s frequency varied from 65 ± 3.4% to 100%. The highest regeneration potential was revealed for the Korona (88 ± 2,8%), Europrestige (89 ± 6.5%), Tabora (93 ± 3.4%), Getman (99 ± 0.8%), and Nevada (100%) varieties. For all cultivars the generation of plants from a calli occurred via the organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. The highest total regeneration potential was registered for the Getman variety (50 ± 5%), which was selected for the further development of effective genetic transformation protocols.

Nutritionally relevant elements in staple foods: influence of arable site versus choice of variety

Eighteen representative sites for the Austrian grain-growing and eight for the potato-growing zones (soils and crops) were investigated. On each site, total element contents (B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, Sr and Zn) were determined in 4-12 varieties of winter wheat (n = 136), 6 varieties of spring durum wheat (n = 30), 5 varieties of winter durum wheat (n = 15), 7 varieties of rye (n = 49), 5 varieties of spring barley (n = 30) and 5 varieties of potatoes (n = 40). Element accumulations in grain species and potato tubers varied significantly with site conditions, with the main exceptions for B in potatoes and wheat as well as for Zn, Cu and Co in durum wheat. On average, across all investigated sites, differences in varieties occurred concerning the elements Ca, Cd, Ba, Sr and Zn (except Zn in potatoes and winter durum). A rough estimation revealed that an average Austrian consumer of wheat, rye and potatoes meets more than 50% of the needs of daily element intake for K, P and Mg, between 36 and 72% for Fe, Zn and Cu, and more than 100% for Co, Mo and Mn. In particular, the elements Ca and Na have to be added from other sources.

Evaluation and Use of Genetic Resources in Spring Malting Barley Breeding in Lithuania

Evaluation and Use of Genetic Resources in Spring Malting Barley Breeding in Lithuania During the period 2004-2006, grain yield stability and malt quality characteristics of 47 spring barley varieties and 55 promising breeding lines from the collection of spring barley genetic resources were investigated at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture (LIA). The growing conditions in 2004 were fairly normal compared with the long-term mean, and the years 2005 and 2006 were rather dry. The varieties and breeding lines tested showed from medium to high variation of grain > 2.5 mm yield (CV 11.5-34.3%) and medium variation of grain yield (CV 4.39-13.33%). However, high temperatures and drought in June of 2006 caused a low grain > 2.5 mm yield (by on average 55.0-67.8%). Promising breeding lines were characterised as having higher grain yield and extract output per ha compared with barley varieties. However, the data showed that grain grading 2.5 mm should be improved for the breeding lines. Using the software STABLE we estimated the stability of malting barley quality traits in relation to weather conditions during the crop year, genotype properties for varieties and breeding lines, as well as the interactions of variety and weather conditions. The selection of lines promising in terms of grain yield, > 2.5 mm grain yield and extract yield, was based on their ability to realise the genetic potential in various growing conditions. The highest score in integral assessment of grain yield, grain > 2.5 mm yield and extract yield was identified for the varieties Tocada', Sebastian', Scarlett' and breeding lines: 7939-1, 7661-1, and 8080-4. The varieties and breeding lines that exhibited high grain stability, high grain quality and other agronomic traits were utilised in further breeding programmes.

Efficacy of fungicide tebuconazole in barley varieties with different resistance level

Efficacy of the fungicide tebuconazole was tested in 2 treatment regimes in 3 spring barley varieties over three years (2003–2005). The impact of the fungicide on the control of major barley pathogens Pyrenophora teres and Cochliobolus sativus, as well as kernel yield was studied in the course of field trials. The fungicide treatments had a strong impact on the control of infection of P. teres and increased kernel yield in variable disease infection conditions. For the more resistant genotype, fungicide application had relatively low returns because of the much higher level of biological resistance and small disease-related yield reductions. For the susceptible genotype, severe disease infection caused bigger yield reduction, not compensated by the use of fungicides. Use of fungicide demonstrated the highest economic return in the case of the moderately susceptible barley variety.;

Predicting spring barley yield from variety-specific yield potential, disease resistance and straw length, and from environment-specific disease loads and weed pressure

For low-input crop production, well-characterised varieties increase the possibilities of managing diseases and weeds. This analysis aims at developing a framework for analyzing grain yield using external varietal information about disease resistance, weed competitiveness and yield potential and quantifying the impact of susceptibility grouping and straw length scores (as a measure for weed competitiveness) for predicting spring barley grain yield under variable biotic stress levels. The study comprised 52 spring barley varieties and 17 environments, i.e., combinations of location, growing system and year. Individual varieties and their interactions with environments were analysed by factorial regression of grain yield on external variety information combined with observed environmental disease loads and weed pressure. The external information was based on the official Danish VCU testing. The most parsimonious models explained about 50% of the yield variation among varieties including genotype-environment interactions. Disease resistance characteristics of varieties, weighted with disease loads of powdery mildew, leaf rust and net blotch, respectively, had a highly significant influence on grain yield. The extend to which increased susceptibility resulted in increased yield losses in environments with high disease loads of the respective diseases was predicted. The effect of externally determined straw length scores, weighted with weed pressure, was weaker although significant for weeds with creeping growth habit. Higher grain yield was thus predicted for taller plants under weed pressure. The results are discussed in relation to the model framework, impact of the considered traits and use of information from conventional variety testing in organic cropping systems.

Relationship between Starch Granule Size Distribution and Selected Malting Parameters

The relationship between malting parameters and the ratio of large and small starch granules was studied in the endosperm of caryopses of 12 varieties of spring and winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) of Czech, German, and British origin. Starch granule size distribution was measured using two principally different methods, low-angle laser light scattering (LALLS) and gravitational field-flow fractionation (GFFF), over a 3-year period. An increase in a large starch granule fraction in the nonmalted caryopses of spring barley varieties studied was accompanied by a statistically significant decline in the values of extract, saccharide extract, relative extract at 45°C, Kolbach index, modification (Carlsberg method), wort color, starch content, and β-glucans in nonmalted caryopses. The higher ratio of large starch granules in two- and six-row winter varieties was not used in creation of extract, probably due to a lower activity of cytolytic and proteolytic enzymes. However, statistical correlations found between the studied malting parameters and starch granule size distributions were rather low. Statistically highly significant effects of varieties and variety–year interactions on large and small starch granules were determined.

A weed suppressive index for spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties

SummaryA screening programme for crop variety competitiveness would ideally be based on only a few, non‐destructive measurements of key growth traits. In this study we measured the weed suppressive ability of 79 varieties of spring barley in two ways: (i) directly, by weed coverage assessments under weedy conditions at three Danish locations in 2002–2004 and (ii) indirectly, by non‐destructive measurements of varietal growth traits under weed‐free conditions in 17 other experiments in Denmark in 2001–2003. Based on just four varietal growth traits (reflectance, leaf area index, leaf angle and culm length), we successfully developed a method for indexing the weed suppressive ability of spring barley varieties. The suppressive index ranged from 12% in Lux and 55% in Modena in proportion to the 90% quantile coverage of all varieties. The index was validated against independent data from two locations in 2005 with 14 and 24 varieties and was found valuable for future use in regular screening programmes.

Gene interaction of induced intermedium mutations of two-row barley: I. Double mutant recombinants

From 69 induced intermedium mutants isolated from three Svalof commercial varieties of two-row spring barley, ‘Bonus’, ‘Foma’, and ‘Kristina’, and localized to 9 different int loci, double mutant recombinants were available in 1384 of the 1879 possible combinations among non-allelic mutants. These double mutant segregates, without exception, showed an apparent, strong degree of synergistic intreraction between mutant genes that by themselves cause rather modest changes in the normal two-row spike. They rank in three groups in their spike development: six-rowed. irregular, and deformed. There are apparent differences, not only among int loci, but also among alleles in the ability to co-operate for six-rowed spikes in double mutants. A complex pattern of factors promoting the six-rowed spike development in double mutants is indicated: the ranking among phenotypes for individual int alleles; the particular int locus serving as partner to a series of alleles to form double mutants; the state of the allele, as more flexible or more rigid. Success seems to depend on the particular constellation of loci and alleles.

Effect of combinations of light intensity and photoperiod on heading date of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)

In order to evaluate the effect of light intensity and photoperiod on heading and to establish the reaction types of barley, a set of barley germplasm of various geographical origin and growth habit was examined in a series of controlled growth chamber experiments combining two levels of light intensity with long and short photoperiod regimes. Low light intensity contributed only a limited portion to the total variance of heading and this originated to a large extent from the genotype × light intensity interaction for both photoperiods. Under the long photoperiod regime the effect of low light intensity was only apparent in a significant delay in heading. Under a short photoperiod the type of sensitivity depended on the growth habit. Low light intensity hastened plant development in 15% of the spring barley varieties, while the flowering of 44% of the winter barley varieties was significantly delayed. Establishing the reaction types for photoperiod and low light intensity in this range of barley germplasm made it possible to identify the typical reaction types of the two growth-habit groups. In addition, it also became possible to identify genotypes with contrasting or unusual combinations of these traits.

Tell Me Again What It Is That You Do

My job at Pullman, Washington, starting in 1965, was to control the root diseases of wheat and barley, focusing first on fusarium root and crown rot, then including take-all and pythium and rhizoctonia root rots. In the absence of viable alternatives, the agronomic approaches used were implemented through design of cereal-based cropping systems. Starting in the late 1970s, the mission focused further on cereal-intensive direct-seed (no-till) cropping systems. A team effort demonstrated the role of indigenous antibiotic-producing fluorescent pseudomonads in the widespread decline of take-all in response to monoculture wheat (or barley-wheat sequences). Today, the suppression of take-all by these beneficial rhizobacteria is the centerpiece of an integrated system that augments take-all decline while limiting pythium and rhizoctonia root rots and fusarium root and crown rot in direct-seed systems. In such systems, "crop rotation" takes the form of different sequences of winter and spring wheat, barley and triticale varieties, and market classes, all susceptible to all four root diseases.

Allelic characteristics of the β-amylase gene of barley varieties in Ukraine

Allelic diversity in a set of 99 spring and winter barley varieties for the different direction of use (brewing, cereal and valuable) has been studied studied. PCR analyses with beta-amylase DNA-marker have shown that the genotypes of different barley varieties can include different alleles of beta-AMY1 gene.

Tolerance of four spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties to weed harrowing

SummaryWe investigated the tolerance to weed harrowing of four spring barley varieties and examined the possible interactions between varietal weed suppressive ability and two nutrient levels. Tolerance was defined as the combined effect of crop resistance (ability to resist soil covering) and crop recovery (the ability to recover in terms of yield). The weed harrowing strategy was a combination of one pre‐ and one post‐emergence weed harrowing. In terms of yield, the four varieties responded significantly differently to weed harrowing and the response depended on nutrient level. At the lower nutrient level, weed harrowing caused an increase in yield of 4.4 hkg ha−1 for a strong competitor (cv. Otira), while there was no effect on yield at the higher nutrient level. For a weaker competitor (cv. Brazil), weed harrowing caused no change in yield at the lower nutrient level, whereas yield decreased by 6.0 hkg ha−1 at the higher nutrient level. There were marked differences between the weed suppressive ability of the four varieties when not harrowed, with less pronounced but significant differences when harrowed. Weed harrowing did not change the weed suppressive ability of a variety. Varieties that are tall at post‐emergence harrowing and have increased density after pre‐emergence harrowing, are the ones that benefit most from weed harrowing.

The influence of drought on the utilisation of nitrogen (15N) by two modern and one historical spring barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) varieties

In an experiment with two modern varieties (Amulet and Krona) and one historical variety (Nűrnberg) of spring barley stress, invoked by drought, significantly reduced the % content of N and the total amount of accumulated N in the plant bodies in all varieties. On the contrary significantly increased the percentage of N from fertiliser ( 15 N) to the total nitrogen in the plants. Varietal differences were expressed as a tendency to greater accumulation of total N and N from fertiliser ( 15 N) in the modern varieties than in the variety Nűrnberg. On the contrary this variety was found that there was a greater proportion of 15 N to the total amount of N in the plants. Under normal moisture conditions the nitrogen from the fertiliser ( 15 N) was taken in and utilised by the spring barley primarily in the first half of vegetation period and, as a rule, its accumulation in the plants peaked during flowering. Drought slowed down its intake and usage and shifted the maximum accumulation to the post-stress i.e. p...

The effect of the aridisation of a habitat on the accumulation capability of sink in selected varieties of spring barley

One of the ways of reducing energy-intensive inputs to agricultural systems is to replace the less performing cultivars with more productive ones and to cultivate varieties with sufficient accumulation capabilities of sink even under worse environmental conditions, for example, in the event of aridisation of the environment. The cultivation process is managed in such a way so that the largest share of the total production of all the plant biomass is represented by the organs providing the actual economic yield. From the results there is a clear difference between the Czech variety Malz and the Dutch Jersey in the formation of spike under the effect of water stress. For the Malz variety the number of grains in the spike dropped by 17.5% compensated for by their increased weight. For the Jersey variety there was a 16.7% fall in the number of grains in the spike, but no compensation in the increased weight of the grains was observed.

Influence of variety and mineral N-fertilization on yield and brewing quality of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in Western Turkey

This research was conducted to determine yield and quality potentials of spring barley varieties under ecological conditions in the Aegean region (Western Turkey). The main focus of the research was to investigate essential brewing quality parameters of different barley varieties. The yield of barley varieties, which was determined at the Aydin location, was approximately two times higher compared to practical agricultural conditions in the region. The German brewing barley variety Scarlett yielded 61.2 kg ha−1 which presented the highest grain yield. This is primarily due to autumn planting and longer vegetation periods. Limited water supply and high temperatures during the main growing season caused important fluctuation of yield components and lead to yield losses. All brewing quality parameters that depend on mineral N-fertilization showed target values, except for low sieving value (grading fraction > 2.5 mm), for all varieties in 2005. It was determined that protein content 80 kg ha−1 nitrogen fertilization for Turkish varieties and 120 kg ha−1 nitrogen fertilization for the German variety Scarlett should not be exceeded. The German brewing barley variety Scarlett showed better brewing properties than Turkish brewing barley varieties Kaya and Serife-Hanim at the Aydin location. However, differences between Scarlett and Kaya were minor. It was found that growing spring barley varieties for their higher grain yield potential, external grain quality and brewing quality parameters should be developed at the Aydin location and extended to the Aegean region.