Spring Barley Grain Research Articles

The influence of biological techniques in the feed crop rotation link on soil productivity and fertility

Relevance. New fertilizers Azotovite and Phosphatovite do not pollute the soil and provide significant savings when applying in combination with traditional fertilizers. Studies on the use of Azotovite and Phosphatovite in the conditions of the Novgorod region on sod-podzolic soil in improved fodder crop rotations have not yetbeen conducted, therefore research on the influence of Azotovite and Phosphatovite together with mineral fertilizers in improved crop rotations is relevant.Methods. The results of studies of two-factor field experiment, carried out in 2019–2021 on sod-podzolic soil in the conditions of the Novgorod region, are presented to study the influence on the yield and nutritional value of forage cropsof three methods of using Azotovite (A) and Phosphatovite (P) — factor H— and mineral fertilizers in full dosagesfor a programmed yield (background 1) andin dosages, reduced by 50% (background 2) (factor B) in the feed crop rotation link: spring rapeseed for siderate; winter rye and spring barley for grain. The use of crop-root residues, siderates and grain straw serves as a basis for increasing soil fertility.Results. It was established that the introduction of a complete mineral fertilizer based on the planned harvest, the double use of Azotovite and Phosphatovite in technological operations— etching of seed material (by 2 l/t of each preparation) and non-root spraying of plants in the period up to 30 cm (by 1 l/ha of each preparation) —provided high productivity of siderate (38.2 t/ha),grain of winter rye (7.1 t/ha) and spring barley (4.1 t/ha); digestible proteinin amount 0.65 and 0.34 t/ha was obtained, low energy intensity of grain production (less than 3.0 GJ/t) is combined with high energy efficiency of production — 5.8 units. The use of siderate and grain straw as organic fertilizers allowed to increase soil fertility on average per crop rotation link for all variants of the experiment by more than 47 GJ/ha.

Dresser effects on the spring barley grain quality

Purpose. To determine the spring barley grain quality depending on the pre-sowing treatment of seeds with systemic dressers and the bioagent.
 Materials and methods. The study was carried out in a nine-field fallow-cereal-row crop rotation of the Department of Plant Production and Variety Investigation of the Plant Production Institute named after V.Ya. Yuriev of NAAS in 2017–2020. To protect spring barley against pests and diseases, seeds were treated with systemic dressers belonging to different chemical groups and the bioagent prior to sowing (1–8 days before sowing).
 The soybean was a forecrop. Fertilization background was 6.6 tons of manure per hectare of the crop rotation area (aftereffect) plus N30P30K30. The farming techniques were conventional for the growing location. Significance of the obtained data was assessed by analysis of variance.
 Results and discussion. As to the brewing cultivars, Parnas and Inkluzive, without fertilizers the protein content in their grain after the pre-sowing treatment of seeds with fungicide Vitavax 200 FF or with insecticide Cruiser 350 FS was significantly lower (by 0.40% and 0.8%, respectively) than the control value (12.46%). When fungicides Vincit Forte, Insure Perform, Lamardor 400, Lamardor Pro, Scenic, Maxim Star, Supervin, Ultrasil Duo, bacterial agent Trichodermin, insecticide Taboo, or insecticides-fungicides was used for seed dressing, the protein content was not different from the control. In the fertilization (N30P30K30) experiments, the protein content in grain significantly increased when Scenic (by 0.84%), Lamardor Pro (by 0.88%), Trichodermin (by 0.94%), or Vitavax 200 FF (by 0.91%) was used. After the pre-sowing treatment of seeds with Record Quadro, Maxim Star, Vincit Forte, Supervin, Insure Perform, Taboo, or with Vibrance Integral, the protein content in grain was almost at the control level. In no fertilizer experiments, the protein output from 1 hectare in the control was 0.36 tons; after the pre-sowing seed dressing, it ranged from 0.30 tons (Vitavax 200 FF) to 0.39 tons (Taboo). In the fertilization experiments combined with pre-sowing seed dressing, the protein output from 1 hectare ranged from 0.56 tons (Vincit Forte, Insure Perform, Lamardor 400, Trichodermin) to 0.63 tons (Cruiser 350 FS) vs. 0.55 tons in the control.
 The fertilization caused a decrease in the starch content in grain. In the experiments with pre-sowing seed dressing combined with fertilization, the starch content in grain was lower than the control value.
 As to the grain cultivars, Vzirets and Ahrarii, after dressing without fertilizers the protein content in grain was within 9.77% (Vincit Forte) − 10.98% (Vitavax 200 FF) vs. 10.48% in control; after dressing combined with fertilization, it was − at the control level. When Insure Perform was applied for pre-sowing seed dressing without fertilizers, the protein content in grain was 9.70%, which was significantly lower than in the control. The protein output from 1 hectare without fertilizers was 0.40 tons in the control; after pre-sowing seed dressing, it was within 0.36 tons (Vincit Forte, Insure Perform, Lamardor 400, Scenic) − 0.45 tons (Junta Quadro). In the fertilization experiments combined with pre-sowing seed dressing, the protein output from 1 hectare was in the range of 0.59 tons (Lamardor Pro) − 0.73 tons (Junta Quadro) vs. 0.65 tons in the control.
 The content of starch in the grain cultivars was 62.83% in the control without fertilizers. This figure was significantly lower in the experiments with pre-sowing treatment of seeds with Vitavax 200 FF (by 1.25%), Cruiser 350 FS (by 1.37%), or with Lamardor 400 (by 1.41%). In the fertilization experiments, a significant decrease in the starch content in comparison with the control (61.93%) was observed when Scenic (-1.51%) was used for dressing.
 Conclusions. The effects of agents (fungicides, insecticides, insecticides-fungicides and bacterial agent Trichodermin) on the contents of protein and starch in spring barley grain were shown to be ambiguous.

The Effect of the Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria and Companion Red Clover on the Total Protein Content and Yield of the Grain of Spring Barley Grown in a System of Organic Agriculture

Field research was conducted in Poland from 2019–2021 to determine the effect of the bacteria Azospirillumlipoferum Br17 and Azotobacter chroococcum, as well as companion red clover on the total protein content and yield in the grain of spring barley cultivated in a system of organic agriculture. Two factors were examined in the field experiment: I. bacterial formulations: 1—control, 2—nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Azospirillumlipoferum Br17, Azotobacter chroococcum), 3—nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Azospirillumlipoferum Br17, Azotobacter chroococcum) + phosphorus-releasing bacteria (Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum, Arthrobacter agilis), and 4—nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Azotobacter chroococcum) + plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Pseudomonas fluorescens); II. companion crop: control without a companion crop, red clover, and red clover + Italian ryegrass. In spring barley grain, the total protein content was determined and the total protein yield was calculated. The obtained study results demonstrated that the growing season conditions significantly affected the total protein content and yield in the spring barley grain. The highest total protein content was recorded in the grain of spring barley following an application of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Azotobacter chroococcum) combined with PGPR (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens) and grown with companion red clover.

Application of photometry for diagnostics of nitrogen nutrition in spring barley

The article discusses a method for diagnosing nitrogen nutrition of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in different phases of the growing season using a photometric device (N-tester) Yara. The studies were carried out in the conditions of the Moscow region (Russia) on the Mikhailovsky spring barley variety on sod-podzolic medium loamy soils with a high and medium content of phosphorus and potassium and a low content of humus (1.9). The agrometeorological conditions of the growing season of spring barley were characterized by sharp fluctuations in air temperature and the amount of precipitation over decades of the month and in comparison with average long-term observations. Abundant and prolonged precipitation during the grain ripening phase led to lodging in most of the experiments, which affected the yield. To diagnose crops, a model experiment was laid with the introduction of increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizers into pre-sowing cultivation with a step of 30, at which the dose of nitrogen ranged from 30 to 150 kg/ha. Diagnostics was carried out in three phases of vegetation: tube emergence ((Z42), earing (Z55), milk ripeness of grain (Z73) with the Yara N-tester and with the help of stem diagnostics according to the modified method of V. Zerling. The results of photometric diagnostics in the stemming phase (Z42) have a strong correlation with the yield of spring barley grain and with the results of stem diagnostics (R = 0.85). Wherein, the N-tester readings in the earing phase (Z55) and milk ripeness of grain (Z73) with yield R = 0.23 and R = 0.17, respectively, have a weak correlation. This is possibly due to lodging of crops and a change in yield, not as a result of poor plant nutrition, but with difficult mechanized harvesting.

Accumulation of heavy metals in the grain of spring barley (Hordeum sativum) as affected by varietal characteristics and duration of storage

Purpose. Determine the content of heavy metals in the grain of spring barley varieties of different application as affected by the duration of storage.
 Methods. In the years 2018–2020, 11 spring barley varieties of different applications were studied: grain ‘Stalker’, ‘Vodohrai’, ‘Vzirets’, ‘Ahrarii’, ‘Shchedryk’; universal ‘Enei’; malting ‘Kozak’, ‘Dokuchaievskyi 15’, ‘Etyket’, ‘Helios’, ‘Sviatohor’. The content of chemical elements in the grain (cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, copper, zinc) was determined in the dynamics: immediately after harvest, after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days.
 Results. In the studied varieties of spring barley, the lead (Pb) content in the grain varied immediately after threshing and after 7 days ranged from 1.01 to 1.12 mg/kg. Reduction of the studied element after 14 days was observed in all varieties. In particular, the lead content was 1.03 mg/kg in ‘Shchedryk’, 1.01 mg/kg in ‘Stalker’, 1.00 mg/kg in ‘Vzirets’, 0,78 mg/kg (the lowest) in ‘Vodohrai’, and 1.12 mg/kg (the highest) in ‘Ahrarii’. Studies have shown that the most sensitive to cadmium (Cd) grain variety of spring barley was ‘Vzirets’ with the content of 0.09 mg/kg immediately after threshing and on the 7th day of storage; on the 14th, 21st and 28th days, the content was 0.08 mg/kg. The content of cadmium in malting barley grain immediately after threshing and after 7 days was 0.08 mg/kg in ‘Sviatohor’, and 0.09 mg/kg in all other varieties. On the 14th day, the accumulation remained unchanged in varieties ‘Dokuchaievskyi 15’, ‘Etyket’, ‘Helios’, ‘Sviatohor’; insignificant decrease was noted in ‘Kozak’ (0.07 mg/kg). After the storage for 21 and 28 days, the cadmium content was 0.07 mg/kg in ‘Sviatohor’ and ‘Kozak’, and 0.08 mg/kg in all others.
 Conclusions. The lowest cadmium content was determined in variety ‘Shchedryk’. Immediately after threshing and after 7 days of storage it was 0.05 mg/kg, and on the 14th, 21st and 28th days it decreased to 0.03 mg/kg. Immediately after threshing and after 7 days, the mercury content of the varieties varied from 0.07 to 0.03 mg/kg. After 14, 21 and 28 days, the following values were determined: in ‘Vodohrai’ 0.06 mg/kg, in ‘Stalker’ and ‘Vzirets’ 0.05 mg/kg, in ‘Ahrarii’ 0.04 mg/kg, ‘Shchedryk’ 0.3 mg/kg. Depending on the varietal characteristics and duration of storage, the highest content (14.05 mg/kg) was determined in ‘Ahrarii’, and the lowest (12.55 mg/kg) in ‘Shchedryk’. The study of the ‘Enei’ variety of spring barley of universal application allows us to note that the accumulation of heavy metals, as affected by the duration of storage, did not differ significantly from the grain varities.

Agrochemical indicators of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil under the influence of fertilizer mixtures with sewage sludge

The paper presents the data of a three–year field experience on the study of the effect of the combined introduction of sewage sludge (WWS) and additional organic substrates (sawdust, peat, straw) in different ratios (1: 1, 1: 2, 1: 3) on the content of basic nutrients sod–podzolic sandy loam soil and the yield of field crops in the crop rotation link: vetch–oat mixture – winter rye – spring barley. For comparative characteristics, the experiment included a variant with ready–made compost based on WWS. The content of the main nutrients in the plow horizon of the soil was in direct proportion to the share of WWS in the composition of the mixture. The most effective influence on the studied parameters was provided by the introduction of WWS with peat in a 1:1 ratio. For 3 years, the content of mineral nitrogen exceeded the effect of compost by 12.5–32.6%, mobile phosphorus – by 7.0–32.9%, exchangeable potassium – by 15.6–18.5%. With the introduction of WWS and peat (1: 1), there was a significant increase in the yield of field crops relative to the option with ready–made compost: vetch–oat mixture – by 37.5%, winter rye – by 9.2%, spring barley – by 10.0%. Other types of fertilizer mixtures with the participation of WWS also had a positive effect on the agrochemical characteristics of the soil and yield in comparison with the control. In the year of direct action, the biomass increase was 30.9–74.5% (vetch–oat mixture), in the first year of aftereffect – 21.5–53.4% (winter rye), in the second year of aftereffect – 56.4–94.8. The studied dose of WWS of 30 t / ha did not cause excessive accumulation of toxic elements in the grain of winter rye and spring barley.

History of organic development and implementation Agricultural production

Leaders of the agro-industrial complex of various forms of economic ownership must remember that the Earth is the main bioresource of mankind. Industrial, biological (organic) and ecological systems of agriculture are now introduced. The first in this list is used for 90 % of arable land. As the agricultural sector cannot immediately abandon the industrial system of agriculture, softened options for its biological direction must be developed.The information on development and introduction of systems of organic production in agro-industrial production which was formed in the world and in Ukraine during the last decades is generalized. The dependence of the distribution of organic production on the development of productive forces and production relations is revealed.The organization of ecologically balanced crop rotations with optimal saturation, ratio and location of crops should be soil-ecological approach, which combines all biological factors of agriculture and aims to ensure the rational use of land resources, soil protection and the environment.The structure of short-rotation crop rotations with 100 % saturation with grain crops (winter-wheat peas-corn for spring-barley grain) with the use of organic fertilization systems in conditions of unstable moisture of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe was developed, and the study of 3 fundamentally new models was developed and started. crop rotations with saturation of cereals, cereals and legumes (soybean-spring wheat-buckwheat; soybean-spring-wheat millet), which under different fertilizer systems (by-products of predecessors, green manures, biofertilizers and their complexes) will provide a sufficiently high yield of ecological high quality grains will contribute to the gradual growth of natural fertility of chernozems of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.The studied short-rotation crop rotations in the conditions of climate change will ensure the yield of high-quality ecological grain at the level of 3.5-4.5 t/ha of crop rotation area.

Influence of the agro zerebra growth regulator on yield and quality of spring barley grain

The results of experiments on studying the effect of the growth regulator Zerebra Agro on the grain yield of spring barley, the chemical composition of plants, the quality of the grain and the amino acid composition of the protein when cultivated according to different predecessors on meadow-chernozem soil in the conditions of the Omsk region are presented. Field studies were carried out in 2014-2016. on the fields of the educational and experimental farm of the Omsk State Agrarian University, and laboratory at the Department of Agrochemistry and Soil Science of Omsk State Agrarian University. Vvariety of spring barley – Gift of Siberia. Predecessors – steam and wheat, agricultural technics – common for the zone The use of the growth regulator Zerebra Agro at a dose of 150 ml/ha made it possible to form an increase in the yield of barley grain when cultivating barley after wheat in steam – 0,27 t/ha and 0,31 t/ha when cultivated with the second crop after steam (in the control variant, the yield was for a pair of 2.82 t/ha, for wheat 1.72 t/ha). The applied growth regulator had a positive effect on the grain quality of spring barley.

The quality of spring wheat and barley grain under the influence of protective-stimulating preparations in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Trans-Urals

The purpose of the research is to study the effect of the fungicide Lamador and the humic preparation Rostok on the quality of spring wheat and spring barley in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe of the Tyumen region. According to the yield, we found that pre-sowing seeds treatment with Lamador protectant and joint treatment with Rostock contributed to an increase in yield by 0.70 t/ha of spring wheat and 0.15 t/ha of spring barley, in the option with the pre-sowing seeds treatment with Lamador protectant and Rostock preparation by 0.90 t/ha and 0.10 t/ha. The highest yield of spring wheat was noted in the third option – 4.10 t/ha, of spring barley in the second option – 3.52 t/ha. An increase in the thousand kernel weight was noted in the crops under study. The highest thousand kernel weight was observed for spring wheat and spring barley in the third option – 30.2 g and 54.3 g, respectively. The maximum protein content in the spring wheat grain was noted in the third option –13.3%, which is higher than the control option by 1.3%, for spring barley we also noted protein increase by 0.4-0.5%. Thus, the experimental application of the fungicide Lamador together with the preparation Rostok for wheat seeds treatment demonstrated a positive effect of the protectants on plants in the agro-climatic conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Tyumen region and contributed to an increase in crop yield by 28% for spring wheat and 4% for spring barley, which proved the need for their use in the plant protection system, to increase the productivity and quality of the grain obtained.

How Mineral Fertilization and Soil-Climate Conditions Affect Spring Barley Grain Yield and Soil Chemical Properties

Barley is one of the most important cereals growing in the Czech Republic. In this paper, we have evaluated how different fertilizer treatments (Control, N1—30 kg ha−1 N, N2—60 kg ha−1 N, NPK1—30, 60, 80 kg ha−1, respectively, NPK2—60, 60, 80, and NPK3—90, 60, 80) affected spring barley grain yield under different soil-climate conditions (Caslav-degraded Chernozem, Ivanovice-Chernozem, Lukavec-Cambisol) between the years 2013 and 2016. The agronomic efficiency (AE) and the effect of the fertilizer treatments (Control, N2, NPK2) on soil properties (pH, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cox, Nt) were also evaluated. The spring barley grain yield was significantly affected by the fertilizer treatment and soil-climate conditions. Two different models (quadratic and linear-plateau) provided the maximum and reasonable doses of N, according to the soil-climate conditions. Application of mineral P and K slightly increased the AE. The regular application of mineral P and K fertilizers led to an increase in the P and K concentration in the soil, which maintains soil fertility and prevents soil depletion.

Винесення основних елементів живлення з ґрунту культурами польової сівозміни за різного удобрення

The effect of application of different doses and combinations of mineral fertilizers in field crop rotation on the content of basic nutrients in plants, economic and relative removal of winter wheat, corn, spring barley and soybeans was studied. Soil - Luvic Chernic Phaeozem. The scheme of the experiment includes 11 variants of combinations and separate application of mineral fertilizers and, including the variant without fertilizer. It was found that the level of nitrogen content of easily hydrolyzed compounds in the soil significantly affects its content in the grain of spring barley, corn, soybeans (R2 = 0,92–0,93), less - winter wheat (R2 = 0,63). The content of mobile phosphates in the soil has almost the same effect on its content in the main and non-commodity part of the crop, regardless of the crop (R2 = 0,39–0,70). The smallest relationship between the content of mobile compounds in the soil and in the crop was in potassium, but in soybean seeds and straw of spring barley and soybeans it was clearly traced (R2 = 0,53–0,68). Nitrogen (64,4–149,9 kg / ha) has the largest share in the economic extraction of nutrients with grain and seed yield, followed by phosphorus – 21,1–51,4 kg P2O5/ ha, depending on the crop. On the formation of the crop unit of marketable and the corresponding amount of non-marketable crop products absorb nutrients in the following ratio N : P2O5 : K2O: winter wheat – 1 : 0,4: 0,7; corn – 1 : 0,3 : 0,8; spring barley – 1 : 0,4 : 0,7 and soy – 1 : 0,4 : 0,4. With the non-commodity part of the crop, nitrogen with corn stalks returns to the soil from economic removal – 28–36 %, phosphorus with soybean straw (47–54 %) and potassium with winter wheat straw and corn stalks – 74–80 %, depending on the experiment variant.

Formation of the quality of barley grain with modern technologies in the Volga region

The article presents studies in the six-field grain-fallow crop rotation (2011-2018) to determine the impact of various technologies on the quality of spring barley grain in the chernozem steppe of the Middle Volga region. During the years of research in 2011, 2014 and 2017, favorable conditions for the growth of cultural development were noted (SCC for May–July 0.64-1.33). In 2015 and 2018 – unfavorable (SCC 0.45-0.53), in the rest – conditions were close to normal. It is established that intensive technologies with minimal tillage, without reducing the yield of barley, in comparison with the traditional one, do not worsen the indicators of the nature and weight of 1000 seeds. The grain quality indicators were significantly influenced by the SCC of the growing season of the crop. Improving the moisture content of crops contributed to an increase in the nature of grain from 614.0-627.4 g / l to 641.2-655.6 g / l (2.4-6.5 %), the weight of 1000 seeds from 35.2-37.2 g to 42.1-44.2 g (14.2-23.0 %). The highest protein content was found in dry years – 12.2-13.8 %, which is 0.1-2.1% more than in wet years, while the combined use of intensification agents (fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides) on technologies with minimal tillage provided a greater degree of protein stabilization in different weather conditions in years. To increase the efficiency, yield and stabilization of grain quality at the level of the required indicators, a technology with minimal tillage, complex application of plant protection products against pests and weeds, and pre-sowing application of ammonium nitrate N30 is proposed.

ЯКІСТЬ ЗЕРНА ЯЧМЕНЮ ЯРОГО ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД ПІДЖИВЛЕННЯ РОСЛИН МІНЕРАЛЬНИМ АЗОТОМ

The influence of root feeding on the quality indicators of spring barley grain on podzolized chernozem of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine has been investigated. It has been established that the use of root feeding of spring barley plants with mineral nitrogen simultaneously with an increase in grain yield also contributes to an increase in the quality of feed. At the same time, the crude protein and the amount of sugars increase, and the amount of fiber in the grain decreases. The amount of crude protein in spring barley grain on average for 2018–2020 varied depending on the dose of nitrogen when carrying out root fertilization with nitrogen. In the control without fertilizers, it was 12.9 %, when root feeding of plants with nitrogen at a dose of 20 kg/ha – 13.2 %; 30 kg/ha – 14.5 %; 60 kg/ha – 15.8 %; 90 kg/ha – 15.9 %. At the same time, it is observed that the crude protein in barley grain increases with an increase in the nitrogen dose to 60 kg/ha, and a further increase in the nitrogen dose is not accompanied by an increase in crude protein in barley grain. Simultaneously with an increase in the content of crude protein in the grain of barley, the percentage of fiber in the grain decreases during the root feeding of plants with mineral nitrogen. The percentage of mineral salts in barley grain during root feeding with nitrogen remained at the control level. The amount of sugars increases when using root feeding of spring barley plants with mineral nitrogen. If in the control the sum of sugars was at the level of 5.20 % for the air dry matter of barley grain, then in the variants of root feeding with nitrogen it reached the level of 5.31 ... 5.56 percent. Consequently, an increase in the level of crude protein in barley grain during root feeding with nitrogen was not accompanied by a deterioration in the sugar-protein ratio in feed. This is very important for increasing livestock productivity. The studied method of root feeding of barley plants with mineral nitrogen promoted an increase in protein in barley grain. On the control, 358.9 kg of protein was obtained from 1 hectare of spring barley crops, 533.2 kg of protein per 1 hectare was collected on the root application with nitrogen 60 kg/ha, and 568.5 kg of protein was collected on the version of root feeding with nitrogen 90 kg/ha. per hectare.

Influence of fertiliser systems with elements of biologisation and cultivation on the yield, economic and energy efficiency of spring barley

The influence of the use of fertiliser systems with elements of biologisation and tillage on the yield, economic and energy efficiency of spring barley is investigated. The purpose of the study is to identify the impact of the implemented tillage systems with elements of minimisation and fertiliser with elements of biologisation on the productivity and economic indicators of spring barley. It is established that in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, the aftereffect of applying high rates of organic and mineral fertilisers on typical chernozem has a positive effect on the yield of spring barley, increasing it, in comparison with the control, by 0.55-1.10 t/ha for ploughing, by 0.65-1.35 t/ha for deep chisel cultivation and by 0.55-1.30 t/ha for shallow. It was identified that the highest yield of the crop (3.85 t/ha) was obtained against the background of shallow flat tillage and the aftereffect of organo-mineral fertiliser using manure. The use of fertilisers contributed to an increase in the protein content of spring barley grain. The influence of tillage systems on the content of barley protein was reliably observed only in the fertiliser variant with the introduction of straw, green manure, and mineral fertilisers. The use of shallow chisel tillage against the background of organo-mineral fertiliser provides a reduction in the prime cost of production by UAH 142.9/tonne, an increase in conditional net profit by UAH 886/ha, and a 21.2% reduction in energy costs compared to ploughing

Corn productivity for grain in the short-rotary cultivation of the left bank forest-steppe depending on the fertilizer system

The study was conducted in the subzone of unstable humidification of the Forest-Steppe on chernozem typical low-humus Panfil research station NSC «Institute of Agriculture NAAS».The study was conducted in the subzone of unstable humidification of the Forest-Steppe on chernozem typical low-humus Panfil research station NSC «Institute of Agriculture NAAS».The aim of the research is to establish the influence of the structure, set and placement of field crops in a 4-field crop rotation for 100 % grain saturation on the overall productivity, yield and quality of corn grain in particular.The technology of growing crops in the experiment is generally accepted and recommended for the research area.Varieties and hybrids of agricultural crops entered into the State Register were sown in the experiment. Chemical plant protection products were used for the production of competitive commodity products of cereals.The results of studies conducted in a long-term stationary field experiment, established in 2001, to study crop rotations on typical chernozems of unstable moisture of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe, convincingly show that for highly specialized farms the most rational in this area are 4-field crop rotations. saturation with grain crops (winter wheat peas-corn for spring barley grain) using various fertilizer systems (without fertilizers), mineral (with the introduction of N60P60K60), organo-mineral (NPK + by-products of the predecessor), organic fertilizer systems (by-products of the predecessor)). The grain yield of corn depended on the fertilizer system and was in the range of 5.86–8.30 t/ha. Productivity of crop rotation area for harvesting from 1 ha of arable land with corn for grain in 4-field crop rotation was: grain – 4.54–6.29 tons, fodder units –7.48–10.47 tons; digestible protein – 0.60–0.84 tons. The economic efficiency of growing corn for grain in short-rotation crop rotation, depending on the fertilizer system, is: relatively net profit – 16.04–21.34 thousand UAH/ha, the level of profitability –112 –180 %.

Change of the productive soil moisture amount under different agrophytocenoses in accordance with the used tillage system in short-term crop rotation

The influence of four basic tillage systems and four fertilizer systems on changes in productive soil moisture and water consumption by agrophytocenoses was studied within years 2017–2020 in the fve-feld crop rotation on typical black soil (chernozems) of the Bila Tserkva NAU experimental feld. It is established that the productive moisture reserves in a meter layer of soil in the phase of soybean germination are almost the same for moldboard, differentiated, disk and shallow types of tillage, but quite lower for chisel one; in the phases of the budding beginning and maturity of grain this indicator is the lowest for moldboard tillage, and the highest for moldboardless tillage. In the phase of winter wheat germination, as well as earing and full ripeness of grain, this rate is almost at the same level for moldboard, differentiated and shallow tillage, and for chisel one – 9–12 % higher compared to the reference level; in the phase of spring vegetation restoration no noticeable difference between tillage options was recorded. In the phase of sunflower seedlings there was the largest amount of the productive moisture in a meter layer of soil in the conditions of moldboardless plowing; the rest of tillage have shown almost the same amount of productive moisture; in the phase of the flowering beginning and full maturity of seeds, they are 3–5 % higher for moldboardless plowing, and 2–3 and 4–6 % lower for differentiated and disk tillage respectively than the reference one. In the phases of tube yielding, earing and full ripeness of spring barley grain, it is 11, 5 and 4 % higher compared to the reference rate for moldboardless plowing, differentiated and disk tillage respectively. For moldboard, chisel, differentiated tillage and shallow tillage, the water consumption coefcient of soybeans was 109, 120, 113 and 131 mm/t respectively. With moldboardless, differentiated and disc tillage, it is 11,5 and 4 % higher in winter wheat, respectively, than the reference level. Crop rotation productivity for moldboard and differentiated tillage at the same level, and for moldboardless and disk – signifcantly lower. Key words: crop rotation, crop, tillage, fertilizers, productive moisture, water consumption coefcient, total water consumption, productivity.

The change of productivity and quality of spring barley grain with the improvement of the varieties’ adaptability

The purpose of the current study was to determine the correlation between adaptability parameters of the spring barley varieties and grain productivity and the main indicators of its quality. The study was conducted from 2011 to 2019 in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia. The protein percentage in grain, raw oil, starch and husk content of grain were determined according to the Pleshkov and Berkutova methods. The mathematical processing was carried out according to the methodology of Dospekhov, Eberhard and Russell. According to the trial, low productivity of spring barley was recorded in 2012, 2013 and 2016 (2.36–2.92 t/ha) with low values of the index of environmental conditions (-1.32; -1.88). Higher productivity was recorded in 2011, 2015, 2018 and 2019 (5.26-5.89 t/ha), with high values of the index of environmental conditions (1.02–1.65). The productivity of the standard variety ‘Omskiy 95’ varied from 2.11 t/ha (in 2016) to 5.91 t/ha (in 2015). The varieties ‘Sibirskiy Avangard’, ‘Sasha’, ‘Omskiy 100’ exceeded the standard variety (+0.47; +1.97 t/ha to standard). An increased content of raw oil in grain was recorded in the varieties ‘Omskiy 9’1 and ‘Sasha’ (0.4-0.6% to standard). The varieties ‘Omskiy 91’, ‘Sibirskiy Avangard’, ‘Omskiy 90’, ‘Omskiy 96’ and ‘Omskiy 100’ were characterized by a reduced husk content of grain (-0.7; -1.4% to standard). The barley varieties ‘Sibirskiy Avangard’ and ‘Sasha’ (bi > 1; σ2 d < 1) were highly responsive and stable to improving environmental conditions. The improvement of adaptability (bi) of barley varieties did not have a significant effect on grain productivity and quality (r = 0.109±0.020 and 0.232±0.035). The stability (σ2 d) of the varieties was characterized by an average direct correlation with starch content in grain (r = 0.429±0.120), a strong direct correlation with oil content in grain (r = 0.656±0.105). There was identified an average inverse correlation between stability (σ2 d) and protein and husk content in grain (r = -0.399±0.060 and -0.447±0.055). There was a weak correlation with productivity (r = -0.204±0.040).

The new early maturing spring barley variety ‘Fedos’

In recent years, the spring-summer period of the Rostov region is characterized with a lack of moisture supply in the initial period of plant growing and formation of generative organs, as well as in the filling period of spring barley grain. The highest productivity under these conditions, according to the study of previous years, has been formed by the middle-early and early-maturing varieties. The breeding work for the development of early-maturing spring barley varieties has been going on for many decades in the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The purpose of the current study was to develop a new highly productive early-maturing spring barley variety, adapted to the arid soil and climatic conditions of the south of Russia. The current paper has presented characteristics of the new early-maturing spring barley variety ‘Fedos’, adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the arid Russian regions and resistant to negative environmental stress factors. The new variety was characterized by high yields (+0.4 t/ha to the standard one), large kernel (1000 kernel weight was more than 47 g), fairly high protein percentage in grain (+1.3% to the standard one). In comparison with the standard variety, the new variety has formed higher yields due to the increased number of productive stems per 1 m2 (on 12 pcs. more) and kernel weight per head (+0.2 g). In addition, the variety ‘Fedos’ produced large, well-filled kernel even in severely arid years (+5.6 g to the standard one). The new variety is more resistant to major leaf diseases than the standard one.

Change of Plant Nutrients in Soil and Spring Barley Depending on the Field Pea Management as a Catch Crop

Catch crop cultivation for green manure is considered to be a sustainable agricultural strategy whose main goal is to mitigate the negative effects of inappropriate plant sequent by increasing the soil biological activity, improving the nutrient content and reducing their loss from soil. Additionally, correct catch crop management is expected to improve the yield of consequent crops as well as their quality parameters. The effects of field pea when used as a catch crop, either incorporated in autumn or mulched and incorporated in spring vs. a control—without a catch crop on the soil chemical properties (total N, organic C, available forms of K and P) and the composition of spring barley grain and straw (total N, P, K, Ca) were studied for three years (2009 to 2011) in two-field, one-factor experiments, which were conducted on two different soil types (Luvisol and Phaeozem). The catch crop had no effect regarding the soil pH, soil organic C or total N content. In turn, applying a catch crop significantly affected the concentration of the available K (in both soils) and available P content (Phaeozem). The effect of a catch crop on the nutrients in the grain and straw of spring barley was associated with the soil type. In Luvisol, a catch crop, independent of its management, increased the total N and P in the grain and straw of spring barley. In Phaeozem, a catch crop that was incorporated in the autumn significantly increased the K content in grain.

PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY INDICATORS OF GRAIN BARLEY DEPENDING ON VARIETY FEATURES AND LEVEL OF MINERAL NUTRITION

The article presents experimental data on the yield of various varieties of grain of spring barley, depending on the use of mineral fertilizers and their influence on the accumulation of mineral nutrition in barley plants and some economic valuable traits. The studies were carried out on ordinary black soil in the conditions of the central black earth. The influence of fertilizers on the content of nutrients in plants, yield and quality of grain on various varieties of spring barley is considered. It has been established that with an increase in the level of fertilization and the direct application of mineral fertilizers for barley, a significant increase in the yield and quality of barley grain is observed. The varietal characteristics of barley in response to the conditions of mineral nutrition are noted.