Spring Barley Grain Research Articles

Значение предшественников и минерального питания в формировании урожайности и качества ярового ячменя в Пермском крае

Abstract. The purpose is to evaluate the influence of previous culture and mineral nutrition on the yield and quality of grain and seeds of spring barley in the conditions of the Middle Urals. Methods. The research was conducted at the Perm Agricultural Research Institute (a branch of the Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) over the period 2021–2023 on sod-podzolic heavy loam soil. A two-factor field experiment with different previous culture and mineral nutrition backgrounds was carried out. Data were processed using B. A. Dospekhov’s methods, and grain quality was determined using standard techniques. Results. The limiting factor affecting plant growth and productivity is soil moisture, which influences both the size and quality of crops. Studies have shown that the soil under vetch-oat mixtures had the highest level of productive moisture at the start of the growing season. However, by the end of the season, the highest level was found under clover. During the research period, the most significant decrease in soil moisture was observed after barley, possibly due to the smaller surface area covered by this crop. The study of barley seed germination showed that they met the required standards. Seeds grown after vetch-oat had the best germination rate (95 %), while those preceding barley had the worst (92 %). This suggests that choosing the right precursor and providing optimal nutrition can lead to increased yield and improved grain quality. The yield of barley can vary widely, ranging from 1.06 to 3.77 tons per hectare. The study results show that using vetch-oat as a precursor can provide the best indicators for barley yield and quality. The optimal combination of precursor and mineral nutrient background can significantly improve the efficiency of barley production in agriculture. Scientific novelty: The complex effect of fertilizers and precursor substances on the formation of barley productivity and quality is being studied in the Perm region for the first time. The methods of barley management and quality control studied allow for obtaining highly productive seeds and achieving the planned yield.

ВАЛИДАЦИЯ МЕТОДИКИ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ СВОБОДНЫХ И СВЯЗАННЫХ ПОЛИФЕНОЛОВ В РАСТЕНИЯХ ЯЧМЕНЯ МЕТОДОМ СПЕКТРОФОТОМЕТРИИ

The article represents the results of a research of the total content and content of free polyphenols in the grain and straw of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The content of polyphenols was determined by measuring the optical density of solutions containing blue-colored compounds formed between polyphenols of raw plant and molybdenum complexes of the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The suitability of the method was confirmed by two characteristics: linearity and repeatability. The study found that the total content and content of free polyphenols in barley straw is higher (21.9±0.6 and 4.78±0.09 mg/g) than in grain (8.7±0.6 and 2.49±0.13 mg/g). The research revealed that the method for determining polyphenols is valid and allows to determine the content of polyphenols in barley plants.

Yield and quality of spring barley grain depending on the influence of precursors and mineral fertilizers under the conditions of the Central Black Earth region

The barley crop (Hordeum sativum L.) for the Central Black Earth region of Russia is a promising area for producers of all types of ownership. Barley is a valuable universal crop rich in complete protein and starch. In Russia, up to 70 % of barley is used for feed purposes. The feed value of barley is higher than that of wheat and corn, since it has a more balanced amino acid composition of protein, especially lysine. The protein complex of barley contains more than 20 amino acids, 5 of which are essential. The purpose of the research was to investigate the yield and quality of spring barley grain depending on the eff ect of predecessors and mineral fertilizers under the conditions of the Central Black Earth region. The object of the study was the spring barley variety Knyazhich. The following predecessors were studied such as grain corn, sunfl ower, sugar beet and soybeans. The fertilizer application rates were such as N10P10K10, N30P30K30, N50P50K50 and N70P70K70. It was found that the highest yield of spring barley was obtained with sugar beet as a predecessor. Thus, with a low background of mineral nutrition N10P10K10 it was 3.84 t/ha, with an average N30P30K30 it was 4.87 t/ha, with a high N50P50K50 it was 5.48 t/ha and with an intensive N70P70K70 it was 5.33 t/ha. Thus, the analysis of the eff ectiveness of the studied predecessors and the application of mineral fertilizers under spring barley indicate that for the predecessors sugar beet and soybeans, mineral fertilizers in the dose of N50P50K50, the highest profi t of 30343.5 and 25747.1 rubles/ha and a high bioenergy coeffi cients of 4.84 and 4.51 were obtained.

Enhancing Spring Barley Grain Yield with Local Biofertilizers in the Semi-Arid Steppe Zone of Northern Kazakhstan

Enhancing Spring Barley Grain Yield with Local Biofertilizers in the Semi-Arid Steppe Zone of Northern Kazakhstan

Influence of preparations on photosynthetic activity of brewing barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants and quality indicators of grain

Plant growth regulators and microfertilizers stimulate the accumulation of chlorophyll by plants, increase the photosynthetic activity of chloroplasts and the net productivity of photosynthesis, and contribute to increasing the resistance of crops to diseases and adverse environmental factors. The aim of the work was to study the effect of preparations on the photosynthetic activity the plants of spring barley varieties in order to achieve the proper quality of the grown products. In the research, barley plants of the spring brewing direction of the varieties Sebastian (Seyet Planteforedling I/S, Denmark) and Salomi (SAATEN Union, France) were used, which were treated with plant growth stimulator Vimpel 2, complex microfertilizer ORACUL multicomplex, a mixture of Vimpel 2 + ORACUL multi-complex and control area — water treatment. The article presents the results that show that the content of the sum of chlorophylls a and b in spring barley leaves under the influence of preparations Vimpel 2 and ORACUL multicomplex plays a major role in increasing the productivity of the crop. Accumulation of protein and starch in spring barley grains is one of the most important indicators for growing varieties of brewing value. In all variants of the study, the accumulation of protein in the grain turned out to be within acceptable limits for malting barley (8.75–10.02%), only in the control variant it remained too low. The use of preparations Vimpel 2 and ORACUL multicomplex in a mixture contributes to the accumulation of starch in spring barley grains of both studied varieties. At the same time, treatment with only growth promoter or only micro-fertilizer stimulates the accumulation of starch in the grain compared to the control, but remains at a low level for the brewing industry. The most active growth of the assimilation surface of spring barley plants in all phases of growth was observed after treatment with Vimpel 2 mixture in combination with ORACUL multicomplex. The conducted studies established a significant influence of microfertilizers and growth stimulants on the photosynthetic potential of spring barley crops. During the entire vegetation period of spring barley, the highest photosynthetic potential of crops (FPP) — 859.2 m2/ha×day was determined in the Sebastian variety with the addition of microfertilizer and growth stimulator. The high-quality work of the leaf apparatus of plants is determined by the net productivity of photosynthesis (NPP). The highest PPF index was observed on the Sebastian variety in the variant treated with a mixture of microfertilizer and growth stimulator, which is 27% higher than in the control variant. Therefore, spring barley grain of the required quality can be obtained only under the conditions of optimal combination of the use of preparations of different spectrum of action.

STRUCTURAL-AGGREGATE COMPOSITION AND SOIL WATER RESISTANCE BASED ON TILLAGE REGIMES IN SOUTHEAST KAZAKHSTAN

The promotion and rational development of drylands employed two tillage regimes (plowing to 20–22 cm and no-till) during the spring wheat and barley cultivation in Southeast Kazakhstan. The results established that the no-till scheme contributed to forming an excellent aggregate state of the arable soil layer for spring wheat and barley (65%–69%). The water-resistant aggregates were the highest with no-tillage (19.3%–21.8%), indicating the unsatisfactory water resistance of the soil structure. Enhancing the water-resistant aggregates requires using organic fertilizers to improve the establishment of perennial grasses, green manuring, and cover crops. No-till system inclined to boost the optimal soil density from a loose and slightly compact state of 1.19–1.23 g/cm3 to a dense 1.32–1.39 g/cm3. According to crop cultivar and tillage methods, the spring wheat and barley grain yield varied between 2.84 and 3.89 t/ha. High grain yield came from the spring barley cultivar Symbat. Spring showed promising performance when the plowing level was 20–22 cm and inferior only by 0.25 and 0.15 t/ha with no-till. Based on the two-factor analysis of variance, the cultivar contribution to the spring wheat and barley grain yield buildup depended on the shares of crop season of the research (year – environment) (40.9%–62.2%) and the tillage regimes (22.4%–32.2%). The grain yield formation was more dependent on the studied crops and their cultivars, and the dependence increased over the crop seasons due to weather conditions during the crop period.

ОЦЕНКА ВЛИЯНИЯ БИОПРЕПАРАТОВ НА ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ УРОЖАЯ ЯРОВОГО ЯЧМЕНЯ

The results of field researches on the experimental fields of the Agrobiotechnopark of KSAU conducted in 2020-2022 are given. The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of double treatment during the growing season with various biological preparations on the formation of the crop and the quality of spring barley grain. The objectives of the research included studying the nature of changes in the biometric parameters of plants, leaf surface area, yield and protein content in grain when using a biofungicide and biofertilizer. The variety of spring two-row barley Kamashevsky was the object of research. Biopreparations were studied - biofungicide Orgamica S (biological agent - Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) and biofertilizer Organit P (biological agent - Bacillus megaterium). The treatment was carried out twice during the growing season - in the tillering phase and in the earing phase with a working fluid flow rate of 200 l/ha. The preparations were used separately and as part of a tank mixture. The studies were carried out on a gray forest highly cultivated soil. The agro-climatic conditions of vegetation during the years of the study varied significantly. In 2021, soil-air drought was noted, and in 2020, and especially in 2022, the moisture conditions were favorable for the growth and development of spring barley plants. It has been established that the treatment of spring barley crops with biological preparations contributes to an increase in the length of the ear, stems and roots. This effect was especially significant when using a biofertilizer in the tillering phase, and a biofungicide during the heading of barley. The use of all treatment schemes with biological preparations showed an increase in the area of spring barley leaves and, at the same time, the development of root rots of the crop decreased by an average of 50%. The greatest increase in yield (by 0.56 t/ha), the maximum protein content in the grain and the best profitability indicators were obtained using a treatment scheme in which Organit biofertilizer was used during the tillering period, and Orgamica S biofungicide during the heading period. Especially significant positive effect from treatment with biological preparations was in the conditions of a well-moistened 2022, but even in the conditions of a drought in 2021, treatment with biological preparations showed high efficiency.

Estimation of productivity, protein percentage in grain and hoodness of spring barley varieties in the conditions of the middle Volga region

Taking into account the main purposes of barley use (food, feed, brewing), one of the main tasks is to develop highly productive and high-quality varieties with specified grain protein parameters that meet Russian and international standards for targeted use, since the requirements for protein percentage in grain are different. The purpose of the current study was to estimate the productivity and protein percentage in grain of spring barley varieties, to identify correlations between productivity, protein percentage and grain hoodness. There has been established that, depending on the weather conditions of the vegetation period, the yield decrease of spring barley grain from 3.96 t/ha to 1.56 t/ha during the years of study was due to a decrease in productive tillering, grain weight per head, and number of grains per head. According to the results of the correlation analysis, barley productivity did not depend on 1000-grain weight. On average, in 2018–2022, the largest productivity was formed by the barley varieties ‘Kholzan’ with 2.93 t/ha and ‘Sarych’ with 2.88 t/ha. There has been identified a group of such varieties with an increased amount of protein, regardless of the weather conditions of the vegetation period as ‘Lun’, ‘Prairiya’, ‘Bezenchuksky 2’, ‘Kholzan’, ‘Orlan’, with the maximum protein percentage of 14.5 % formed by the variety ‘Lun’. These spring barley varieties are suitable for food (cereals) and feed purposes. There has been established that the maximum percentage of protein substances was formed in very dry years (17.0 % by the variety ‘Lun’). There has been found a significant inverse correlation between grain productivity and protein content only in years with contrasting weather conditions, namely in the extremely dry 2021 (–0.65*) and in the favorable for plant growth and development 2022 (–0.60*). There was seen a similar situation between protein percentage and grain hoodness with –0.66* in 2021 and –0.73** in 2022. On average, over the years of study, there was no significant correlation between these indicators, which demonstrates the possibility of breeding highly productive spring barley varieties with protein percentage in grain at the level of existing standards.

Effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria and undersown crops on the total protein content of spring barley grain grown in organic agriculture

Effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria and undersown crops on the total protein content of spring barley grain grown in organic agriculture

Efficiency of technologies for the use of mineral fertilizers when cultivating spring barley in the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region

In the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region (Republic of Mordovia) there was carried out the research on studying the effect of various technologies for the use of mineral fertilizers, with and without taking into account the intra-soil variability of soil fertility indicators in crops of spring barley of the Zazersky 85 variety. The experiment was carried out in 2012 and 2018 in two fields of grain-row crop rotation on leached chernozem (humus in the 0-25 сm layer – 5.3-6.9 %, nitrate and ammonium nitrogen 6.1-16.8 mg/kg of soil, mobile phosphorus 83-182 mg/kg of soil and exchangeable potassium 90-196 mg/kg of soil). The scheme of the experiment: control (without fertilizers); average dose of fertilizers (N70P34K26 – in 2012, N72P36K25 – in 2018); differentiated dose (N53-80P24-43K17-34 in 2012 and N56-80P25-42K20-27 in 2018). Fertilizer doses are calculated for the planned barley yield of 3.0 t/ha. The experiment was based on the principle of a split plot, where plots of the 1st order were reserved for variants with fertilizers, and plots of the 2nd order (5 plots in each repetition) were used to determine the variability of intra-soil fertility and fertilizer application. On average, for two fields of crop rotation, the highest barley yield (3.14 t/ha) was obtained in the variant with differentiated use of fertilizers, which was significantly 72 % higher than the control and 13 % higher than the variant with average doses. The application of fertilizers taking into account the heterogeneity of nutrients in the soil provided the smallest range of variation in yield (0.8 t/ha) across the plots of the polygon with an insignificant level of variation coefficient (V = 9.8 %). The use of fertilizers in the cultivation of barley had a statistically significant effect on the increase in the weight of 1000 grains, plant height, productive tillering coefficient and ear length. Differentiated doses of fertilizers compared with the averaged doses led to a noticeable increase in the values of productive bushiness of plants (by 8.3 %) and spike length (by 3.9 %). The technology of applying mineral fertilizers, taking into account the intra-soil variability of soil fertility indicators, was distinguished by the highest level of profitability in the production of spring barley grain (47.6 %) compared to traditional (26.2 %) and fertilizer savings (by 7.5-8.5 %).

Technology of cultivation of elite seeds of spring barley in Lower Volga region of Russia

Spring barley is an important grain crop for food and fodder purposes. Providing quality seeds to grain producers will contribute to the stabilization of gross crop yields. Therefore, the cultivation of high-quality seed material is an urgent task for producers of spring barley grain. To determine the option for the effective use of pesticides and agrochemicals in the technological cycle for the production of spring barley seeds, a single-factor field experiment was laid using seeds from the selection of the Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences on a site in the steppe zone of chernozem soils in 2020-2022. Super-elite seeds were sown for seed purposes with a seeding rate of 3.5 million germinating seeds per hectare after the black fallow predecessor. All repetitions in the experiment were placed in one field, the repetition of variants in the experiment was three times, their placement was systematic, sequential, in blocks in one tier. The area of the experimental plot was 180 m2.The seeding depth is 5-7 cm, the sowing method is ordinary, with C3C-2.1 grain seeders, followed by rolling, when sowing seeds in all variants of the experiment, Nitroammophoska fertilizer 80 kg/ha was applied. In the second variant, preparations were used: a herbicide in the phase of the first 2-3 leaves to eliminate weeds, a fungicide - fungal diseases and a growth regulator to start the growth of spring barley and form productive shoots. In the third variant, during the formation of the reproductive organs of barley, the second foliar treatment with a growth regulator with microfertilizer was carried out. The highest seed yield of 3.8 t/ha was recorded in the third variant of the experiment. The protein in the seeds of the harvest was 15.3%, the weight of 1000 grains was 53.1 g. The achieved profitability of the production of barley seeds in the experiment reached 218.2%. The influence of agrochemicals and chemical plant protection products was 90.3% in the technology of production of spring barley seeds. The highest profitability of 218.4% was obtained in the third variant with the use of mineral fertilizers and foliar top dressing at the tillering and heading phases. The influence of agrochemicals and chemical plant protection products was 90.3%. The influence of varieties was 9.7% in the production technology of spring barley seeds in the region.

The Influence of the Gray Forest Soil Moisture Level on the Accumulation of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu in Spring Barley Grain

The Influence of the Gray Forest Soil Moisture Level on the Accumulation of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu in Spring Barley Grain

APPLICATION OF BIOHUMUS FOR REDUCING THE ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN THE SOIL AND SPRING BARLEY PLANTS IN THE DONETSK INDUSTRIAL REGION

The paper aimed to analyze the effect of the application of organic fertilizer biohumus on the content of heavy metals in the soil and spring barley plants in the Donetsk industrial region of Ukraine. Application of biohumus in the organomineral nutrition system led to decrease the content of mobile forms of copper, zinc, lead, cadmium by 17.1%, 23.4%, 22.6% and 23.1% respectively. The content of copper and zinc in the grain was almost at the control level, the accumulation level of lead and cadmium in the spring barley grain decreased by 1.6 and 1.4 times, respectively. The variant of the organo-mineral nutrition system with foliar treatment of plants with biostimulant regoplant allows to reduce the amount of traditional mineral fertilizers by up to 50% while maintaining the yield level, to reduce the coefficients of biological absorption of lead and cadmium by 1.4 times compared to the control. To reduce the risk of soil and grain contamination by heavy metals in industrial regions, it is advisable to use an organo-mineral fertilizer system.

Qualitative indicators of spring barley varieties (Hordeum vulgare L.) under different growing conditions

Purpose. To evaluate the quality indicators of spring barley seeds grown under different soil and climatic conditions. Methods. Laboratory, calculation and statistical methods were used during the research, analysis and synthesis methods were used to draw conclusions. Results. As a result of research, the dependence of spring barley quality indicators, namely: grain uniformity and protein content, on soil and climatic zones and growing conditions was revealed. Thus, grain uniformity ranged from 86.7% (high, Polissia) to 95.1% (very high, Forest Steppe) in the different test years. In 2021, thanks to favorable meteorological conditions during the growing season, its indicators increased by 4.3% in the Steppe, 4.6% in the Forest Steppe and almost 6.0% in Polissia compared to 2020. On average, the uniformity of grain grown in different bran­ches of UIPVE increased by 5.6%. The maximum values were obtained for the varieties ‘Avus’ – 93.9% (Steppe), ‘Novyi Svitanok’ – 94.5–96.6% (Polissia, Forest Steppe). Depending on the soil and climate zone and the year of the experiment, the protein content in the grain varied from 10.9 (low, Steppe) to 13.4% (medium, Forest Steppe). On ave­rage, this indicator decreased by 2.5% in 2021 compared to 2020, and only in the Polissia zone it increased by 2.6%. The highest protein content was found in the varieties ‘Istr’ – 13.5–13.9% (Steppe and Forest Steppe) and ‘Hercules’ – 13.4% (Polissia). The varieties ‘Amadei’, ‘Istr’ and ‘Novyi Svitanok’ combined both economic and valuable traits. Optimum air temperature and high grain uniformity cont­ribute to increasing the yield of spring barley. At the same time, during the formation of a high yield in the culture, the protein content in the grain decreases. Conclusions. It was revealed that, on average, in 2020–2021, the uniformity of spring barley grain was 92.3% (Steppe), 95.4% (Forest Steppe) and 93.2% (Polissia); the protein content in the grains was 11.8% (Steppe), 12.4% (Forest Steppe) and 11.6% (Polissia). The formation of quality indicators of spring barley seeds was influenced by the growing conditions in the relevant soil and climatic zone.

INFLUENCE OF SPRING BARLEY PLANT NUTRITION OPTIMIZATION ON YIELD FORMATION IN THE RIGHTBANK FORESTSTEPPE OF UKRAINE

This article presents the results of a study of the effect of complex fertilizers on the productivity of spring barley. As a result of the research, it was found that in the variants where three times of plant treatment with preparations were carried out in the most sensitive to nutrition phases of spring barley vegetation of the mid-season variety Modern, the maximum biometric parameters of plants were obtained. In the variants where spring barley plants were fertilized in the three phases of vegetation of tillering, emergence into the tube and at the beginning of earing with Humifriend potassium humate and Multicomplex StimOrganic, a significant increase in the number of productive stems by 265 pcs./m2 and 273 pcs./m2, respectively, was noted compared to the control. The use of the preparations stimulated plant growth and this had a positive effect on the formation of ears of spring barley, the length of which increased by 0,7 – 1,4 cm compared to the control. The highest number of grains in the ear was observed in the variants where three treatments with complex fertilizers were used, where this indicator increased by 2,6 – 3,7 pcs. compared to the control. Three times treatment of plants with preparations also contributed to an increase in grain weight per ear by 0,3 – 0,4 g compared to the control. For three times treatment of spring barley plants with Humifriend potassium humate, the weight of 1000 seeds increased by 2.4 g compared to the control, when using the preparation Multicomplex StimOrganic, this indicator increased by 3,8 g compared to the control, and when using Fulvigum, this indicator increased by 1,8 g compared to the control. An important indicator of productivity is the weight of the raw aboveground mass of plants, when calculating this indicator in the phase of earing, the highest values were obtained in the variants where preparations for fertilizing in two phases of vegetation were used, in particular when using Humifriend potassium humate, this indicator increased by 631 – 658 g/cm2 compared to the control, when using Multicomplex StimOrganic, this indicator increased by 728 – 735 g/cm2 compared to the control, and when using Fulvigum, this indicator increased by 435 – 436 g/cm2 compared to the control. The highest yield of spring barley grain was obtained in the variant where three treatments of plants with StimOrganic Multicomplex were applied, where the yield increased by 1,0 t/ha compared to the control, which is 42%, when using Humifriend potassium humate, the yield increased by 0,9 t/ha compared to the control, which is 38%, and when using Fulvigum, the yield increased by 0,7 t/ha compared to the control, which is 29%. The data obtained indicate that the use of complex fertilizers on spring barley crops contributed to the growth, development of plants and an increase in grain yield in proportion to the number of plant treatments.

Small γ-Radiation Doses Impact in the Conditions of Controlled Micropenological Octores of Spring Barley

Barley, characterized by early ripening, cold and drought resistance, is an important agricultural grain crop. Ionizing radiation use in the pre-sowing seed treatment technology is promising in order to control pathogens and increase the grain crops yield. The study aims at developing a microphenological sprouting phases scale of spring barley variety in Remembrance of Vyacheslav Chepelev treated with small doses of gamma radiation under controlled ontogeny conditions. The authors gave the concepts interpretation of “sprouted grain” and “grain sprouts”. To remove the dormant state of the original seeds (grains) of spring barley variety in Remembrance of Vyacheslav Chepelev harvested in 2021 and zoned in the Sverdlovsk region, a man treated it with small doses of γ-radiation ionizing (5, 10, 15 and 20 Gy) by a radiation source 60Co. The researchers developed a microphenological sprouting phases scale of spring barley grains with the dry grain phase and the micrograin phase introduced; and classification levels differentiated. A man revealed that the change in grain moisture and grain germ in all microphenophases was comparable with the results obtained during barley sprouting. The most intensive water absorption occurs at the swelling phase with an increase in grain moisture by 2.7 times and in the embryo by 9.3 times. Spring barley grains radiostimulation has an impact on the grain sprouting due to increased germination energy. The authors determined that after 5 days there was a maximum increase in the germination capacity to (92 ± 2) % and (94 ± 2) % in barley grains samples treated with doses of 5 and 10 Gy, respectively, with lower values when processing grains with doses of 15 Gy and 20 Gy. A man ascertained inhibitory effect of a radiation dose of 20 Gy. Despite a higher germination energy index of 75 % in barley grains treated with a dose of 20 Gy, and unlike untreated grains – 74 %, the germination ability in radiation-treated grains was 4 % lower. The germination rate of the first seed is 3 days on average.

Effect of a Combination of Ultrasonic Germination and Fermentation Processes on the Antioxidant Activity and γ-Aminobutyric Acid Content of Food Ingredients

Whole-grain food ingredients enable the most balanced food products to be obtained, thus forming an important part of a healthy and sustainable diet. Wheat and barley grains are a traditional source of food ingredients for breads, breakfasts, drinks, and snacks in Russia. Such foods are suitable for all ages with many health benefits. However, the modern metropolitan citizen consumes large quantities of refined cereal products, thus impoverishing their diet. An alternative in dietary fortification could be sprouted and fermented food ingredients with an increased nutritional value. The present work was carried out to study the effect of a combination of germination with ultrasound treatment and fermentation with a complex starter of cereal crops on antioxidant activity and γ-aminobutyric acid content of food ingredients with the possibility of using them in the matrix of food products. In order to obtain germinated food ingredients, we used crops with the highest yield in the Ural region (Russia): two samples of soft spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and a sample of spring barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L.). Obtaining food ingredients was divided into successive stages: ultrasonic treatment (22 ± 1.25 kHz) was performed by means of changing power and length of time (245 W/L, intensity for 5 min); germination and fermentation used complex starter “Vivo Probio”. The proposed technology of germination with haunting fermentation of cereal crops resulted in food ingredients with a more uniform distribution of granulometric composition, a low proportion of fine particles (4.62–104.60 µm) (p < 0.05) and large particles (418.60–592.00 µm) (p < 0.05). The particle size range (31.11–248.90 μm) (p < 0.05) was predominant. The germination and fermentation process resulted in 26 to 57% (p < 0.05) lower phytic acid content, 35 to 68% (p < 0.05) higher flavonoid content, 31 to 51% (p < 0.05) higher total antioxidant activity, 42.4 to 93.9% (p < 0.05) higher assimilability, and 3.1 to 4.7 times (p < 0.05) higher γ-aminobutyric acid content, which will allow production of food products with pronounced preventive action. The data was analyzed via one-way ANOVA analysis of variance using the free web-based software. The combination of the germination process with ultrasound treatment and subsequent fermentation with a complex starter can be used to support the development of healthful food products with increased GABA and antioxidant activity.

Технологический процесс производства зерновой патоки: пути оптимизации

Enriching the diet of cows with grain molasses increases the energy value of forage. Lack of data on the grain crumbling force acting in the process of fodder preparation; viscosity and fluidity of grain molasses depending on the type of cereal crop prevents finding possible ways to improve grain molasses production. To solve this problem, the author compared physical and mechanical characteristics of the grain of spring barley (the Raushan variety), winter rye (the Grafinya variety), and spring wheat (the Moskovskaya 35 variety) on the force of crumbling. The study proved that the maximum force of grain crumbling (10 N) is characteristic of barley (1.06 times more than winter rye and 2.00 times more than spring wheat). It was also found that the use of a passive grain crusher with a grating accelerates grain crushing by 15.0% on average. The study revealed the relationship between the force of grain crumbling, circulation time of water-grain mixture in the water circuit of the plant, temperature, kinematic viscosity of water-grain mixture, and the fluidity of grain molasses. The maximum viscosity potential of the water-grain mixture was observed in the temperature range of 34 to 56°C, and the viscosity of water-rye mixture was higher than that of water-wheat and water-barley mixtures. It was found that the use of crushed grain increases the starting value of the mixture viscosity by 10 times as compared to the whole grain. However, at 60°C this difference does not exceed 4% (as exemplified by spring barley). The kinematic viscosity of the finished product during post-fermentation for wheat and barley molasses increases in 2.7 and 1.6 times, respectively, while for rye molasses it decreases in 1.2 times. The fluidity of wheat molasses is 0.129∙10-3 сP-1 , rye - 0.53∙10‑3 сP-1 , barley - 0.3∙10‑3 сP-1 . To optimize grain molasses production, it is necessary to feed crushed barley into the technological container, or feed whole barley at water temperature less than 30°C; reduce the percentage ratio of wheat grain to water during feeding or add water at the end of the working process

The effect of mineral fertilizers and pesticides on the yield and quality of spring barley grain in the conditions of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe

The study was conducted in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe on leached chernozem. The scheme of the experiment included the introduction of ammonium nitrate and azophoska. The spring barley protection scheme was studied, represented by the preparations Hat Trick, SC, Ballerina Super, SE, Lastik Extra, CE, Reggie, VRK, Baliy, KME, Borey Neo, SC. The repetition of the experience is 4 – fold. The registered area of the plot is 45 m2. Seeding rate - 5.0 mln. The humus content in the soil was determined in accordance with GOST 26213-84, nitrate nitrogen according to GOST 26951-86, mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium - according to GOST 26204-91. The protein content in the grain was carried out in accordance with GOST 10846-91, the nature of the grain - GOST 10840-64, the mass of 1000 grains - GOST 10842-89. Preliminary studies have established that the maximum yield of barley was obtained with the introduction of azofoski (N60P60K60) and the use of protective equipment - 5.93 t/ha, compared with the control, the increase was 1.82 t/ha or 30.6%. The highest value of the protein content was noted when azofoski was applied - 13.40%. The pre-sowing application of azofoski and the use of plant protection products increased the mass of 1000 grains by 3.2 - 4.8 g, the grain nature by 18 - 26 g/l compared with the control.

The influence of biological techniques in the feed crop rotation link on soil productivity and fertility

Relevance. New fertilizers Azotovite and Phosphatovite do not pollute the soil and provide significant savings when applying in combination with traditional fertilizers. Studies on the use of Azotovite and Phosphatovite in the conditions of the Novgorod region on sod-podzolic soil in improved fodder crop rotations have not yetbeen conducted, therefore research on the influence of Azotovite and Phosphatovite together with mineral fertilizers in improved crop rotations is relevant.Methods. The results of studies of two-factor field experiment, carried out in 2019–2021 on sod-podzolic soil in the conditions of the Novgorod region, are presented to study the influence on the yield and nutritional value of forage cropsof three methods of using Azotovite (A) and Phosphatovite (P) — factor H— and mineral fertilizers in full dosagesfor a programmed yield (background 1) andin dosages, reduced by 50% (background 2) (factor B) in the feed crop rotation link: spring rapeseed for siderate; winter rye and spring barley for grain. The use of crop-root residues, siderates and grain straw serves as a basis for increasing soil fertility.Results. It was established that the introduction of a complete mineral fertilizer based on the planned harvest, the double use of Azotovite and Phosphatovite in technological operations— etching of seed material (by 2 l/t of each preparation) and non-root spraying of plants in the period up to 30 cm (by 1 l/ha of each preparation) —provided high productivity of siderate (38.2 t/ha),grain of winter rye (7.1 t/ha) and spring barley (4.1 t/ha); digestible proteinin amount 0.65 and 0.34 t/ha was obtained, low energy intensity of grain production (less than 3.0 GJ/t) is combined with high energy efficiency of production — 5.8 units. The use of siderate and grain straw as organic fertilizers allowed to increase soil fertility on average per crop rotation link for all variants of the experiment by more than 47 GJ/ha.