Wave Spreading Research Articles

Modelling and Control Tank Testing Validation for Attenuator Type Wave Energy Converter - Part I: Experiment Setup and Control-Oriented Modelling

Advanced non-causal optimal control strategies have been demonstrated to significantly improve the energy output of a scale physical model of an attenuator type wave energy converter (WEC) by tank testing experiments using FloWave tank facilities in Edinburgh supported by Wave Energy Scotland's control project. The results are reported in a series of three papers, summarizing the tank testing setup, dynamic modelling, and validation of both linear non-causal optimal control (LNOC) and model predictive control (MPC) in regular and irregular waves. Compared with an optimally tuned passive damping control, both LNOC and MPC can significantly improve the energy output, by between 10% to 460%, using irregular waves with low to medium magnitude and peak periods ranging from <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.7~\mathrm{s}$</tex-math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2.8~\mathrm{s}$</tex-math></inline-formula> at <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1/20^{th}$</tex-math></inline-formula> scale, as shown in Part II and Part III papers. These controllers also show robust performance in spread waves and side waves which are normally encountered in real sea conditions. Furthermore, the control technologies can be transferred to other types of WECs. The results pave the way for the sea trial testing and full control system validation involving the electricity generation stage and power conditioning stage. This Part I paper will focus on the tank testing setup, the passive damping control experimental results, and the control-oriented models for the WEC. Two state-space models derived respectively from the hydrodynamic model and system identification of experimental data, are validated and compared for use on the controller designs to be presented in Part II and Part III.

Effect of Wave Directions on Orientation and Magnitude of Surface Wind Stress under Typhoon Megi (2010)

Abstract The relationship between the wind-wave spectrum and surface wind stress τ in tropical cyclones, especially for the misalignment |ϕ| between the wind and τ, was investigated using data from three Electromagnetic Autonomous Profiling Explorer (EM-APEX) floats deployed in Super Typhoon Megi (2010). The floats measured τ by integrating downward momentum flux in the ocean and, in a recent development, directional spectra of surface waves. The wind was captured by aircraft surveys. At wind speeds from 25 to 40 m s−1, the |ϕ| increased with the increasing angle between the wind and dominant waves. The |ϕ| was small near the eyewall, where wave energy concentrated in a narrow frequency band. At the location far away from the eyewall, where most spectra were bimodal in directions with similar frequencies, the stress direction might be similar to the high-frequency waves. The misalignment between the wind and propagating swell might affect the growth and directional spreading of wind waves under tropical cyclones. The resulting wave breaking might then release wave momentum into the ocean as most stress clockwise from the wind direction. C‖, the downwind drag coefficient, increased with increasing inverse wave age of dominant waves. |C⊥|, the magnitude of the crosswind drag coefficient, was significant when low-frequency waves deviated from the wind by more than 90°. The wave directions are used in the inverse wave age for scaling drag coefficients. The new parameterization based on wave dynamics can be useful for improving the prediction of wind stress curl under storms. Significance Statement Tropical cyclones can impact the maximum sea surface temperature cooling through the curl of surface wind stress τ, which causes divergence under the storm eye. To investigate the effect of surface waves on τ, measurements of downward momentum flux and surface waves from three EM-APEX floats deployed under Typhoon Megi in 2010 are used. The inverse wave age involving wind forcing on the wave directions of dominant waves and swells can significantly influence the momentum transfer efficiency in the downwind and crosswind directions, respectively. That is, the propagating swell under storms should play a crucial role in the downward momentum flux during its interaction with high-frequency waves and wind. Incorporating wave directions to parameterize the magnitude and orientation of τ will improve future models’ ability to predict wind stress curl and thereby the heat fluxes to storm intensification.

Acoustic scattering by smooth elastic cylinders insonified by directional transceivers: Monostatic theory and experiments.

A theoretical model for predicting the acoustic field scattered by an elastic cylinder that is partially insonified by a directional transceiver is proposed in the form of a simple approximate one-dimensional integral. This model accounts for spherical spreading and directivity of the incident waves and extends the formulation used in a preceding article [Gurley and Stanton, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 94, 2746-2755 (1993)] by including effects due to oblique insonification of a long cylinder assuming negligible end-contributions. The scattered field of an infinitely long cylinder for obliquely incident plane waves and point receivers is used to approximate the apparent volume flow of cylinders partially insonified by directional transceivers. The scattered pressure that is derived using the apparent volume flow, in contrast to the previous formulation, is capable of predicting axially propagating guided wave resonances; these natural modes are excited, in addition to circumferential ones, at off-normal incident angles. The model is compared with exact numerical simulations and with previously published as well as new laboratory data. The analysis illustrates the different realistic effects associated with scattering from elastic cylinders insonified by a directional transceiver both theoretically and experimentally.

Modelling and Control Tank Testing Validation for Attenuator Type Wave Energy Converter – Part III: Model Predictive Control and Robustness Validation

Following the tank testing results of linear passive damping control and linear non-causal optimal control (LNOC) in the Part I and Part II papers, this paper presents further tank testing results focusing on two aspects: Firstly, a model predictive controller (MPC) is designed based on the model developed by system identification in Part I to optimally handle actuator saturation limits. The MPC control is demonstrated to significantly improve the energy output by 9.86% up to 463.42% compared with a well-tuned passive damper and can also outperform the LNOC presented in Part II in a range of irregular unidirectional waves. Secondly, the robustness of the MPC controller and the LNOC controller is validated in more realistic sea conditions when directional spreading waves and side waves are superimposed onto the dominant directional waves. The test results show that both MPC and LNOC can still significantly outperform the passive damping controller in all the sea conditions. These tank testing results pave a solid way for future sea trial testing of these advanced non-causal optimal control strategies developed for wave energy converters in sea trials.

Spatiotemporal Patterns of the Omicron Wave of COVID-19 in the United States.

COVID-19 has undergone multiple mutations, with the Omicron variant proving to be highly contagious and rapidly spreading across many countries. The United States was severely hit by the Omicron variant. However, it was still unclear how Omicron transferred across the United States. Here, we collected daily COVID-19 cases and deaths in each county from 1 December 2021 to 28 February 2022 as the Omicron wave. We adopted space-time scan statistics, the Hoover index, and trajectories of the epicenter to quantify spatiotemporal patterns of the Omicron wave of COVID-19. The results showed that the highest and earliest cluster was located in the Northeast. The Hoover index for both cases and deaths exhibited phases of rapid decline, slow decline, and relative stability, indicating a rapid spread of the Omicron wave across the country. The Hoover index for deaths was consistently higher than that for cases. The epicenter of cases and deaths shifted from the west to the east, then southwest. Nevertheless, cases were more widespread than deaths, with a lag in mortality data. This study uncovers the spatiotemporal patterns of Omicron transmission in the United States, and its underlying mechanisms deserve further exploration.

The effect of the removal of regional anti-COVID restrictive measures on the dynamics of applications for unemployment benefits in Russia

This paper assesses changes in the dynamics of applications for unemployment benefits in response to the abolition of regional restrictive measures during the first wave of COVID-19 spread in Russia. This assessment is interesting from the perspective of developing anti-crisis support measures for the population. The assessment is based on weekly-regional panel data using the staggered difference-in-differences method. After the lifting of restrictive measures, the number of new applications for unemployment benefits does not decrease significantly. The result remains robust when an alternative measure of the stringency of restrictions is used, such as an indicator for the validity period of digital passes instead of data on the stages of lifting restrictions. A comparison of official data on the effect of restrictive measures with the Yandex self-isolation index is provided.

Risk assessment model for sleep disturbance based on gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity in middle-aged and elderly people.

Sleep disturbance has become a considerable factor affecting the quality of life for middle-aged and elderly people; however, there are still many obstacles to screening sleep disturbance for those people. Given the growing awareness of the association between gastrointestinal function and sleep disturbance, our study aims to predict the risk of sleep disturbance using gastrointestinal electrophysiological signals. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and gastrointestinal electrophysiological signals of 914 participants in western China were used to establish the model. Demographic characteristics and routine blood test were collected as covariates. Participants were randomly assigned into two sets with a 7:3 ratio for training and validation. In the training set, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and stepwise logistic regression were used, respectively for variables selection and optimization. To assess the model performance, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve and decision curve analysis (DCA) were utilized. Then, validation was performed. Thirteen predictors were chosen from 46 variables by LASSO regression. Then, age, gender, percentage of normal slow wave and electrical spreading rate on the pre-meal gastric channel, dominant power ratio on the post-meal gastric channel, coupling percent and dominant frequency on the post-meal intestinal channel were the seven predictors reserved by logistic regression. The area under ROC curve was 0.65 in the training set and 0.63 in the validation set, both exhibited moderate predictive ability. Furthermore, by overlapping the DCA results of two data-sets, there might be clinical net benefit if 0.35 was used as reference threshold for high risk of sleep disturbance. The model performs a worthy predictive potency for sleep disturbance, which not only provides clinical evidence for the association of gastrointestinal function with sleep disturbance, but also can be considered as an auxiliary assessment for screening sleep disturbance.

Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) of Skull Base Tumours: A Review.

Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect tumors consistency, but it can't predict tumor stiffness or adherence of the tumor to nearby structures. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a known non-invasive MRI based imaging technique used to assess the viscoelasticity of the tissues particularly liver fibrosis. This study discussed the importance of preoperative MRE in skull base tumors and the future implications of this new imaging modality. We did review of the English literature (by searching PubMed) regarding the use of MRE in preoperative assessment of skull base tumours stiffness and adherence to surrounding tissues. Recent research demonstrated that MRE can detect the stiffness and adherence of skull base tumors to surrounding structures by recording the spread of mechanical waves in the different tissues. In addition to non-radiation exposure, this technique is fast and can be incorporated into the conventional (MRI) study. MRE can palpate skull base tumours by imaging, allowing the stiffness of the tumour to be assessed. Preoperative assessment of brain tumours consistency, stiffness, and adherence to surrounding tissues is critical to avoid injury of important nearby structures and better preoperative patient counselling regarding surgical approach (endoscopic or open), operative time, and suspected surgical complications. However, the accuracy of MRE is less in small and highly vascular tumors. Also, MRE can't accurately detect tumour-brain adherence, but the new modality (slip-interface imaging) can. Hence, adding MRE to the conventional MRI study may help in preoperative diagnosis and treatment of skull base tumours.

Anomalous Relaxation and Three-Level System: A Fractional Schrödinger Equation Approach

We investigate a three-level system in the context of the fractional Schrödinger equation by considering fractional differential operators in time and space, which promote anomalous relaxations and spreading of the wave packet. We first consider the three-level system omitting the kinetic term, i.e., taking into account only the transition among the levels, to analyze the effect of the fractional time derivative. Afterward, we incorporate a kinetic term and the fractional derivative in space to analyze simultaneous wave packet transition and spreading among the levels. For these cases, we obtain analytical and numerical solutions. Our results show a wide variety of behaviors connected to the fractional operators, such as the non-conservation of probability and the anomalous spread of the wave packet.

Study of the soliton propagation of the fractional nonlinear type evolution equation through a novel technique.

Nonlinear fractional partial differential equations are highly applicable for representing a wide variety of features in engineering and research, such as shallow-water, oceanography, fluid dynamics, acoustics, plasma physics, optical fiber system, turbulence, nonlinear biological systems, and control theory. In this research, we chose to construct some new closed form solutions of traveling wave of fractional order nonlinear coupled type Boussinesq-Burger (BB) and coupled type Boussinesq equations. In beachside ocean and coastal engineering, the suggested equations are frequently used to explain the spread of shallow-water waves, depict the propagation of waves through dissipative and nonlinear media, and appears during the investigation of the flow of fluid within a dynamic system. The subsidiary extended tanh-function technique for the suggested equations is solved for achieve new results by conformable derivatives. The fractional order differential transform was used to simplify the solution process by converting fractional differential equations to ordinary type differential equations by using the mentioned method. Using this technique, some applicable wave forms of solitons like bell type, kink type, singular kink, multiple kink, periodic wave, and many other types solution were accomplished, and we express our achieve solutions by 3D, contour, list point, and vector plots by using mathematical software such as MATHEMATICA to express the physical sketch much more clearly. Moreover, we assured that the suggested technique is more reliable, pragmatic, and dependable, that also explore more general exact solutions of close form traveling waves.

Problemas ligados ao álcool em centros de emergência (PLACE)-People experiencing homelessness with alcohol-related problems in Lisbon's emergency shelters during the COVID-19 pandemic: a description and analysis of a harm reduction intervention.

Alcohol-related problems disproportionally affect people experiencing homelessness. As the first wave of the COVID-2019 pandemic spread in 2020, a number of emergency shelters were opened in Lisbon. Increased difficulties in obtaining alcohol could have led to an increased incidence of alcohol withdrawal. Therefore, a low-threshold harm reduction intervention was introduced to these emergency shelters. This consisted of a fixed medication treatment, made available immediately for those with specific conditions, without the need for a medical evaluation or abstinence from alcohol, together with an offer of subsequent access to specialized addiction centers. The Problemas Ligados ao Álcool em Centros de Emergência (PLACE) study (alcohol-related problems in emergency shelters) is a retrospective mixed-methods observational study. It describes the demographic, health, and social characteristics of shelter users participating in the program and aims to evaluate the intervention as well as the experience of the patients, professionals, and decision-makers involved. A total of 69 people using shelters self-reported alcohol-related problems. Among them, 36.2% of the people accepted a pharmacological intervention, and 23.2% selected an addiction appointment. The take-up of the intervention was associated with better housing outcomes. A description of an individual's trajectory after leaving the shelter is provided. This study suggests that non-abstinence-focused interventions can be useful and well-tolerated in treating addiction in this population.

Modernisation during Franco’s regime: urban planning, traffic, and social discontent in Madrid (1957-1973)

This paper focuses on the demolition of boulevards and the construction of flyovers in Madrid. These two engineering works are part of a concept of modernization based on private transport that was promoted during the 1960’s which resulted in a serious urban crisis. The concept of the “urban” is seen as a global phenomenon embedded in wider historical processes that went beyond the Spanish national background: this transformation was a result of the solutions given by traffic engineering and urban planning. These two branches of international knowledge shared a same tendency to prioritize driver’s interests at the expense of pedestrians, who were pushed out of the streets. Moreover, the reliance on private transport failed to organize communications between the center and the outskirts of Madrid, regarded as a metropolitan area. The local authorities used propaganda to legitimize its idea of modernization. However, a wave of discomfort spread across the citizens and was channeled into open criticism of the flyovers. This unease can be linked to a general rejection of the practical applications of post-World War II urban planning.

COVID-19 multiwaves as multiphase percolation: a general N-sigmoidal equation to model the spread.

The aim of the current study is to investigate the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic as a multiphase percolation process. Mathematical equations have been developed to describe the time dependence of the number of cumulative infected individuals, , and the velocity of the pandemic, , as well as to calculate epidemiological characteristics. The study focuses on the use of sigmoidal growth models to investigate multiwave COVID-19. Hill, logistic dose response and sigmoid Boltzmann models fitted successfully a pandemic wave. The sigmoid Boltzmann model and the dose response model were found to be effective in fitting the cumulative number of COVID-19 cases over time 2 waves spread (N = 2). However, for multiwave spread (N > 2), the dose response model was found to be more suitable due to its ability to overcome convergence issues. The spread of N successive waves has also been described as multiphase percolation with a period of pandemic relaxation between two successive waves.

Stroke in permanent atrial fibrillation: non-cardiac sources mechanisms

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Purpose To study which variant of permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most unfavorable in stroke. Methods We included 202 patients (99 men, 103 women) with non-significant stenosis of carotid bifurcation and permanent AF; control group – 88 patients without AF. All of them were made hemostasiograms, lipids level, transthoracic and thranseophageal EchoCG, 24-hours monitoring of ECG, Doppler ultrasound of brachiocephalic arteries, sphygmography (SG) of common carotid arteries, computer tomography (CT) of the brain with contrast. According to the 24-hours ECG monitoring data, we divided the patients into 2 groups in accordance to the maximum pauses between ventricular complexes in AF: patients with a pause &amp;lt; 1,5 seconds (113); with a pause ≥ 1,5 seconds (89). These groups were identical in sex, age and comorbidities. The patients of both groups were on the same standard therapy recommended by current ESC guidelines including novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs). We observed the patients during 1 year from the onset of investigation to analyze the appearance of verified stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) in these patients. Results In EcoCG we excluded the intra-heart thrombi in all cases as well as heart and aorta aneurisms. The atherosclerotic plaques characteristics within the groups were identical. The main factor of the difference between two main groups was the maximum duration of pauses between ventricular contractions in patients with AF. In AF in Doppler ultrasound, there was increase of linear blood flow speed and the volume flow in the area of carotid stenosis in the moments during the spread of the pulse wave after the long pause between ventricular contractions in group 2. The speed was rising up to 2,5 m/sec as it rises in hemodynamically significant stenosis. In 1 year of investigation, we observed the statistically significant higher stroke in group 2 despite of NOACs. Conclusion The appearance of stroke and TIA in AF is higher in patients with 1,5 seconds and more of maximum duration pauses between ventricular contractions. In cryptogenic stroke, the reason of it can be the atherosclerotic plaque defragmentation with further embolism, caused by the additional mechanical impact of increased hemodynamical and kinetic parameters of pulse wave after long pause between ventricular contractions in AF.

IMPLEMENTASI PROTOKOL KESEHATAN OLEH MAHASISWA DI KOTA MALANG SELAMA GELOMBANG KE-2 COVID-19: PERIODE JULI-AGUSTUS 2021

The second wave of COVID-19 infection spread has occurred in Indonesia. There has been an increase in COVID-19 cases in various provinces in Indonesia based on a June 2021 report. This should encourage every community group, especially students, to be more strict in carrying out health protocols. The study used a questionnaire (google form) to collect data with a number of questions as many as 15 items. Sampling techniques are accidental sampling. Data is done validation and reliability test, then the difficulty is analyzed using a univariate test. During the 2nd wave of COVID-19, the government imposed restrictions on community activities in Malang City. During this time, students are increasingly aware of implementing health protocols by government advice. The percentage of respondents who kept their distance (91%), washed their hands, and used hand sanitizer (92.6%) during the 2nd wave of COVID-19 was very high. Respondent's interest in participating in vaccination programs is very high at 85.3%. Some other positive activities are also carried out to increase immunity such as taking vitamins (75.5%), as well as exercise and sunbathing (70.5%). The discipline of implementing health protocols will reduce the potential for the emergence of the third wave of COVID-19 in Indonesia.

Trends and characteristics of COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease related studies.

Introduction: The new coronavirus has caused a pandemic that has infected hundreds of millions of people around the world since its outbreak. But the cardiovascular damage caused by the new coronavirus is unknown. We have analyzed the current global scenario and the general pattern of growth. After summarizing the known relationship between cardiovascular diseases and new coronary pneumonia, relevant articles are analyzed through bibliometrics and visualization. Methods: Following our pre-designed search strategy, we selected publications on COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease in the Web of Science database. In our relevant bibliometric visualization analysis, a total of 7,028 related articles in the WOS core database up to 20th October 2022 were summarized, and the most prolific authors, the most prolific countries, and the journals and institutions that published the most articles were summarized and quantitatively analyzed. Results: SARS-CoV-2 is more infectious than SARS-CoV-1 and has significant involvement in the cardiovascular system in addition to pulmonary manifestations, with a difference of 10.16% (20.26%/10.10%) in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The number of cases increases in winter and decreases slightly in summer with temperature changes, but the increase in cases tends to break out of seasonality across the region as mutant strains emerge. The co-occurrence analysis found that with the progress of the epidemic, the research keywords gradually shifted from ACE2 and inflammation to the treatment of myocarditis and complications, indicating that the research on the new crown epidemic has entered the stage of prevention and treatment of complications. Conclusion: When combined with the current global pandemic trend, how to improve prognosis and reduce human body damage could become a research focus. At the same time, timely detection, prevention, and discovery of new mutant strains have also become key tasks in the fight against the epidemic, and full preparations have been made to prevent the spread of the next wave of mutant strains, and still need to continue to pay attention to the differential performance of the variant "omicron."

Anderson Localization in Dissipative Lattices

AbstractAnderson localization predicts that wave spreading in disordered lattices can come to a complete halt, providing a universal mechanism for dynamical localization. In the one‐dimensional Hermitian Anderson model with uncorrelated diagonal disorder, there is a one‐to‐one correspondence between dynamical localization and spectral localization, that is, the exponential localization of all the Hamiltonian eigenfunctions. This correspondence can be broken when dealing with disordered dissipative lattices. When the system exchanges particles with the surrounding environment and random fluctuations of the dissipation are introduced, spectral localization is observed but without dynamical localization. Previous studies consider lattices with mixed conservative (Hamiltonian) and dissipative dynamics and are restricted to a semiclassical analysis. However, Anderson localization in purely dissipative lattices, displaying an entirely Lindbladian dynamics, remains largely unexplored. Here the purely‐dissipative Anderson model in the framework of a Lindblad master equation is considered, and it is shown that, akin to the semiclassical models with conservative hopping and random dissipation, one observes dynamical delocalization in spite of strong spectral localization of the Liouvillian superoperator. This result is very distinct from delocalization observed in the Anderson model with dephasing, where dynamical delocalization arises from the delocalization of the stationary state of the Liouvillian.

Have Medical and Political Countermeasures Mitigated Investor Fears during the COVID-19 Pandemic?

Yes. We contrast the impacts of COVID-19 shocks and medical and political countermeasures in an otherwise standard model of financial market return determinants. During the pandemic, fears about COVID-19 can replace the economic sentiment to have a lasting negative impact on the stock market, especially in the first wave of the virus spreading. Medical research and government policies contribute to the stimulations of financial markets; however, efficient vaccines, when not developed, tend to negatively impact future stock returns and exacerbate the negative influence of COVID-19 sentiment on the stock market. Instead, such situations can be eased once medical research becomes advanced, helping the reconstruction of investor confidence. Public attention to the political support promoting economic and financial recovery has a positive impact on stock market returns and mitigates the shock of COVID-19 sentiment on the stock market.

The Rhetoric of Illiberal Democracy: Viktor Orbán’s Narratives of National Ascent and a Nation in Peril

AbstractThe rise of illiberalism and nationalism in Hungary is often attributed to Viktor Orbán’s leadership and rhetoric over the past decade. His ideas and words have also reverberated around the globe and served as models for conservative leaders. This article offers a rhetorical analysis with a focus on the role of the intertwining narratives of national ascent and a nation in peril as containers for the ideology of illiberalism. Taking a narrative perspective, it examines the way in which Orbán appeals to Hungarians to embrace nationalist, isolationist, and illiberal approaches to democratic governance. It concludes with a discussion of the implications of the rhetoric of illiberalism and the implications for future research into the rhetorics of the newest wave of conservatism spreading throughout the world.

Analysis of Wind Effect on Drone Relay Communications

In this study, we realized a relay network using drones and analyzed the impact of the sway angle of a drone’s attitude on communication in a windy flight environment. Drones in flight act as radio relay stations and communication among them is performed using radio equipment mounted on board. In a windy environment, a directional antenna is used for relay communication among them to avoid interference caused by the spread of radio waves in space and extend the relay distance. However, when wind occurs during flight, the flying attitude of the drone inclines, which causes the beam of the antenna to sway and the communication link to be disconnected, leading to a decrease in the transmission speed. In this study, we statistically evaluated the pitch, yaw, and roll axes of a drone through wind tunnel experiments. Furthermore, the pattern of the swing angle of the drone with respect to the wind speed was investigated using computer simulations to analyze the fluid dynamics and theoretically analyze the swing of the drone. Based on these results, the transmission speed when using a directional antenna was calculated. When the wind speed was 6.0 m/s, the pitch axis deflection angle of the drone was 13∘ at maximum, and the average transmission speed decreased by 33.3 Mbps. In this study, it was found that in communication between drones due to the wind, the transmission efficiency decreased depending on the sway angle of the aircraft.