Fear Of Spread Research Articles

Overgeneralization of fear, but not avoidance, following acute stress

Research has demonstrated the spreading of fear from threat-related stimuli to perceptually similar, but innocuous, stimuli. Less is known, however, about the generalization of avoidance behavior. Given that stress is known to affect learning and memory, we were interested in the effect of acute stress on (over)generalization of fear and avoidance responses. On the first day, one geometrical shape was paired with a mild electrical stimulus (CS+), whereas another shape was not (CS−). One day later, after participants had been exposed to the Maastricht Acute Stress Test or a control task, generalization of avoidance responses and fear (shock expectancy and skin conductance responses) was tested to a range of perceptual generalization stimuli. Generalization gradients were observed across different outcome measures. Stress enhanced generalization of shock expectancy to the stimulus most similar to the CS+. Our findings confirm that stress can affect the generalization of fear, but further studies are warranted.

COVID-19 Lockdown: Challenges Faced by Indian Students.

Fear of spread of the COVID-19, disciplinary lockdown, and delay in getting back to the normal routine of education centers is affecting the academic performance of the students, as they are facing difficulties to cope up with the new mode of learning. The purpose of this study was to look out for the challenges faced in learning during the lockdown and if they were raising the mental stress in students. A self-structured questionnaire including 10 questions formed through Google forms and validated using online Delphi method was forwarded to the students from different colleges and universities of Haryana and Punjab regions of North India. Out of a total of 844 student participants, 631 (74.8%) students were facing difficulty in studies. Whereas 744 (88.2%) students felt that they may encounter the loss of studies during the lockdown. The study found that most of the students are facing difficulties in the study during the lockdown which is increasing the mental stress.

Perceptions of Public University Students Towards Online Classes During COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh

The disease outbreak COVID-19 pandemic impacted public health and safety and the educational systems worldwide. For fear of the further spread of diseases, most educational institutions, including Bangladesh, have postponed their face-to-face teaching. Therefore, this study explores public university student’s perceptions towards online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Data had collected among students of Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh, through an online survey. The study followed a quantitative approach, where the survey technique was used as an instrument of data collection. Results showed that most students faced difficulty participating in virtual classes and could not communicate with their friends correctly during online classes. Thus, they faced challenges in online schooling, and the majority of the students preferred conventional types of learning to virtual classes and did not understand the content of virtual classes easily. The study also explored that most students did not feel comfortable in online classes. Still, considering the present pandemic situation, they decided to participate in online classes to continue schooling. Besides, the study discovered that female students showed a better view than male students regarding online classes, and urban students have more positive appreciation than rural students. Furthermore, laptop or personal computer users showed more positive perceptions towards online education than mobile users. Moreover, Broadband/Wi-Fi users have more positive perceptions than mobile network users. These findings would be an essential guideline for governments, policymakers, technology developers, and university authorities for making better policy choices in the future.

United States Diplomacy in Berlin During the First Phase of the Cold War: Does It Define US Foreign Policy?

The Cold War was one of the longest conflicts of the Twentieth Century with lasting consequences. Although the United States and the Soviet Union would never fight a war directly against each other, the fear of a disastrous nuclear war and the spread of communism encapsulated American foreign policy during the Cold War. The Cold War drastically changed the alliances of the United States everywhere. The United States started helping the countries that it fought with during World War II, while at the same time, it became archenemies with its former allies. The United States would gain many more allies and protect them from falling to communism, and it would lose some of its allies that fell into Soviet influence. As a result, American foreign policy had to be alert to various places around the globe. The tensions during the Cold War would stem from disagreements between the Allies during World War II. Tensions escalated due to warring economic ideologies of communism and capitalism, fight for the access to natural resources, and the fear of global spread of communism. The Cold War was a global conflict with many small hotbeds popping up around the world. Divided Germany, especially the divided Berlin, would witness one of the most threatening escalations. In 1961, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev would call Berlin the “most dangerous place on Earth.” American diplomacy in Germany became the center of American foreign policy during the first phase of the Cold War, setting the stage for the rest of the Cold War, and revealing the chaotic tensions and events that took place during that time period.

TERRORISM AND JIHAD ACCORDING TO WAHBAH AZ-ZUHAILI

This research is motivated by the existence of an interesting phenomenon that occurs in society today. Such as acts of terrorism that often occur in society, one of which is by carrying out suicide bombings as an implementation of jihad. The series of actions by the western media was manipulated and disseminated that the actions of the Muslims were an act of resistance by Muslims against non-Muslims. As a result, the meaning of jihad experiences a narrowing. Wahbah Az-Zuhaili in his book wants to explain that jihad does not have a narrow meaning like the understanding of most people, especially terrorist perpetrators. The understanding that has led to terrorism includes Fundamentalism, which is a view that is upheld on beliefs, religious, political, and cultural. Also, religious schools of thought tend to interpret religious texts rigidly and literally (textually). Other views such as radicalism, extremism, and separatism also tend towards terrorism. This has led to many deviations from the true meaning of jihad. According to Wahbah Az-Zuhaili, acts of terrorism are very contrary to the teachings of Islam, such as causing damage everywhere, creating panic, and spreading fear among the people. He explained that jihad and terrorism are different things because terrorism has the connotation of all attacks, intimidation, destruction, or violations of the interests of the state without any rights, without ceasefire or declaration of war. Whereas jihad is carried out based on rights, jihad has consequences for the existence of rights, while terrorism will have consequences for the absence of rights. According to him, the greatest jihad in Islam and the greatest is with ideas and dialogue, not by violence and acts of war. And there are many other meanings of jihad.

Differences in levels of psychological distress, perceived safety, trust, and efficacy amongst hospital personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic poses significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. A key consideration is the adverse psychological impact on healthcare workers (HCWs). This study aimed to investigate the variable levels of psychological distress, perceived safety, trust, and self- and collective-efficacy during the COVID-19 crisis amongst varied HCWs. A survey was disseminated to nurses, physicians, interns, and administrative and logistical staff at an acute-care hospital in Israel during the first wave of COVID-19. The survey consisted of items on a 5-point Likert scale, measuring HCW's perceptions concerning the aforementioned variables as well as demographic information. A total of 716 hospital personnel completed the survey. Nurses reported higher levels of psychological distress and lower levels of trust in the hospital's COVID-19 guidelines compared to physicians (2.3 vs. 2.0 and 3.7 vs. 4.0, respectively). Nurses and interns felt the least safe when working in the hospital. Nurses reported the highest levels of concern regarding fear of uncontrollable spread, infection, and family transmission of the virus. Interns reported the lowest levels of self- and collective-efficacy. In a regression model, the variables that predicted 32% of distress among nurses were age, gender, level of religiosity, indices of perceived safety, and self-efficacy. This study demonstrated differences in distress and perceived safety, trust, and efficacy between varied HCWs during COVID-19. This variability should be considered when designing policies to protect HCWs' wellbeing during future pandemics.

Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Higher Education Sector in Yemen and Response Requirements

This study aimed at identifying the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on higher education sector in Yemen and the requirements of fighting the consequences. To achieve this objective, the study followed the descriptive content analysis method. The population and sample of the study were (46) items selected from the literature. Major findings revealed consequences of Covid-19 included suspension of university study, death of some university staff, spread of fear and anxiety among academic community, administrative staff and students, inability of Yemeni universities to use an alternative e-learning system (due to the lack of institutional technology), lack of e-learning material, bad internet services and the spread of technological illiteracy among most of teaching staff and students. In light of these findings, the study is concluded with a set of recommendations as follows: the creation of a unified body under the supervision of the two parties in Sana'a and Aden to manage Covid-19 crisis; strengthening awareness of protection; supporting medical services; providing the staff of the Ministry of Higher Education with health insurance; building technological capacity of universities to overcome technology illiteracy; and developing e-learning.

Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Higher Education Sector in Yemen and Response Requirements

This study aimed at identifying the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on higher education sector in Yemen and the requirements of fighting the consequences. To achieve this objective, the study followed the descriptive content analysis method. The population and sample of the study were (46) items selected from the literature. Major findings revealed consequences of Covid-19 included suspension of university study, death of some university staff, spread of fear and anxiety among academic community, administrative staff and students, inability of Yemeni universities to use an alternative e-learning system (due to the lack of institutional technology), lack of e-learning material, bad internet services and the spread of technological illiteracy among most of teaching staff and students. In light of these findings, the study is concluded with a set of recommendations as follows: the creation of a unified body under the supervision of the two parties in Sana'a and Aden to manage Covid-19 crisis; strengthening awareness of protection; supporting medical services; providing the staff of the Ministry of Higher Education with health insurance; building technological capacity of universities to overcome technology illiteracy; and developing e-learning.

Impact of COVID-19 on the Work Performance of Healthcare Workers in Neurosurgery Operation Theater at a Tertiary Care Institute

Background: The novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had a massive impact on healthcare systems, increasing the risks of psychologic distress in health professionals in response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job; especially associated with surgical care. Aims and Objectives: To assess the impact of COVID-19 on the psychologic health and work performance of healthcare workers (HCWs) in operation theaters (OTs). Methodology: A questionnaire-based survey study was conducted among health professionals associated with neurosurgery OT. Results: Sixty-five HCWs (including doctors, nursing staff, and other HCWs) participated in the survey. The fear of spread of COVID-19 infection to family members was found in majority of HCWs especially nursing staff (96%). The fear of COVID-related death was least among the other HCWs (8%). Majority of the HCWs followed COVID protocols at work place. Transportation issues were a major complaint by other HCWs (67%), whereas majority of the HCWs (71%) were of the opinion that donning and doffing practices affected their daily work routine. Conclusion: Fears and stigmas associated with COVID −19 had an impact on the psychosocial health of HCWs in the neurosurgery OT and affected their workplace performance.

The virus of the ‘others’? Corona and discursive othering in Arab media

The spread of fear of the coronavirus and related insecurities around the pandemic have fuelled nationalist and increased exclusionary tendencies in countries all over the world. In North America, for instance, anti-Asian racism increased when former US President Donald Trump dubbed the virus the ‘Chinese virus’. A nationalist agenda has been strengthened in many places, including the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region; and hateful narratives blaming ‘others’ for the pandemic, legitimizing a retreat to the protection of national borders and policies, are being spread in different media outlets. This article comparatively investigates processes of othering with regard to COVID-19 in four MENA countries – Egypt, Iraq, Oman and Yemen – and asks, who is held responsible for the coronavirus crisis in different countries? How is othering revealed in media coverage related to COVID-19? What (in)sensitive language can be identified? The study looks at mass media coverage at the peak of the global lockdown during the spring of 2020. The media analysis reveals a strong emphasis on mostly national identities as articulated lines of demarcation in all four cases. A homogenizing and demonizing othering was detected in particular in the cases of Yemen and Egypt, but also Iraq, when blame was attributed to political adversaries. The Omani case was characterized by a more subtle othering that focused strongly on the importance of citizenship.

Public Understanding and Voluntary Responsibility to Mitigate COVID-19 Pandemic: Role of Local Community Organizations in Information Sharing and Health Literacy.

To combat the COVID-19 public health crisis, civil society needs to complement government efforts. National governments have applied different mitigating strategies like the implementation of strict closures. In response to pandemic situations, normally governments tell people what to do with minimal community input. This study argues that local community organizations have an important role in practical information sharing and health literacy in a pandemic situation. Although pandemics like COVID-19 do not create physical destruction to disrupt the information stream, there is a concern that poor health literacy and information gaps can significantly contribute to the rapid spread of uncertainty, fear, and anxiety. This paper emphasizes the potential role of community workers in the dissemination of transparent and honest communication at the grassroots level. This information sharing is critical because more informed communities are more receptive to the implementation of the prescribed preventive measures. National governments need to make sure that the requisite enabling and reinforcing structures are in place to fully leverage the behaviour changing and voluntary control efforts of community organizations. Governments should develop sufficient infrastructures to provide substantial training and support resources to community workers. Volunteers who perform community-facing roles need to be provided adequate personal protective equipment. National governments and civil society need to work collaboratively for the realization of not only the short-term COVID-related policy goals but also the long-term health-related sustainable development goals.

Long-term survival after self-expanding metallic stent or stoma decompression as bridge to surgery in acute malignant large bowel obstruction

AimSelf-expanding metallic stents (SEMS) as bridge to surgery have been questioned due to the fear of perforation and tumour spread. This study aimed to compare SEMS and stoma as bridge to surgery in acute malignant large bowel obstruction in the Swedish population.MethodMedical records of patients identified via the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Register 2007–2009 were collected and scrutinized. The inclusion criterion was decompression intended as bridge to surgery due to acute malignant large bowel obstruction. Patients who underwent decompression for other causes or had bowel perforation were excluded. Primary endpoints were 5-year overall survival and 3-year disease-free survival. Secondary endpoints were 30-day morbidity and mortality rates.ResultsA total of 196 patients fulfilled the inclusion criterion (SEMS, 71, and stoma, 125 patients). There was no significant difference in sex, age, ASA score, TNM stage and adjuvant chemotherapy between the SEMS and stoma groups. No patient was treated with biological agents. Five-year overall survival was comparable in SEMS, 56 per cent (40 patients), and stoma groups, 48 per cent (60 patients), P = 0.260. Likewise, 3-year disease-free survival did not differ statistically significant, SEMS 73 per cent (43 of 59 patients), stoma 65 per cent (62 of 95 patients), P = 0.32. In the SEMS group, 1.4 per cent (one patient) did not fulfil resection surgery compared to 8.8 per cent (11 patients) in the stoma group (P = 0.040). Postoperative complication and 30-day postoperative mortality rates did not differ, whereas the duration of hospital stay and proportion of permanent stoma were lower in the SEMS group.ConclusionThis nationwide registry-based study showed that long-term survival in patients with either SEMS or stoma as bridge to surgery in acute malignant large bowel obstruction were comparable. SEMS were associated with a lower rate of permanent stoma, higher rate of resection surgery and shorter duration of hospital stay.

Tracking the Emergence of Azithromycin Resistance in Multiple Genotypes of Typhoidal Salmonella.

ABSTRACTThe rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A, causative agents of typhoid and paratyphoid, have led to fears of untreatable infections. Of specific concern is the emerging resistance against azithromycin, the only remaining oral drug to treat extensively drug resistant (XDR) typhoid. Since the first report of azithromycin resistance from Bangladesh in 2019, cases have been reported from Nepal, India, and Pakistan. The genetic basis of this resistance is a single point mutation in the efflux pump AcrB (R717Q/L). Here, we report 38 additional cases of azithromycin-resistant (AzmR) Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A isolated in Bangladesh between 2016 and 2018. Using genomic analysis of 56 AzmR isolates from South Asia with AcrB-R717Q/L, we confirm that this mutation has spontaneously emerged in different Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A genotypes. The largest cluster of AzmR Typhi belonged to genotype 4.3.1.1; Bayesian analysis predicts the mutation to have emerged sometime in 2010. A travel-related Typhi isolate with AcrB-R717Q belonging to 4.3.1.1 was isolated in the United Kingdom, increasing fears of global spread. For real-time detection of AcrB-R717Q/L, we developed an extraction-free, rapid, and low-cost mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA). Validation of MAMA using 113 AzmR and non-AzmR isolates yielded >98% specificity and sensitivity versus phenotypic and whole-genome sequencing assays currently used for azithromycin resistance detection. With increasing azithromycin use, AcrB-R717Q/L is likely to be acquired by XDR strains. The proposed tool for active detection and surveillance of this mutation may detect pan-oral drug resistance early, giving us a window to intervene.

Addressing Challenges in Humanistic Communication During COVID-19 Through Medical Education

The current global pandemic due to COVID-19 has resulted in widespread lockdowns, social distancing, and other protective guidelines; these infectious control and mitigation measures challenge the medical system and create anxiety among all populations. In hospitals and healthcare facilities, patient interaction and shared decision making are sacrificed for fear of COVID-19 nosocomial spread. The intangible effects of human interaction with COVID-19 patients, whether of a physician or a patient’s family, are replaced with isolation amid ventilators. Medical professionals must find a way to practice life-saving medical care while maintaining humanistic and professional interactions. This article provides insight into the necessity and challenges of humanistic communication during COVID-19 across various institutions and offers both short- and long-term solutions and reforms through medical education.

La violencia política del liberalismo exaltado durante el Trienio Liberal. La defensa del régimen constitucional desde Barcelona

El presente trabajo analiza la violencia política ejercida por los liberales durante el Trienio Liberal y establece distintas categorías en el análisis de la misma. Se pretende también dirimir cuál fue la actitud de las autoridades frente a la violencia, y de qué modo se relacionó esta con la extensión del miedo al enemigo interior en la retaguardia liberal. El estudio valida la hipótesis de que la violencia política se incrementó en la medida en que las autoridades liberales se sintieron amenazadas por los enemigos interiores y exteriores. También contribuyó a esa violencia la presión del liberalismo exaltado en el marco de sus demandas de justicia popular, o revolucionaria, contra los enemigos del régimen liberal. Paralelamente, el conflicto contra los realistas rompió el equilibrio entre los poderes institucionales, lo cual incrementó significativamente el nivel de violencia, hasta que se impuso el poder militar con el apoyo del liberalismo exaltado y popular.

Relationship between awareness and fear about coronavirus disease infection among M.B.B.S. students studying at dedicated coronavirus disease hospital - A cross-sectional web-based survey

Background: News of havoc created by novel corona virus in infected regions of the world gave rise to fear and panic about coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection among the people. Various news agencies, bringing mixed and variable information helped the spread of fear among the masses. Aims and Objectives: On literature search, few studies can be found analyzing fear and anxiety about COVID-19 infection among medical students, medical professionals, as well as general public. The present study is an attempt to fulfill these lacunae. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out at tertiary care hospital and medical college. Design of the study was a cross-sectional, observational study and data collection was carried out using online means. Results: Mean score of All responses was 7.37 and with standard deviation of 1.36. Among individual questions, perfect score was achieved for question regarding common symptoms for COVID-19 infection while the lowest score was obtained for minimum hand washing time mentioned as per the WHO guidelines with only 15.6% of responders giving correct answer. Conclusion: Findings of this study demonstrated the level of fear and level of awareness and knowledge among the M.B.B.S. students. There was moderate amount of fear among the minds of students and their awareness and knowledge about COVID-19 infection was high. Although, difference in awareness score was statistically significant but no significant difference was obtained for fear levels among different batches of medical students.

Covid-19 and delivery of dental health care services at Army Dental centre Research & Referral: A holistic assessment

Background: The practice of dentistry has been worst affected in Covid-19 pandemic due to its non-emergency nature and fear of rapid spread of disease through aerosol generating procedures. But, multiple dental problems can severely compromise function. This assumes even greater significance when it concerns the health of Armed Forces. ADC (R&R) was always at the forefront providing essential, urgent and scheduled dental care at various stages of pandemic with stringent management protocols.Aims and Objectives: To evaluate challenges, measures and the outcome in delivery of dental services based on observational assessment from 20 Mar-30 Nov 2020. The objectives were to assess patient attendance trends, reason for availing dental services, loss of manhours, antibiotic usage, Covid protection measures and resources, aerosol generating procedures, Knowledge/Attitude/Perception (KAP) studies, Covid-19 casualties, management of quarantine periods.Materials and Methods: Patients and staff data based on attendance, treatment instituted, patient screening procedures, additional expenses on Covid related resources, infrastructural changes etc.Results and Conclusion: The total of 13,046 patients were treated. There has been a considerable loss of manhours and more than 65% of the allocated budget was used in managing patients which otherwise were less than 25-30% of the pre-covid attendance. The manpower requirements tripled and the housekeeping services were heavily taxed. The staff Covid-19 casualties were considerably low and no patient reported acquiring Covid-19 infection post dental treatment at this centre. If the condition persisted, the ability to provide dental health care services will be an uphill administrative and financial challenge.

Delayed Fixation of Hip Fractures and Short- term Outcome in Coronavirus Positive Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) affected the healthcare system worldwide. The golden rules of fracture fixation and early mobilisation of patients was not strictly followed, because of fear of spread of the disease among the patients and healthcare workers. Early surgery and prompt postoperative ambulation improves outcomes for patients with hip fractures, but the morbidity and mortality were high in the patients who were operated upon, when having an active infection of COVID-19 virus. Aim: To study the short-term outcome of delayed fixation of hip fractures in coronavirus positive patient in terms of postoperative infection, union at the fracture, deep vein thrombosis and mortality. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study carried out in Government Medical College, Srinagar, Kashmir, India from April 2020 to September 2020. Delayed surgery using different methods of fixation was performed in patients with hip fractures who had active COVID-19 infection. The patients were followed for a period of six months. Short-term mortality and complications if any were recorded. Results were expressed in terms of frequency and percentages and analysed by Microsoft Excel 2016. Results: Among the 24 operated patients, males were 9 (37.5%) and females were 15 (62.5%). Of the total, 14 (58.33%) were intertrochanteric fractures, 6 (25%) were femoral neck fractures and 4 (16.67%) were subtrochanteric fractures. Dynamic hip screw was used to treat 15 (62.5%) patients. Age ranged from 39 to 82 years mean age was 51.04 years. Majority of patients, 16 (66.67%) sustained hip fractures after a low velocity fall from standing height. Delay in surgery was 15 to 21 days (Average-18.25 days). Two elderly patients died after 14 weeks of follow-up due to causes else than respiratory failure. Three patients developed superficial infection which settled with oral antibiotics. No case of deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary thrombo embolism was observed in the present study. Conclusion: Despite the delay, the mortality rate in the early postoperative period was less. The present study findings suggest that hip fracture patients who present with COVID-19 infection can safely undergo delayed surgical intervention after appropriate medical optimisation.

Diskurs savremenog terorizma

In this paper author discusses the characteristics of discourse on modern terrorism. When it comes to the terrorism ordinary people gain knowledge mostly through media. The influence of specific image of terrorism is not limited to citizens who live in countries which faced with a terrorist threat or concrete attack but goes further to the different part of the world, some of them very far from the possibility of terrorist attack. Demystification of discourse on modern terrorism begins with analysis of the phenomenological dimension of modern terrorism, in terms of being defined and assigned. We can talk about two different approaches: older and newer, in understanding the terrorism. The new approach gains momentum with the events of 11 September and took shape after similar events on European continent. At the core of understanding of modern terrorism is the discourse on religious-based Islamic terrorism. Specific discourse on modern terrorism affects how it is understood by the general public, and it influences, in particular, the creation of stereotypes about a modern terrorists and the spread of fear of terrorism. The formation and maintenance of stereotypes about modern terrorism, which emphasizes the role of Islam and members of the Islamic community in planning and carrying out terrorist actions, creates a growing gap among people, especially in countries affected by terrorist attacks. The discourse on modern terrorism also implies an appropriate perception of the risk of terrorism all over the world. From that point of view risk of terrorism is real and constant. Similar situation is in Serbia and in that sense the results of limited research about perception of terrorism in Serbia presented in work show to a certain extant the existence of such global influence.

Comparison of Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors with Lymphoma Survivors

Objectives: To compare the Quality of Life of Breast Cancer Survivors and Lymphoma Survivors post treatment.
 Methodology: A cross sectional study was performed in the departments of General Surgery and Oncology at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad from 1st June to 31st December 2019. Patients who had received treatment for breast cancer and Lymphoma were included using non probability consecutive sampling technique. A standardized questionnaire (QOL-CSV) to assess quality of life in cancer survivors was filled in by the researchers after interviewing the patients and their responses were recorded with the demographic and clinical characteristics of each patient. The data was entered in SPSS version 20 and co-relations were obtained.
 Results: A total number of 50 lymphoma survivors (LS) and 166 breast cancer survivors (BCS) participated. Physical parameters revealed a better mean score of 75.86 ±10.53 for LS group than for BCS group (63.45 ±9.64). Psychological well being score was similar with a mean of 42.18 ±8.06 for LS and 43.04 ±7.04 for BCS group. Distress was dealt better by LS than BCS (50% scoring 41-50 in LS versus 46.6% scoring 31-40 in BCS). Fear of recurrence and spread was higher amongst BCS group (≤10 score in 46.4% participants). LS group performed worse in social factors (mean value of 26.88 ±6.67). Spiritual well being was markedly better in BCS (mean value 47.15 ±6.27).
 Conclusion: Considerable negative impact on physical, psychological and social well being of carcinoma survivors is noted, especially after mastectomy.
 Key words: Carcinoma, Lymphoma, Breast cancer