Spread Of Viral Diseases Research Articles

The Role of Immunity in Fighting and Checking the Spread of Viral Diseases

Immunology is truly a fascinating discipline that meets the challenge and offers opportunity in fighting and checking the spread of diseases. Many viruses infect humans. The host response to invading virus depends upon the infectious agents and where it is encountered. In response to virus entry there may not be, always, an overt reaction leading to clinical manifestation. There may be simply, subclinical infection, which would protect the individual from later exposure. A number of specific immune effector mechanisms together with non-specific defence mechanism play role in eliminating an infective virus.

НЕОБХІДНІ КРОКИ ДЛЯ РОЗВИТКУ ЕКОНОМІКИ ТА БАНКІВСЬКОГО СЕКТОРУ УКРАЇНИ В ПЕРІОД КОРОНАКРИЗИ ТА ПІСЛЯ ЇЇ ЗАВЕРШЕННЯ

Епідемія COVID-19 в Україні та світі зумовила вжиття державами безпрецедентних обмежувальних заходів з метою протидії поширенню вірусних захворювань і підтримки національних систем охорони здоров’я. Водночас запроваджені в Україні карантинні заходи, швидше, оголили та поглибили негативні тенденції в економіці, які спостерігаються з ІІ півріччя 2019 р. За дев’ять місяців 2020 р. падіння реального ВВП України становило 5,4%, а рівень споживчої інфляції протягом минулого року був нижче цільового діапазону НБУ, що свідчить про ознаки повноцінної стагнації у реальному секторі економіки.Ефективність функціонування інституту фінансового посередництва та механізму монетарної трансмісії в Україні залишається невисокою. Стагнація банківського кредитування триває третій рік поспіль, а застосовані НБУ заходи стимулювання економіки виявилися недостатньо продуктивними. Співвідношення між обсягом залучених банками депозитів та виданими кредитами з 2015 р. характеризується низхідним трендом.Ризик скорочення доходів державного бюджету України та підвищення вартості державних запозичень істотно ускладнює виконання державних програм з підтримки економіки. Відсутність достатнього простору для фінансування державних витрат за прийнятною вартістю ставить Україну в нерівні з країнами Центральної та Східної Європи умови в контексті подолання кризових явищ.З метою протидії кризі COVID-19 країни використовують поєднання державних фіскальних механізмів з монетарними і макропруденційними інструментами центральних банків. З огляду на ризик виникнення в Україні негативного циклу погіршення фінансового стану банківського та корпоративного секторів, обґрунтовано застосування комплексного підходу до вдосконалення державної економічної та фінансової політики, що дозволить отримати синергетичний ефект від здійснюваних заходів та забезпечити довгострокове стале зростання економіки України на базі ефективної кредитної підтримки банківської системи.

Mortality in Belarus During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The author analyzes the influence of demographic factors on the spread of the coronavirus pandemic. The basis of the analysis is the use of the Big Data methodology. The influence and consequences of urbanization, migration, demographic structure, and information sources on the state and prospects of mortality are considered. The article provides an analysis of the state of mortality processes in the Republic of Belarus for the period 1990-2019, and shows the influence of the coronavirus pandemic on the state of mortality processes and demographic losses in the Republic of Belarus in 2020. The association of the spread of COVID-19, migration and its consequences with the process of urbanization and the growth of agglomerations is revealed. The article formulates the position on the dominance of various types of migration in the spread of viral diseases. Various types of international migration are the carriers of the covid pandemic. The article describes the relationship of the Belarusian labor migration to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country. Within the country, the carriers of the virus and the magnitude of the incidence are associated with the pendulum and, above all, with labor migration. The article presents comparable information on the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Belarus in comparison with the countries bordering it – Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia. The article substantiates the position on the influence of changes in the age structure of the population on the dynamics of total mortality. The influence of the coronavirus pandemic on the structure of causes of death was studied. The obvious and latent consequences of the coronavirus pandemic on demographic processes and their underlying factors are revealed. The conclusion is made about the trends and the state of total mortality in Belarus in the future.

History of Infection Outbreaks and Mental Health Issues: Awareness for Corona-virus Neuropsychiatric Coverage

The infection outbreaks are not novel but have long historical roots in diverse countries of the world. The infection outbreaks not merely imparted a negative impact on physical health but also adversely affected mental health issues. According to a massive body of researches, the rate of mental health issue among the general population found to be higher. As the ratio of PTSD during the Ebola Virus was 76.4% and depression during SARS-CoV-1 reported as (32.4%). However, the psychiatric morbidity during H1N1 was found to be (8.0%). The causes of neuropsychiatric complication or mental health issues during previous outbreaks were cultural psychological and social issues. In particular, pharmacological treatment found to be the most prevalent reason for developing neuropsychiatric complication or mental health issues. As during all infection outbreaks, multiple drugs and vaccinations have been used to control the spread of viral diseases. The current study provides a detailed description of how the drugs and vaccination led to neuropsychiatric complication. The PICO method was used to design the research question and through the PRISMA technique, around 15 studies have been included in the current study. The findings of the current study reported substantial neuropsychiatric complication due to the persistent use of drugs and vaccination. The current study finding spread the awareness for coronavirus and related infection coverage.

Prevention of the Spread of Viral Disease Using Artificial Intelligence from Data Obtained by UAVs

Research background: One of the significant globalization consequences is a threat of rapidly spreading communicable diseases. In recent months, COVID-19 has spread worldwide. It is a highly infectious disease, which is manifested mainly by fever, respiratory problems, muscle pain and fatigue. Therefore, there is a need to reliable monitor people’s body temperature. If the monitoring process takes places in enclosed spaces, the procedure may be performed at the entrance to the building. However, the problem occurs in public spaces. Therefore, to solve this problem, we propose the use of a drone with a thermal camera for scanning people in public spaces and subsequent evaluation using classification methods. Purpose of the article: The aim of this article is to create a model for sensing and measuring the body temperature of people in public spaces so that the global impacts of COVID-19 on the economy and society are reduced. Methods: To monitor large areas, it is necessary to have suitable methods for obtaining quality data. One of the methods for obtaining data with the high spatial resolution is the use of UAVs with a planned flight. Artificial intelligence methods will be used for the classification of persons; their representatives are, e.g. convolutional neural networks. Findings & Value added: The proposed model of sensing and subsequent classification of people into groups (normal body temperature, elevated body temperature). The output of the model will help to monitor the spread of infectious diseases (the condition is a symptom - increased body temperature) in today’s globalized world.

Разработка модели распространения COVID-19 в городских агломерациях

The outbreak of the coronavirus infection COVID-19 in early 2020 caught most countries of the world by surprise. Humanity has suffered colossal economic and human losses due to the inability of health systems to cope with the rapidly spreading virus. This pandemic is not the first in history, however, despite this, the methods of combating the spread of the virus were belated and ineffective. This work is devoted to the development of a model for the spread of viral diseases using the example of COVID-19 in order to predict the scale of future epidemics and, as a result, select successful methods of combating them. To conclude a conclusion about the effectiveness of the application of this technology, a simulation model of the corresponding process is being developed.

A Sociology of Viral Pandemics

Sociology provides a framework for addressing the biosocial implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Social science in general, specifically sociology, examines the social implications of disease on social interaction, social structures, and society as a whole [1]. Our social order is a complex system of interrelated parts. Changes in the health and well-being of a population can have a significant impact on the normal function of society. Viral disease has both anticipated and unanticipated consequences for society. It is inevitable that viral disease will spread through out large populations of people. This is particularly the case with respect to densely populated urban centers. The spread of disease is facilitated by our modes and frequency of social contact. The importance of wearing a mask and “physical distancing” are the key factors in addressing the spread of viral disease in a given population.

Low-cost Prevention of the Spread of Viral Diseases Using Neural Networks

Research background: Globalization has both positive and negative consequences. For more than a year, the whole world has been feeling very strongly about one of the negative consequences of globalization. And that is the rapid spread of infectious diseases. Within a few months of the first COVID-19 diseases, a pandemic occurred. The most common symptoms of this disease are fever, muscle aches, fatigue, loss of appetite and difficulty breathing. Therefore, it is essential to control body temperature reliably. If the process of temperature monitoring takes place in closed spaces, and simultaneously, the identification of a person is necessary, we propose a low-cost solution. This consists of using a mobile device in combination with a thermal camera for capturing people and subsequent evaluation using classification methods. Purpose of the article: The aim of this article is to create a model of a system for self-shooting. Follows recognition of elevated body temperature of persons and their identification to reduce the global impact of COVID-19 on the economy and society. Methods: A mobile device (tablet) combined with a thermal camera is used as a sensor. This is followed by face detection in both visible and thermal images. Methods of artificial intelligence (convolutional neural networks) are used for subsequent classifications of individual persons. Findings & Value added: The proposed model of self-sensing and subsequent identification of persons and their classification into groups (increased body temperature, normal temperature). In places where it is necessary to identify people, the system also detects elevated body temperature. This will help fight the spread of infectious diseases, which are characterized by fever.

Impact of the recent Ebola epidemic with pandemic potential on the economies of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone and other West African countries.

West Africa experienced its first Ebola epidemic in 2014. Its magnitude in terms of morbidity and mortality was greater than any other epidemic. It has particularly affected Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. Its impact, beyond the high mortality, is also economic. The Ebola virus disease spread to several other African countries with limited resources, causing a significant financial burden to their health systems but also impacting the entire economy of the countries. The objective of this essay is to reflect on the consequences of the Ebola virus epidemics on West African economies in the short term. Estimates of the economic burden of the epidemic range from $2.8 billion to $32.6 billion in lost gross domestic product. The sectors affected by the economic crisis are the most important of the contaminated countries, namely agriculture, mining and trade. There has been a halt in socio-economic activities in the most affected regions. The decrease in the number of workers affected by the virus, the exodus to the least affected areas, and the repatriation of government employees have contributed to the decrease in the income of individuals and states. The fear of contamination by foreign countries has reduced imports, but also all tourist activities, which in turn have had an impact on the restaurant and hotel sectors. All these financial and food disruptions have exposed the population of these countries to food insecurity. The analysis of the impact of the Ebola virus on West African economies in the short term was as devastating as the health impact. This impact has directly contributed to a decrease in economic growth not only for the affected countries but also for all West African countries that depend on these same resources. A loss of about US$32.6 billion over two years in the West African region has been estimated, which is equivalent to 3.3% of the regional gross domestic product (GDP) in the absence of Ebola in 2014.

Monitoring of viral potato infections in agrocenoses of Ukraine

In 2016–2020, the spread of viral potato diseases was studied in such economic regions of Ukraine: Prydniprovsky (Zaporizhzhya, Dnipropetrovsk oblasts), North-Eastern (Kharkiv, Sumy oblasts), Stolychny (Kyiv, Zhytomyr and Chernihiv oblasts), NorthWestern (Volyn and Rivne) region), Black Sea (Kherson, Mykolaiv and Odessa regions), Carpathian (Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Transcarpathian, Chernivtsi regions), in which 435 varieties of potatoes of Ukrainian and foreign selection were examined. In agrocenoses with potato growing, the spread of M-, S-, Yviruses of potatoes was determined, both in monoinfection and in pathocomplexes. According to the results of research, the highest level of infection with potato M virus was found in Volyn, Odessa, Rivne, Chernihiv and Ivano-Frankivsk regions 90%, 90%, 90.9%, 92.3% and 100% of the total number of analyzed samples, in accordance. Potato S-virus antigen was most pronounced in Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk and Rivne oblasts 50%, 50% and 54.5%, respectively. Monitoring surveys showed a high level of Y-virus infection of potatoes in Zakarpattia, Ivano-Frankivsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Chernivtsi and Mykolayiv regions 50%, 50%, 53.8%, 55.5% and 63.3%, respectively. The spread of viral diseases of potatoes in agrocenoses of Ukraine necessitates careful protection and constant phytovirological control of seed material, detection of viral pathologies, identification of their pathogens using laboratory methods and modern diagnostic tools.

Sea Lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) Infestation Reduces the Ability of Peripheral Blood Monocytic Cells (PBMCs) to Respond to and Control Replication of Salmonid Alphavirus in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.).

Here we have studied the impact of lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestation of donor fish on the ability of isolated peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) to control the replication of salmonid alphavirus (SAV) ex vivo. PBMCs were collected by Percoll gradients at eight and nine weeks post copepodid infestation of Atlantic salmon post smolt. Uninfested fish were controls. PBMCs were then infected ex vivo with SAV (subtype 3), and samples were collected for analysis at two, four, and six days post virus infection. Virus titer in the supernatant was assayed in CHH-1 cells, and in addition, the relative expression of the virus structural protein E2 and selected host antiviral genes, IRF9, ISG15, Mx, and IFIT5, were assayed using real-time PCR. Significantly higher virus replication was detected in cells collected from lice-infested fish compared to controls. Higher virus titer coincided with an inability to upregulate the expression of different immune genes, IFIT5, IRF9, and Mx. These findings point towards compromised ability of PBMCs from lice-infested fish to control virus replication, and, to our knowledge, is the first report showing the direct effect of lice infestation on the interplay between viruses and immune cells. There is a possible impact on the dynamic spread of viral diseases in the aquatic environment.

COVID-19 triggers great nonfinancial risk crisis: Nonfinancial risk management best practices in Canada

The spread of viral disease COVID-19 is the most transformative nonfinancial risk (NFR) of this decade triggering the Great Nonfinancial Risk Crisis. The uniting of strategy and risk management has never been more crucial for financial institutions. The interrelationship between the pandemic and the increases in ageing, chronic diseases, interstate conflicts, nationalism, cyber attacks, cyber dependency, asset bubble, and sovereign debt is transforming our reality in previously unimaginable ways. NFR management best practices Canadian Financial Institutions (FIs) prioritised NFR and adopted a NFR framework that enabled them to identify the spread of viral disease (COVID-19). Then they reprioritised COVID-19 risk into their existing enterprise risk management framework to reduce the exposure and impact of the pandemic and re-evaluated their strategic assumptions to reset their business strategy in light of the reprioritised risk matrix. In this paper, the author reviews best practices in managing NFRs and trends from the practitioner’s point of view. Thirteen Canadian FIs are reviewed along with their positioning of NFR pre- and post-COVID-19, and their recent enhancements to their NFR-management process. The author illustrates how the adoption of the Global Risks and Trends Framework by several Canadian FIs has influenced their preparation and resilience in this pandemic. Finally, the author discusses best practice examples, as well as challenges that still exist, how organisations have adjusted their strategy linking risk to their recent experience, and what lessons other FIs can learn about managing these NFRs.

Infection control measures for COVID-19

In the month of December year 2019, a virus that is known as novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) activate via SARS-CoV 2 pop up in a country that is China and now has unfolded in numerous countries. This virus is mutating continuously and appears as more severe in transmitting infections and mortality. It is found that the transmission rate and mortality due to COVID-19 is different in different regions. It is also reported that pregnant ladies are the prone populace of COVID-19 and are greater in all likelihood to possess problems and proceed to extreme illness. However, direct transference from mom to toddler is still to be approved. Coronavirus discovered (COVID-19) has hastily activated like a world fitness ultimatum. The reason for this in the article is to measure our neighborhood trip of boosting contamination manage rate COVID-19 contamination of each medical care people and sufferers. In addition, it is recommended to make effective legislation to control the spread of viral diseases globally.

Evaluation of Newcastle Disease antibody titers in backyard poultry in Germany with a vaccination interval of twelve weeks.

Newcastle Disease (ND) is a viral disease spread worldwide with a high impact on economy and animal welfare. Vaccination against Newcastle Disease is one of the main control measures in countries such as Germany with endemic occurrence of Newcastle Disease virus in the free ranging bird population. The German Standing Veterinary Committee on Immunization (StIKo Vet) recommends to revaccinate chickens at intervals of six weeks against Newcastle Disease with attenuated live vaccines via drinking water or spray in line with the SPCs (Summary of Product Characteristics) of current vaccines. However, it is still common practice to revaccinate only every twelve weeks because the SPCs of former vaccines proposed a revaccination after checking the antibody titer which based on practical knowledge was typically sufficient for twelve weeks. The aim of this study was to evaluate if a vaccination interval of twelve weeks against Newcastle Disease under field conditions results in sufficient seroconversion to protect flocks. Antibody titers of 810 blood samples from 27 backyard flocks of chickens were analyzed by ELISA- and HI-tests between 69 and 111 days after vaccination of the flocks with attenuated live vaccines of the ND strain Clone 30. Furthermore, data on the flocks such as breed, sex and age were collected through a questionnaire. In this study a sufficient antibody titer was found in 26 of these flocks. Therefore, a vaccination interval of every twelve weeks with the live vaccines tested is suitable for a vaccination protocol against Newcastle Disease. The lack of seroconversion of one flock also emphasizes the need for regular vaccination monitoring by serological testing and re-evaluation of the vaccination process if needed.

Paths of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus disease spread and disinfectant‐based management

AbstractCucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) assigned to the genus Tobamovirus is considered a major disease cause of cucurbits worldwide. A primary route for CGMMV disease spread is via mechanical contact. The virus is highly stable and adheres to various agricultural equipment. In the current study, we examined means to inactivate the virus and reduce disease spread via planting equipment and supplies using various chemicals. We have found that incubations of CGMMV‐infected cucumber plant extracts with MENNO‐Florades 2%, Virocid 3% or Green Up D 20% inactivated the virus and prevented disease spread in a biological assay. Stabilised chlorine formulation (KlorBac), which has the active ingredient troclosene‐sodium (sodium dichloroisocyanurate, SDIC) at 2,000 ppm, was efficient in disinfecting CGMMV‐contaminated grafting knives in 2 s. Similarly, immersing virus contaminated grafting knives for 2 s in 20% (wt/vol) non‐fat milk powder reduced infectivity of the contaminated knives. CGMMV‐contaminated nursery sowing trays could constitute a primary infectious viral source transmitted via irrigation water. CGMMV‐contaminated sowing trays immersed in KlorBac 2,000 ppm or active oxygen (Huwa‐San TR‐50) 1%, were efficiently disinfected. Interestingly, hydrophobic insulation of the CGMMV‐contaminated trays using dry silicone layers reduced initiation of the viral primary infection in CGMMV‐contaminated new sowing trays but was less efficient in CGMMV‐contaminated re‐used trays. Importantly, Septadine (0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate) was not effective in disinfection of grafting knives. Notably, CGMMV‐infected cucumber plant extract incubated with 20% (wt/vol) non‐fat milk powder was refractory to the milk suggesting that virus release from surfaces did not necessarily involve virus inactivation.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНІ УМОВИ ДИСТАНЦІЙНОГО НАВЧАННЯ МАЙБУТНІХ МАГІСТРІВ ФАРМАЦІЇ

Актуальність: стрімке поширення в усьому світі вірусних захворювань потребує зосередження уваги на запровадження дистанційного навчання майбутніх магістрів фармації із таких дисциплін, як мікробіологія, вірусологія та імунологія. З огляду на це, зумовлюється необхідність визначення та обґрунтування організаційно-педагогічних умов дистанційного навчання майбутніх магістрів фармації в період поширення вірусних захворювань. Йдеться про зовнішні, внутрішні та технологічні організаційно-педагогічні умови. Реалізація цих умов передбачає створення у вищих медичних закладах освіти інформаційно-освітнього навчального середовища як веб-ресурсу з електронними аудиторіями.
 Мета: полягає в обґрунтуванні та висвітленні організаційно-педагогічних умов дистанційного навчання майбутніх магістрів фармаціїв період поширення вірусних захворювань.
 Методи: теоретичні методи дослідження: аналіз джерел та літератури з проблеми для виявлення стану досліджуваного питання в педагогічній теорії та практиці, синтез, узагальнення.
 Результати: досліджено, що нинішній стан поширення вірусних захворюваньдетермінує пошук і запровадження нових технологій (цифрових) і форм підготовки фармацевтів, що сприятимуть безперервному оновленню їхніх знань та вмінь; виявлено, що в умовах карантину дистанційне навчання майбутніх фахівців фармацевтичної галузі дає змогу формувати професійні компетентності на основі індивідуального навчання здобувачів фармацевтичної освіти.
 Висновки. У період поширення вірусних захворювань ефективність дистанційного навчання майбутніх магістрів фармації потребує забезпечення необхідних для цього зовнішніх, внутрішніх та технологічних організаційно-педагогічних умов. Їх реалізація дає змогу: забезпечити індивідуалізацію навчання здобувачів освіти в режимі online та offline; формувати практичні навички, оволодівати професійними компетентностями. Дистанційне навчання майбутніх магістрів фармації має низку очевидних переваг над аудиторною формою здобуття освіти: надається гарантований швидкий та віддалений доступ до найновішого фармацевтичного контенту; навчальна інформація та інші матеріали безперервно оновлюються з офіційних джерел фармацевтичних та медичних компаній; є можливість ознайомлення із професійним досвідом фармацевтичних і медичних компаній, технологічними особливостями виробничого процесу відповідно до потреб здобувачів освіти; відкриваються можливості для організації самостійної роботи здобувачів освіти.

COVID-19 Lifecycle: Predictive Modelling of States in India

The study captures the COVID-19 lifecycle in different states of India using predictive analytics. Drawing upon the seminal susceptible–infected–removed (SIR) model of capturing the spread of viral diseases, this study models the spread of COVID-19 in the ten most infected states of India (as on 30 April 2020). Using publicly available state-wise time series data of COVID-19 patients during the period 1–30 April 2020, the study uses the forecasting technique of auto-regressive integrated moving averages (ARIMA) to predict the likely population susceptible to COVID-19 in each state. Thereafter, based on the SIR model, predictive modelling of state-wise COVID-19 data is carried out to determine: (a) the predictive accuracy; (b) the likely number of days it would take for the disease to reach the peak number of infections in a state; (c) the likely number of infections at the peak; and (d) the state-wise end date. The SIR model is implemented by running Python 3.7.4 on Jupyter Notebook and using the package Matplotlib 3.2.1 for visualization. The study offers rich insights for policymakers as well as common citizens.

English

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) has become one of the staple crops in Africa in the last 20 years. In Ethiopia, sweet potato is the second most widely grown root crop and is the first regarding the production per hectare. Thus, there is a great demand of planting material throughout the country. Currently, planting material is usually obtained from own previous season harvest, local markets or from the neighboring fields since no certified clean planting material production scheme has been established in Ethiopia yet. Unfortunately, this practice has contributed to the spread of viral diseases throughout the country. Elimination of viruses from infected plants is a tedious job, which requires efficient methods to eliminate the virus and also to verify that the plants are indeed virus-free. In the case of sweet potato, it was observed that heat treatment, combined with meristem tip culture is an efficient method for virus elimination. Previous findings indicate that reverse transcription (RT) PCR is more efficient than ELISA to verify the efficiency of virus elimination. In this study, the use of next generation sequencing (NGS) was explored as a verification method and compared with RT-PCR. The results show that NGS seems to be more efficient than RT-PCR, although also prone to inconclusive results.   Key words: Viruses, next generation sequencing (NGS), sweet potato, reverse transcription (RT) PCR, badnavirus.

The Environment and COVID-19 Transmission: A Perspective

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a severe public health threat worldwide. Despite the global spread, there is an observed aberration and skewness in the geographic/regional distribution of the disease, with a high preponderance of cases and mortality occurring in the temperate regions compared to the tropics. A plausible explanation for this discrepancy could be linked to variability in environmental factors. Hence, this review discusses succinctly the possible influences of geographic location, temperature/sunlight, relative humidity and building design on the rate of transmission of COVID-19. We postulate that elevated melatonin production in a hot climate, high temperature, adequate vitamin D synthesis from sunlight exposure, high relative humidity and efficient ventilation due to housing design confers innate immunity and adaptive advantage to COVID-19 transmission for populations in the tropics over those in the temperate regions. Hence, we recommend that control studies taking into congnizance the relationship between environment and disease be prioritized. Such studies are important for predicting viral disease spread, in particular if this leads to pandemics like in the case of COVID-19, to aid decisions in public health policies at the global level. level.

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