Spread Of Viral Diseases Research Articles

A Novel Approach for Controlling the Spread of Viral Diseases Using Epidemic Role Index (ERI) and Graph-Theoretic Contract Tracing Model

A Novel Approach for Controlling the Spread of Viral Diseases Using Epidemic Role Index (ERI) and Graph-Theoretic Contract Tracing Model

On-site SNP discrimination of Monkeypox viral DNA at room temperature using dCas9-enhanced extended-gate field-effect transistor

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was heightened concern about the sudden spread of viral diseases. As the threat of coronavirus transmission began to diminish, a subsequent outbreak caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV) emerged in Europe and North America. Notably, MPXV infection tends to be transmitted through sexual contact, increasing the difficulty of tracing the infection route through passive testing. As a result, there is a pressing need for cost-effective, precise, and rapid on-site screening techniques to detect MPXV. Recently, the CRISPR system, known as a genome editing tool, has been used as a rapid on-site diagnostic tool for detecting nucleic acids mostly through the use of Cas12a and Cas13a. Intriguingly, deficient Cas9 (dCas9) can recognize specific double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) sequences and bind to complementary DNA sequences. Here, we devised an innovative digital field-diagnosis platform that can be readily employed in clinical settings. This platform combines an ultrasensitive field-effect transistor (FET) with the dCas9 system, enabling quantitative analysis of biomarkers. Our dCas9-EG-FET can directly detect viral dsDNA without any amplification or pretreatment. When the dCas9 of our dCas9-EG-FET system recognizes the specific target viral DNA, the EG-FET system provides voltage differences by using FET features that measure the ion concentration on the surface of the FET sensor. Furthermore, it takes only 20 min to detect MPXV DNA using our dCas9-EG-FET system at room temperature (RT), and this system can be used to effectively distinguish single-point mutations with high sensitivity. Our findings suggest that the use of a CRISPRCas-based biosensor could lead to an effective strategy for screening for infectious diseases.

Mathematical Modeling and its Stability Analysis of an SEIR Model to Control Dengue by Segregating the Infective: An Approach for Efficient Resource Allocation

Objectives: Many research deals study on modeling the spread of dengue virus disease. The study dealing mathematical model to influence the concept of segregating infective is very important as it makes an organised practice of treatment which enlightens civilization. This article focuses on the same and frames a model with a proper analysis. Methods: BhirkoffRhota theorem helps in proving the boundedness of the model. By using the Next-Generation matrix the expression for Reproduction number is determined. The Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion is used to reveal the Local Stability of the proposed model. The aid of Lyapunov-LaSalle's principle proves the Global Stability. Findings: The proposed model is found to be positive and also bounded. Moreover, the equilibrium points exists and stable locally and globally. The numerical simulation shows that at the disease-free equilibrium and at the endemic equilibrium proving the stability of the model numerically. The comparative analysis of the model results in revealing the fact that the proposed model controls the infective better than the usual model. Novelty: The article differs from the usual model by incorporating the idea of categorizing the infected population into 3 phase namely febrile, critical and convalescent concluding that the use of proposed model helps in effective treatment and in efficient management of hospital resources in a systematic way. Keywords: Epidemic, Treatment Class, SEIR model, Jacobian matrix, Sensitivity index

Highly sensitive detection of multiple antiviral drugs using graphitized hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes/ionic liquids-based electrochemical sensors

Global outbreaks and the spread of viral diseases in the recent years have led to a rapid increase in the usage of antiviral drugs (ATVs), the residues and metabolites of which are discharged into the natural environment, posing a serious threat to human health. There is an urgent need to develop sensitive and rapid detection tools for multiple ATVs. In this study, we developed a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor comprising a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with graphitized hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (G-MWCNT-OH) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIMPF6, IL) for the detection of six ATVs including famciclovir (FCV), remdesivir (REM), favipiravir (FAV), hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ), cepharanthine (CEP) and molnupiravir (MOL). The morphology and structure of the G-MWCNT-OH/IL nanocomposites were characterized comprehensively, and the electroactive surface area and electron conductivity of G-MWCNT-OH/IL/GCE were determined using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The thermodynamic stability and non-covalent interactions between the G-MWCNT-OH and IL were evaluated through quantum chemical simulation calculations, and the mechanism of ATV detection using the G-MWCNT-OH/IL/GCE was thoroughly examined. The detection conditions were optimized to improve the sensitivity and stability of electrochemical sensors. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the G-MWCNT-OH/IL/GCE exhibited excellent electrocatalytic performance and detected the ATVs over a wide concentration range (0.01–120 μM). The limit of detections (LODs) were 42.3 nM, 55.4 nM, 21.9 nM, 15.6 nM, 10.6 nM, and 3.2 nM for FCV, REM, FAV, HCQ, CEP, and MOL, respectively. G-MWCNT-OH/IL/GCE was also highly stable and selective to the ATVs in the presence of multiple interfering analytes. This sensor exhibited great potential for enabling the quantitative detection of multiple ATVs in actual water environment.

Optimized parallelization of boundary integral Poisson-Boltzmann solvers

The Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) model governs the electrostatics of solvated biomolecules, i.e., potential, field, energy, and force. These quantities can provide useful information about protein properties, functions, and dynamics. By considering the advantages of current algorithms and computer hardware, we focus on the parallelization of the treecode-accelerated boundary integral (TABI) PB solver using the Message Passing Interface (MPI) on CPUs and the direct-sum boundary integral (DSBI) PB solver using KOKKOS on GPUs. We provide optimization guidance for users when the DSBI solver on GPU or the TABI solver with MPI on CPU should be used depending on the size of the problem. Specifically, when the number of unknowns is smaller than a predetermined threshold, the GPU-accelerated DSBI solver converges rapidly thus has the potential to perform PB model-based molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo simulation. As practical applications, our parallelized boundary integral PB solvers are used to solve electrostatics on selected proteins that play significant roles in the spread, treatment, and prevention of COVID-19 virus diseases. For each selected protein, the simulation produces the electrostatic solvation energy as a global measurement and electrostatic surface potential for local details.

Exploration of Sustainable Wildlife Habitat Conservation for Preventing Future Pandemics.

This paper explored wildlife habitat conservation as a tool for containing animal to human transmission of virus. Available statistics shows that infectious viral diseases known to have troubled man have always been transmitted to humans through animals, hence the need for this paper. The objectives of this paper are: to review the origin of COVID-19 pandemic; to discuss wildlife conservation as a tool for containing animal to human spread of virus diseases. Observation and review of related literature were the methods used. This paper reveals that COVID-19 originated in an animal market located in Wuhan, Hubei Province of China through human interaction with pangolin which is primary carriers of the virus. This transmission was attributed to illegal poaching of pangolin that is already endangered species. Wildlife habitat conservation was further identified as a tool for preventing future pandemics. Human encroachment upon wildlife habitat has resulted to several infectious diseases that have killed many persons. Some suggestions were made to enhance wildlife conservation, they include, stopping all wildlife trade by permanently closing markets were wildlife are sold; rigorous enforcement of laws, regulation and international treaties on wildlife and enactment of new effective policies as well; provision of sustainably produced poultry, fish, invertebrates and plant protein as source of protein instead of seeking wildlife; good funding and support should be provided for agencies in-charge of protecting wildlife; education and awareness should also be created in order to motivate people to voluntarily renege from wildlife poaching. There is need for government and wildlife conservation agencies to step up efforts at conserving wildlife through implementation of these recommendations.

Forecasting the Spread of Viral Diseases in Jordan Using the SARIMA Statistical Model

Time series models can help predict disease. Incidence data can be used to predict future disease outbreaks. Advances in modeling techniques allow us to compare the predictive capabilities of different time series models. Public health monitoring systems give essential data for accurate forecasting of future epidemics. This paper describes a study that used two types of infectious disease data, namely Mumps and Chickenpox, collected from a Department of Statistics open source data in mainland Jordan, to assess the performance of time series methods, specifically Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving-Average with Exogenous Regressors. The data collected from 2000 to 2023 were used as modeling and forecasting samples, respectively. The performance was evaluated using two metrics: mean absolute error and mean squared error. The statistical models' accuracy in predicting future epidemic illnesses established their use in epidemiological monitoring. The Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with Exogenous Regressors model, which was used to estimate total mumps cases in Jordan, was applied to a real dataset over the years 2000 to 2023. The dataset was separated into three groups: 78% training, 9% validation, and 13% testing. The results showed a mean squared error of 26629 and a mean absolute error of 152. The model predicted that Jordan will have 2341 cases of mumps by 2028.

Mathematical analysis and simulation of Ebola virus disease spread incorporating mitigation measures

In order to understand the dynamics of the Ebola virus disease (EVD), this research developed a mathematical model that includes quarantine and public education campaigns as control measures. The model’s equilibrium points are displayed and the effective basic reproduction number Reff is estimated. Bifurcation theory is used for the stability analysis of endemic equilibrium state and general bifurcation theory is used to prove the existence of endemic equilibrium state. We evaluated the nature of the endemic equilibrium state of the model’s equation near the disease-free equilibrium, Reff=1 and introduce a bifurcation parameter. The results of the centre manifold theory are used to demonstrate that there is nontrivial endemic equilibrium near the disease-free equilibrium. We demonstrated the characteristics of the endemic equilibrium state that is close to the disease-free equilibrium as well as the fact that there is a potentially unstable endemic equilibrium condition. In other words, the sickness is slowly declining and will eventually disappear, as in the case of West Africa. Finally, we simulated the model developed to study the dynamics of the diseases with varying parameters using Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) to validate the qualitative analysis of the model. The result confirmed the hypothesis of our research that if quarantine and public enlightenment is properly used for the mitigation of the disease, the disease outcomes will drastically reduced. The results presented in this research will be useful for public health experts to contain the Ebola disease spread most especially in Africa.

Education and Mathematics Models (A Case Study of Epidemiology of Virus Spread)

Viruses are the cause of diseases that affect the human body and can lead to pandemics and epidemics in various countries. No new content has been added beyond the original text. Viruses are the cause of diseases that affect the human body and can lead to pandemics and epidemics in various countries. The language used is clear, objective, and value-neutral, with a formal register and precise word choice. The text adheres to conventional structure and format, with consistent citation and footnote style. The text is free from grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and punctuation errors. The purpose of this research is to determine the SIS model for the spread of viral diseases, such as Covid-19 and bird flu, and their resolution behavior. The model is formed by creating a flow diagram of the disease spread using the SIS (Susceptible, Infected, Susceptible) model. The sentences and paragraphs create a logical flow of information with causal connections between statements. The study revealed two equilibrium points: the disease-free equilibrium point and the endemic equilibrium point. To analyze the stability of the disease-free equilibrium point, linearization around the equilibrium point was used. The disease-free equilibrium point is asymptotically stable if the basic reproduction number is less than one, indicating that the disease will disappear after a certain period of time. Numerical simulations were conducted to analyze the behavior of the disease model.
 Keywords: Education Models, Mathematics Models, SIS (Susceptible, Infected, Susceptible)

Tailored management plan for preventing viral diseases within dog shelters

Dog shelters play a crucial role in animal welfare by providing temporary care and finding permanent homes for homeless dogs. However, the close confinement and high turnover of animals in shelters create an ideal environment for the spread of viral diseases. To combat this, various preventive measures have been implemented, but a comprehensive and tailored approach is essential to effectively safeguard the health of shelter dogs. This study outlines a tailor-fit management plan that incorporates a multifaceted approach, encompassing vaccination, testing, hygienic practices, and quarantine protocols, to effectively prevent viral diseases within dog shelters.

Potato Viruses of Economic Importance for Production of Planting Material in Bulgaria

Potato is the world’s third most widespread food crop, following wheat and rice. Tubers play an important role in the spread of virus diseases in different regions in Bulgaria for seed production. The most important viruses in potatoes in Bulgaria include Potato virus Y (PVY), Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), Potato virus S (PVS), and Potato virus M (PVM). Most of the viruses in potatoes do not induce symptoms in tubers, which plays an important role in viral dissemination by the growers. In this way, after planting the tubers, the quality and yield of the production may be severely reduced. The use of virus-free tubers by growers is of key importance for the control of diseases and the reduction of loss of production.

Cultured Penaeus vannamei in Korea co‐infected with white spot syndrome virus and decapod hepanhamaparvovirus

AbstractIn this study, Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei), pond water, crab, Helice tridens, and live food samples were collected from farms in three provinces of Korea to investigate the presence of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and decapod hepanhamaparvovirus (DHPV). By polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DHPV was detected in all shrimp samples (83 of 83); among these, 41 samples were detected with WSSV. Amplicon sequencing and phylogenetic analyses indicated that all DHPV samples were classified as a novel genotype of DHPV. Additionally, the collected squid, polychaeta, and crab were also confirmed to be detected with novel genotypes of DHPV. By WSSV quantitative PCR, the average concentrations of viruses detected in shrimp and pond water samples were 2.58 × 107 copies/μL and 1.27 × 102 copies/μL, respectively. Simultaneous detection of WSSV and DHPV was observed in shrimp, pond water, and crab samples, and co‐infection with both viruses in shrimp could be demonstrated by histopathological analysis. Viral infection can result in significant economic losses in shrimp production. Therefore, precise monitoring and management of WSSV and DHPV prevalence in pond water, live food, and habitats are essential to preventing the spread of viral diseases in the Korean shrimp culture industry.

NanoViromics: long-read sequencing of dsRNA for plant virus and viroid rapid detection.

There is a global need for identifying viral pathogens, as well as for providing certified clean plant materials, in order to limit the spread of viral diseases. A key component of management programs for viral-like diseases is having a diagnostic tool that is quick, reliable, inexpensive, and easy to use. We have developed and validated a dsRNA-based nanopore sequencing protocol as a reliable method for detecting viruses and viroids in grapevines. We compared our method, which we term direct-cDNA sequencing from dsRNA (dsRNAcD), to direct RNA sequencing from rRNA-depleted total RNA (rdTotalRNA), and found that it provided more viral reads from infected samples. Indeed, dsRNAcD was able to detect all of the viruses and viroids detected using Illumina MiSeq sequencing (dsRNA-MiSeq). Furthermore, dsRNAcD sequencing was also able to detect low-abundance viruses that rdTotalRNA sequencing failed to detect. Additionally, rdTotalRNA sequencing resulted in a false-positive viroid identification due to the misannotation of a host-driven read. Two taxonomic classification workflows, DIAMOND & MEGAN (DIA & MEG) and Centrifuge & Recentrifuge (Cent & Rec), were also evaluated for quick and accurate read classification. Although the results from both workflows were similar, we identified pros and cons for both workflows. Our study shows that dsRNAcD sequencing and the proposed data analysis workflows are suitable for consistent detection of viruses and viroids, particularly in grapevines where mixed viral infections are common.

Post-Pandemic Covid-19 Analysis: The Effect of Distance Learning Toward Learning Loss in Primary School

The spread of the Corona Virus Pandemic virus Disease 19 (COVID-19) resulted in the learning process in their respective homes. This impacts students' psychology and reduces the quality of students' skills, which is then suspected of learning loss. This research aimed to analyze the relationship between distance learning methods and the numeracy learning loss of elementary school students in high grades. This quantitative research uses a simple correlation method toward 150 elementary school students. Determination of the sample using a purposive sampling technique. The independent variable in this study is the distance learning method (X), and the dependent variable is the loss of learning numeracy (Y). Data were analysed by correlation test (Pearson Correlation), determination of the correlation coefficient with the R square model and t-test. Pre-analysis test includes a normality test using Kolmogorov Smirnov. The instrument in this research is questionnaires with a Likert scale. The research analysis results show a positive relationship between the independent variable (distance learning method) and the dependent variable (learning loss of numeration). Based on the coefficient of determination, the effect size is 46.2%, while the other 54.8% is affected by other factors besides the learning method.

Are mild cleansers appropriate for hand hygiene in the COVID era? An in vitro investigation of the antiviral efficacy of different hand hygiene products

BackgroundWashing hands with soap and lukewarm water for 20 s is a fundamental measure advocated especially within the UK to help control the spread of viral disease. However, these practices can induce irritant contact dermatitis, particularly in healthcare professionals (HCPs). HCPs typically manage their condition by replacing soap or alcohol-based hand sanitizers with cleansers containing mild surfactants and/or emollient ingredients [skin-friendly cleansers (SFCs)] to mitigate skin damage and/or using topical emollients after washing for repair. Despite this widespread practice, there is very limited evidence supporting the efficacy of these interventions in the prevention of viral propagation.MethodologyWithin this study a range of viruses comprising human coronavirus (HCoV), herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, influenza (IVA), adenovirus (Ad), and murine norovirus (MNV) were tested against multiple hand wash products, including SFCs. In vitro analysis using plaque assays and tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50) were used to assess virus infectability after incubation with the test products (soaps and SFCs) over a range of concentrations and time points. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to determine virus architecture and size, while viral replication genes were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results/conclusionsEnveloped viruses demonstrated greater susceptibility over a range of test products, suggesting some SFCs are a suitable alternative to soap (depending on the presence of a viral envelope). However, no virucidal activity was observed for non-enveloped viruses. Water type (i.e., soft/hard) and pre-exposed hand hygiene conditions (i.e., clean/dirty) made little difference to the effectiveness of both soaps and SFCs. Therefore, new hand hygiene regimens should be implemented based on trying to encompass all viruses with varying structures, with specific emphasis on the absence of a viral envelope.

A mathematical model based study on the dynamics of corona virus (COVID-19) disease spread in population

A mathematical model based study on the dynamics of corona virus (COVID-19) disease spread in population

Mechanisms, Techniques and Devices of Airborne Virus Detection: A Review.

Airborne viruses, such as COVID-19, cause pandemics all over the world. Virus-containing particles produced by infected individuals are suspended in the air for extended periods, actually resulting in viral aerosols and the spread of infectious diseases. Aerosol collection and detection devices are essential for limiting the spread of airborne virus diseases. This review provides an overview of the primary mechanisms and enhancement techniques for collecting and detecting airborne viruses. Indoor virus detection strategies for scenarios with varying ventilations are also summarized based on the excellent performance of existing advanced comprehensive devices. This review provides guidance for the development of future aerosol detection devices and aids in the control of airborne transmission diseases, such as COVID-19, influenza and other airborne transmission viruses.

Pharmacodynamic Acnalysis of Anti-chitosan in the Prevention and Treatment of Tomato Virus Diseases

Viral diseases are primary diseases of tomatoes with an occurrence rate generally reaching above 30% and up to 90% in severe cases. Control of viral diseases is an enormous challenge in crop protection. Application of insecticide for preventing virus transmission through reduction of insect vectors is considered an useful means. The crop breeding technology and tissue culture are also employed to generate viral resistant cultivar or virus-free seedlings. However, these methods are often less effective in practice because of viral mutations. It has been reported that chitosan, as an efficient plant resistance-inducing elicitor, can inhibit the infection of pathogenic bacteria, induce the production of phytochemicals and stimulate plant self-resistance, and has been widely used in the prevention and treatment of viral diseases. In this study, by investigating the field disease index and monitoring the form and content of the virus in the diseased leaves and new leaves before each application, it was clarified that continuous spraying of 0.5% chitosan water solution for 3 times at an interval of 7 days has a significant control effect of preventing tomato virus disease. Negative staining electron microscope observation method visually showed the existence and changes of virus in leaves; RT-PCR method analyzed the virus types as tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV); The qRT-PCR method further clarified that the inhibition rates of 0.5% chitosan solution on tomato spotted wilt and tomato chlorosis virus were 75.31% and 67.18%, respectively. It is concluded from our tests that the plant defence elicitor chitosan (a.i. 0.5%) is able to inhibit virus replication in crop cells and prevent the aggravation of tomato plant virus disease symptoms. Therefore, the strategy for the management of tomato virus disease is to apply the inducer chitosan regularly to maintain a low virus titer and prevent the occurrence and spread of virus disease.

Co-infection of TYLCV and ToCV increases cathepsin B and promotes ToCV transmission by Bemisia tabaci MED.

Tomato disease is an important disease affecting agricultural production, and the combined infection of tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) has gradually expanded in recent years, but no effective control method has been developed to date. Both viruses are transmitted by Bemisia tabaci Mediteranean (MED). Previously, we found that after B. tabaci MED was fed on ToCV-and TYLCV-infected plants, the transmission efficiency of ToCV was significantly higher than that on plants infected only with ToCV. Therefore, we hypothesize that co-infection could enhance the transmission rates of the virus. In this study, transcriptome sequencing was performed to compare the changes of related transcription factors in B. tabaci MED co-infected with ToCV and TYLCV and infected only with ToCV. Hence, transmission experiments were carried out using B. tabaci MED to clarify the role of cathepsin in virus transmission. The gene expression level and enzyme activity of cathepsin B (Cath B) in B. tabaci MED co-infected with ToCV and TYLCV increased compared with those under ToCV infection alone. After the decrease in cathepsin activity in B. tabaci MED or cathepsin B was silenced, its ability to acquire and transmit ToCV was significantly reduced. We verified the hypothesis that the relative expression of cathepsin B was reduced, which helped reduce ToCV transmission by B. tabaci MED. Therefore, it was speculated that cathepsin has profound research significance in the control of B. tabaci MED and the spread of viral diseases.

Analysis and Optimal Control of the Tungro Virus Disease Spread Model in Rice Plants by Considering the Characteristics of the Virus, Roguing, and Pesticides

Farmers have an essential role in maintaining food security. One of the food crops that occupies a high position in Indonesia is rice. However, farmers often experience problems when cultivating rice plants, one of which is affected by the tungro virus disease in rice plants. The spread of the disease can be controlled by the roguing process and applying pesticides. In this study, an analysis of the model of the spread of tungro virus disease in rice plants took into account the characteristics of the rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) and rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV), as well as control in the form of roguing processes and application of pesticides. The analysis carried out was in the form of dynamic analysis, sensitivity analysis, and optimal control. In addition, numerical simulations were also carried out to describe the results of the analysis. The results showed that the roguing process and the application of pesticides could control the spread of the tungro virus disease. The application is sufficient, at as much as 75%.