Spread Of Poverty Research Articles

أثر استخدام التكنولوجيا الحديثة في إرساء تطبيق المبادئ الإسلامية الحاكمة للعمل الإنساني The Impact Of The Use Of Modern Technology In Establishing The Application Of Islamic Principles Governing Humanitarian Action

In light of the rapid technological developments and the spread of poverty, disease, and natural disasters in the world, there was an urgent need to clarify the purposes of Islamic law governing humanitarian work and to clarify the true image of Islam in helping suffering humanity, and in light of the monopoly of rich capitalist countries on the wealth of the world. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the most important purposes established by Islamic law to govern humanitarian work, as well as to identify the impact of the use of modern technology (such as metaverse, artificial intelligence, drones, robots, and blockchain) on establishing the application of Islamic principles and practices for humanitarian work on the ground, and how can this technology be exploited to achieve social solidarity and enhance human communication as urged by Islam? The results of the study concluded that the Islamic Sharia has established several governing principles for humanitarian action, to achieve social solidarity, relief for the distressed, and removal of destitution for the needy, the most important of which are: Islam’s care and honoring of man, doing good, the universality and mercy of Islam, the brotherhood of humanity, equality, and partnership Humanity, which all pours into the crucible of enrichment humanitarian work and its prosperity. The study also concluded that modern technology has an effective positive impact in establishing the principles and practices of humanitarian work on the ground in light of the current digital age. Accordingly, the researcher recommends the need to find an effective mechanism to raise awareness of the purposes of Islamic law in humanitarian work in the world and keep pace with modern technological applications to be used in establishing the governing principles of Islamic charitable work. Keywords: Governing Principles In Islamic Law, Modern Technology, Metaverse, Drones, Blockchain.

The role of social responsibility accounting in mitigating the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan

The purpose of this research was to determine whether or not social responsibility accounting plays a part in reducing the negative effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on Jordan’s economy. The study’s secondary objective was to investigate the COVID-19 pandemic that broke out in Jordan. It is vital to find adequate remedies, just as it is necessary in other nations, in order to avert the damage that this pandemic might cause to society, individuals, and the economy. The methodology of the study centered on utilizing both descriptive and inferential techniques to data collection and analysis. Participants in the survey were 861 branch managers working for Jordanian and international banks that were licensed to do business in the country. Each participant utilized the Purposive Sample Approach while completing one of the 500 questionnaires that were handed out. The research identified a number of conclusions, including the fact that there is a statistically significant role for social responsibility accounting (economic and social) in reducing the negative effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on Jordan’s economy. According to the findings of the study, economic and social responsibility accounting both play a part in reducing the impact of adverse economic conditions such as unemployment, budget deficits, and the risk of consumer credit. This study is one of the most important studies in terms of its scientific contribution at the level of Jordan as a Middle Eastern country, as well as for all countries around the world in the process of developing solutions and strategies to mitigate the economic and social consequences of the coronavirus pandemic, as well as the possibility of many future crises, whether as a result of wars or the emergence of new viruses. This study makes a contribution to the formation of research frameworks that researchers from all over the world can use to search for solutions to reduce the effects of the coronavirus pandemic on the global economy as well as the spread of poverty and unemployment as a direct result of the pandemic. This research, which is also a scientific supplement, is intended for companies in all nations throughout the world in order to assist in mitigating the consequences of the coronavirus pandemic.

ВЗАЄМОЗВ’ЯЗОК ТІНЬОВОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ ТА ДОБРОБУТУ НАСЕЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНИ В КОНТЕКСТІ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ

The article outlines the essence of the concept of "poverty" as a phenomenon that reflects the impossibility due to a lack of funds to maintain the optimal standard of living inherent in a specific society in a specific period of time, or poverty is interpreted as the impossibility of maintaining the minimum level of consumption, which is determined on the basis of physiological, socially and culturally determined regulations According to the first approach, all those who live below a certain average standard of society are considered poor, and according to the second – only those who live below the minimum level defined by society. Thus, having an economic origin, poverty is a much broader phenomenon. It has been established that poverty is a multidimensional concept that includes different facets and has different ways of manifestation. The global trends in the spread of poverty and the peculiarities of this phenomenon in Ukraine are highlighted. The countries were considered by the level of GDP per capita. The concept of extreme poverty is considered as a type of poverty, which is known as the condition of a family or an individual who has a number of disadvantages that prevent them from participating in all social activities of the community. It is established that according to the United Nations (UN), this type of poverty is the most serious state of poverty, the term extreme poverty is used to denote a person who cannot meet his basic needs, in particular, in the sense of needs consisting of food, drink water, sleep at home, and access to education and health. A critical analysis of the level of extreme poverty in the countries of the world according to the data of the World Bank was carried out. A critical analysis of the dynamics and current state of the growth of the problem of poverty and deterioration of the level of kindness in Ukraine in connection with a full-scale war with a terrorist country has been carried out. The relationship between the shadow economy and the well-being of the population of Ukraine in the context of ensuring national security is characterized. The necessity of improving the state policy of detinization, which will comprehensively combine the solution of the main problems of the state on the path of post-war reconstruction, including improving the welfare of the population of Ukraine, is outlined.

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ГУМАНІТАРНА КРИЗА ЯК НАСЛІДОК РОСІЙСЬКОЇ АГРЕСІЇ ПРОТИ УКРАЇНИ

Russian aggression against Ukraine has caused a number of difficult, crisis situations, which have become stressful, crisis, and traumatic for various segments of the population. The social and humanitarian crisis in Ukraine is a consequence of the dangerous access to regions and places of assistance for national and international humanitarian organizations, due to existing and emerging logistical limitations; spread of risks associated with shelling, bombing throughout the country, with explosive objects; the need to ensure safe access to areas where hostilities continue; deterioration of physical and mental health, aggravation of social and psychological problems. The population is most in need of humanitarian, social and financial support in order to be able to provide themselves with the most important and necessary goods and services. People with disabilities, people with chronic diseases and the elderly find themselves in increasingly vulnerable situations due to interruptions in treatment and problems accessing appropriate health services. The death of people of working age and those who migrated abroad reduced the supply of skilled labor. At the same time, the number of workers with disabilities is increasing, and their level of work ability and the list of jobs they can perform are different from the pre-war period. The postponement of marriage and the birth of children due to the war increased the supply of women in the labor market. Also, the presence of a family breadwinner in the armed forces or the loss of one has resulted in women having to take on more responsibilities to provide for the basic needs of their families. An increase in child labor rates due to the spread of poverty and the loss of opportunities for education, especially higher education, is also expected. The social crisis is exacerbated by the problem of poverty, especially among the working population. To solve these problems, a purposeful policy is needed, based on the economic and financial capabilities of the state and the maximum efficiency of their use. One of the important factors in supporting the population and overcoming threats to social security in wartime is jobs. They contribute to the development of the economy, increasing the purchasing power of the population, and are a reliable tool for overcoming poverty.

Child Trafficking Victim Protection in the United Arab Emirates Legislation from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence

This study examines the model of protecting victims of child trafficking in the UAE from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence, through research, analysis, and legal texts in UAE law related to human trafficking crimes, and through research on Sharia provisions in Islam. This study aims to examine the protection model for victims of child trafficking in the UAE legislation and Islamic jurisprudence, analyze the effects of the phenomenon of child trafficking, and evaluate the model for protecting victims of child trafficking in the UAE from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence. To achieve these objectives, the researcher applies the descriptive-analytical method. The study concludes that the crime of child trafficking is not a domestic crime in the United Arab Emirates, but rather a crime with an international and global dimension The United Arab Emirates is a catalyst for the crime of human trafficking as a result of its high degree of safety, the multiplicity of nationalities inhabiting it and suffering from poverty in their countries of origin .The spread of poverty, unemployment, the desire to get rich quickly, the weakness of moral and religious scruples, and the lack of censorship on websites are among the most important reasons for the spread of the crime of child trafficking .Despite the various intensive efforts to combat this crime, following the instructions of the Islamic Sharia, which laid down provisions and texts that meet the protection of human beings in all aspects of life from inception to death, the rate of human trafficking cases in the United Arab Emirates is constantly increasing .The most important recommendations of the study are the need for government legal authorities to make greater efforts to organize and follow up the residency and nationalities of foreigners, especially children, as they are closely related to the crime of human trafficking.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RURAL POVERTY FACTORS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The article presents the results of a correlation analysis of the ratio and dynamics of poverty in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The methodological foundations of the study are presented as a review of Russian and foreign studies of the ratio and reasons of poverty. We proposed the classification of the Russian constituent entities by the ratio of urbanization and conducted the two-dimensional grouping of constituent entities with an average ratio of urbanization by the ratio of poverty in 2019. The results of this study confirm the spread of poverty in rural areas and a high level of differentiation of constituent entities by poverty indicators.
 Multiple correlation analysis allowed us to estimated models of multiple regressions and identifies significant independent variables of the ratio and dynamics of poverty in constituent entities with an average ratio of urbanization. It is concluded that the poverty ratio is lower in those constituent entities where tourism, manufacturing, animal husbandry, individual entrepreneurship, higher education and postgraduate studies are better developed. But poverty reduction is more successful in those constituent entities where trade, transport and warehousing logistics are developing.
 In general, the study confirms the need to take into consideration specific regional features of the development of Russian constituent entities in the fight against poverty, the use of a targeted integrated approach in the selection of measures to reduce poverty.

Unemployment In Iraq: Causes, Consequences, and Treatment

Unemployment is one of the primary problems that most contemporary economic systems suffer from in the world, which works to bring about negative consequences on the welfare and security of society. Therefore, governments are working hard to reduce their unemployment rates, mitigate its effects, and develop economic strategies that are happy in providing job opportunities. Unemployment means stopping a part of the labor force in the economy despite the availability of the ability and willingness to work. Unemployment usually results from an imbalance in the labor market due to demand and supply considerations. Unemployment wastes the workforces of a large part of society and may lead to social violence and political unrest outbreaks when it reaches high levels. In Iraq, unemployment has deep roots that go back to the 1980s. The government began to face the problem of providing adequate job opportunities for the nearly one million people who served in the Iran-Iraq war. Unemployment has had dire consequences for the economy, society, and the Iraqi state. These effects include the spread of poverty, deprivation, and the deterioration of development rates with all its indicators.

Бідність в Україні та перспективи її подолання

The article illuminates current tendencies in the spread of poverty in Ukraine and substantiates the prospects for overcoming it, taking into account the necessity to increase the level of well-being of the population. Analyzing, systematizing and summarizing the scientific works of modern researchers, the theoretical aspects of the concept of «poverty» are considered and its substantive content is determined. As a result of the study, current tendencies in the spread of poverty in Ukraine are identified, taking into account the diagnosis of the impact on the standard of living of the population of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, hostilities and temporary occupation of territories. Thus, among the negative tendencies affecting the well-being of the population, it is worth noting the low level of incomes and their significant differentiation, a decrease in the level of employment and the shadowing of the economy. Therefore, first of all, to overcome poverty, it is important: to optimize the level of differentiation of incomes of the population based on the principle of social justice; to ensure the development of entrepreneurship, which will provide opportunities to create new jobs; to form effective mechanisms for price regulation and anti-inflationary policy; increase minimum social standards and create conditions for decent wages. The up-to-date statistical information on poverty levels, incomes and expenditures of the population, and other indicators of living standards is highlighted. The authors’ vision of the prospects for overcoming the problem of poverty of the population in Ukraine is substantiated on the basis of the determined directions for the implementation of leading foreign experience. In particular, the need for prospective measures aimed at reducing poverty in Ukraine has been identified, including the following measures: revising the minimum social standards and bringing them in line with the social standards of the developed EU countries; reducing the tax burden on the wage fund; development of entrepreneurship; improving the mechanisms for providing social support on the basis of increasing the targeting of payments and control over the targeted use of funds; deshadowing of employment and remuneration, development of non-traditional forms of employment and self-employment of the population; introduction of lifelong education, improvement of educational and scientific spheres; reimmigration of Ukrainians and creation of conditions for the realization of their potential in Ukraine; formation of effective mechanisms of the State regulation; budget financing, taking into account the priority of the social sphere. Prospects for further research in this area are to determine the priorities for improving the level of well-being of the population at the stage of post-war reconstruction of Ukraine.

Determinants of Small Scale Irrigation Utilization by Smallholder Farmers: The Case of Misrak Azernet Berbere <i>Woreda</i>, Southern Ethiopia

In countries like Ethiopia where wide spread poverty, food insecurity, low farm productivity and degraded natural resources are key problems, the need to use irrigation water in agricultural system is very crucial. The purpose of this study was to identify the determinants of utilization of small scale irrigation by smallholder farmers in Misrak Azernet Berbere woreda of Southern Ethiopia. A two stage sampling technique was applied to select sample rural Kebele administrations and households. The study was based on the data obtained from 177 sample households from two rural Kebele of the woreda through cross-sectional survey during 2017 production year. The study used both descriptive statistics and econometric model to analyze the data. Tobit model was used for identifying factors that influence utilization and intensity of utilization of small scale irrigation. The result of the model showed that sex of household head, age of household head, education level of household head, total annual income, access to information and access to extension services had significantly and positively influenced utilization and intensity of utilization of small scale irrigation while distance from residence to water source had significantly and negatively influenced utilization and intensity of utilization of small scale irrigation. The finding of the study suggests that the government and stakeholders should give emphasis to strengthening the existing extension service, strengthening the provision of formal and informal education, increasing farmers’ income, promoting and empowering females, provision of information about agricultural technologies and construction of small scale irrigation canals to improve small scale irrigation utilization in the study area.

Poverty, corruption, and religious opportunism in Africa: A Neo-Pentecostal perspective

In an ideal context, religious tenets are perceived as antithetical to corruption on all fronts. Sadly, Africa takes a frontline in religious activities, yet is bedevilled by corruption aided poverty. Viewing some Neo-Pentecostal practices with the lens of contemporary Marxism hypothesis, and philosophical consciencism of Kwame Nkrumah and Fela Anikulapo, this article examined the role of religion in the spread of poverty in Africa. It further held that while a few religious leaders speak against corruption aided poverty, institutionalised and deliberate strategic plans have not been set up to combat corruption aided poverty. Subsequently, through strategic and implementable recommendations, this article serves as a wake-up call for Africa’s religious institutions to jettison alliance with corrupt political entities and support anti-corruption crusades in Africa.Contribution: Employing the multi-play of Sociology, Economics, Philosophy and Theology, this article contributes to the interdisciplinary and international research of HTS Theological Studies.

EDUCATIONAL COMPONENT OF HUMAN POTENTIAL: FINANCIAL-STATISTICAL AND LABOR PERSPECTIVES

L. Halkiv L. Halaz M. Bihus 1Lviv Politechnic National University 2Lviv Polytechnic National University 3Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Department of International economic and Investment Activity Purpose. The purpose of this article is to improve theoretical, methodological, and applied foundations of the study of the educational component of human potential. Design/methodology/approach. Scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists studying issues related to human potential, labor market, and education financing, as well as official statistical data that characterize these issues, formed the information, theoretical, and methodological basis of the study. To achieve this purpose, the article uses a set of scientific methods that have ensured conceptual integrity of the study, in particular: the method of theoretical generalization and the abstract method were used to systematize scientific results and formulate conclusions; the method of structural analysis was used to study education costs in terms of individual components; concentration and differentiation analysis was used to study distribution of costs of financial agents; dynamic modeling was used to build trends in the number of educational institutions, the number of students, and the total cost of education; the tabular method was used for a compact representation of quantitative indicators; the graphical method was used to visualize the results of the study, etc. Findings. The functioning of the country's education system has a decisive influence on the quality of human potential. Graduates who complete a higher education program are more likely to work in knowledgeintensive jobs and earn higher salaries. Workers with higher education are usually more likely to be formally employed and less likely to lose their jobs. Effectiveness of the education system depends on its financing. The results of the analysis of data on expenditures on education in Ukraine indicate the following patterns: most funds are allocated for educational services provided by higher education institutions, for the first stage of secondary education and primary education; private firms and corporations most often allocate their funds for post-secondary education; the share of state institutions among financial agents carrying out activities in the field of education reaches about 90 %; the maximum costs of the public sector are observed at the ISCED 0-3 educational levels; the network of institutions and the contingent of students receiving vocational, technical, and higher education are decreasing; there is a declining trend in the level of education expenditures in the Consolidated Budget expenditures. The rise in the price of educational services against the background of an unbalanced labor market leads to a loss of knowledge; additional retraining expenses; increase in social benefits. Practical implications. The materials presented in the article can be useful to representatives of institutions and scientists whose activities are related to the financing of education and the labor market. Originality/value. In the article, the author. The level of education of an employee is considered as one of the components of their potential. This component allows an employee to compete successfully in the labor market. In Ukraine, financial resources of the population cover more than 30 % of doctoral studies and their equivalents, as well as about 25 % of expenditures cover higher education. Given the spread of poverty and the weakening of state support for higher education, Ukrainians will face the problem of the provision of financial support for universities.

Outpatient Clinic of Russian Red Cross in Berlin in 1920s —1930s

The documents of the League of Nations archive concerning the history of a unique emigrant institution — the Russian Ambulatory in Berlin are introduced into scientific circulation in the article. It is reported that for at least 17 years (since 1920), the clinic had pro-vided free assistance to the poor. The annual reports and correspondence of the clinic make it possible not only to assess the scale of the activities of the philanthropists of Russian Berlin and their humanitarian significance, but also to analyze information about the social and demographic processes in the emigrant community in the 1920s—1930s. It is noted that from 1920 to 1934 the clinic received 171,955 patients (more than one and a half thousand people a year, of all ages and nationalities). Information is given that doctors treated a wide range of diseases: cardiovascular, nervous, venereal, respiratory and digestive system, urogenital system, eye and ear, the consequences of injuries and trauma. It has been established that the outpatient clinic distributed free medicines, food, and basic necessities since the early 1930s and provided lunches and places in the Salvation Army dormitory for the homeless. The statistics of the clinic are presented with data on the ethnic composition of Russian Berlin (the most representative of the known ones), the aging of emigration in Germany, and the low birth rate in the 1930s and the spread of poverty associated with the Great Depression.

МЕХАНІЗМИ ЗМІЦНЕННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ГРОМАДЯН УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ СУСПІЛЬНО-ПОЛІТИЧНОЇ КРИЗИ ТА ЗОВНІШНІХ ВИКЛИКІВ

The article outlines systemic threats, substantiates the need and highlights mechanisms for strengthening the economic security of the citizens of Ukraine in the context of exacerbation of socio-political crisis and external challenges. The existing in inconsistency of basic social standards in Ukraine and their institutional provision with real conditions and needs of citizens causes inadequate state guarantee of its beneficiaries (citizens) rights to life, earnings, housing, health care and, in general, - to self-reproduction and development. Given the aggravation of socio-political and socio-economic crises, deepened by hostilities in eastern Ukraine, the annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, ensuring economic security of citizens, especially vulnerable groups - migrants, large and young families, the elderly is highly important. The main reason for the high level of vulnerability of socio-economic rights of citizens is the imperfection of state and regional policy, inefficient management of state resources, which leads to their privatization or hidden unfair redistribution of shadow schemes in favor of political elites. As a result, this fact has led to excessive stratification of the population in terms of income, when about 80% of the total population of Ukraine receives a monthly income below the real subsistence level, the spread of poverty among workers. The analysis shows that the reforms in Ukraine are carried out without proper forecasting and assessment of the expected effectiveness, taking into account the key performance indicators (KRI) to ensure the economic security of the main beneficiary of the state - a citizen of Ukraine. Further reform of the socio-economic sphere requires the introduction of institutional changes with the obligatory priority of economic security of the citizens.

Вплив карантинних обмежень, пов’язаних із COVID-19, на ринок праці та зайнятість у сільській місцевості

The purpose of the article is to assess the impact of restrictive quarantine measures in 2020-2021 related to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rural labor market, the level of employment and the extent of rural poverty. Research methods. The basis for the study were general scientific and economic methods, creative heritage of the classical political economy founders, publications of Ukrainian scientists on the impact of quarantine restrictions related to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, on social and labor relations in rural areas, regulations, data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and the State Employment Service, Internet resources and other sources. The monographic approach was used in the analysis of the employment rate dynamics of the rural population, changes in the labor market and the scale of poverty caused by the lockdowns introduction in 2020-2021. Normative and positive approaches are used to highlight the labor potential of rural areas and opportunities for its implementation in a pandemic. A number of abstract-logical techniques allowed formulating intermediate and final conclusions and proposals. Research results. The phenomenon of the category "labor" as a process of conscious and purposeful activity on the transformation of natural and economic factors of production in order to meet human needs is considered. The institutional preconditions of spatial differences in the concentration of jobs in rural and urban areas and the deepening of inequality in their development are highlighted. Changes caused by a number of restrictions on economic activity in order to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine are analyzed, in the field of the rural population employment by age groups, employment status, unemployment among working-age people, the number of employees who received unemployment status, as well as the workload per vacancy registered with the State Employment Service, the dynamics of its provision of services to rural residents. Public opinion that in the employment and rural labor market due to non-compliance with quarantine restrictions on economic activity, technological features of agricultural production and lower density, the rural population suffers less from quarantine measures is refuted. As a result of the introduction of two all-Ukrainian lockdowns in 2020–2021, the number of employed rural population decreased by 361 thousand people, or by 7%, of them employed - by 198 thousand and self-employed - by 153 thousand. The unemployment rate for this period also increased by 1.7 percentage points, or 11.5%. In April-May 2021, almost 120,000 workers received the status of unemployed dismissed from agricultural, forestry and fisheries enterprises, or one in five of the total in the economy. In addition, the number of applicants for one vacancy in rural areas has doubled, while reducing the financial capacity of the State Employment Service, especially with regard to the implementation of active forms of employment recovery. An integral consequence of quarantine restrictions was the spread of poverty among the rural population and the further social exclusion of people with unprotected self-employment. Scientific novelty. Methodological approaches to assessing the negative impact of quarantine restrictions related to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural employment, the rural labor market and the well-being of rural households have been further developed. Practical significance. The results of the impact of quarantine restrictions on employment and the rural labor market in 2020-2021 may be taken into account when developing measures to support micro and small businesses and self-employed agricultural workers in extreme conditions of society, such as a pandemic. Tabl.: 3. Figs.: 5. Refs.: 35.

Priority of stimulating creative work in innovation management in the stage of globalization

Research background: It is substantiated that outdated motivational management in practice hampers the tasks of accelerated innovative development of domestic enterprises. This leads to the destruction of motives for the development of innovations, the spread of poverty among workers, in particular among developers of new ideas and innovations. Purpose of the article: The article is devoted to the problems of modeling the process of motivational regulation of innovative activity of employees at the enterprise. Methods: Our conceptual provisions based on analysis and generalization of data of statistics of economic activity of innovatively active enterprises of Ukraine. Practical experience of personnel management based on motivational management, results of sociological surveys of personnel and involvement of experts’ conclusions the level of economic activity of staff and creativity in work. Findings & Value added: The proposed model of motivational regulation of innovation activity of employees is based on the mandatory identification and consideration of priority factors that enhance the incentive effect of remuneration for the creative component of work, increase innovation activity of staff and enterprises in general, increase its profitability, and competitiveness. The peculiarity of the presented model is its flexibility in the choice of motivational regulators depending on the goals of the enterprise, the presence of a block of choice of motivational priorities in regulating innovation, the possibility of adjusting its effectiveness taking into account the efficiency of innovation in the enterprise and the internal and external environment.

Poverty in Russia’s territorial entities: assessment of the state and measures to reduce it

The article deals with the problems of poverty in modern Russia, assessment of the state and measures to reduce its scale. The main threats to the social development of territorial entities are the low standard of living of the population and the spread of poverty. The main indicators that characterize the level of poverty in Russia and its regions are analyzed: the share of the population with monetary incomes below the subsistence rate, credit debts of Russians and their social well-being. Official statistics and the results of sociological research confirm the low indicators of the quality of life of the population of the territorial entities.

Economic crimes in Libya: the phenomenon of illegal earning and money laundering before and after the February 17, 2011 revolution

Economic crimes in Libya have become a source of concern for all honorable Libyans who aspire to build their desired state. Economic crime was and remains the foremost enemy of economic development in this afflicted country. And as a first step to learn how to combat this bad phenomenon, this study identified methods of illegal gain before and after the February 17, 2011 revolution in Libya, with reference to the role of the political system in the growth of this phenomenon. In Libya, for the non-political and non-leadership figures, in the absence of the institutions of the modern state, with a noticeable weakness in regulatory regimes and security bodies, once the illegal money is acquired (illegally acquired funds) without the presence of criminal evidence can be used to convict or accuse someone, whereupon, the money will be clean and washed, no need for the process of washing. This situation is continued until after the revolution of February 17, 2011. Dictatorial Political system in Libya was one of the difficulties that prevented the process of money laundering fighting and the illegal gain. Dictatorial Political system in Libya was turning a blind eye to criminal activities associated with the illegal gain and money laundering which was executed by Members of the Revolutionary Committees and the Revolutionary Guards in return for (in exchange for) providing the protection to this system in order to stay in power as long as possible. The spread of poverty among the sons of Libyan people contributed to the growing of the illegal gain phenomenon and money laundering. The lack of effective oversight bodies and security agencies has also contributed to the growth of all negative phenomena within Libyan society.

Monitoring the decomposition of wealth-related inequality in the use of regular antenatal care in Egypt (1995\u20132014)

BackgroundBetween 1995 and 2014 Egypt successfully increased the use of regular antenatal care (URAC) among women from 30.4 to 82.9%. The same period saw a decrease in the wealth-based inequality in URAC. This paper investigates the changes in the main determinants contributing to the wealth-based inequality in URAC for the 2 years of 1995 and 2014, and the determinants that underlined the declines in this inequality.MethodsThe secondary analysis was based on data from the 1995 and 2014 rounds of the Egypt Demographic and Health Survey. Logistic regression was implemented to model URAC for the 2 years and inequality was measured using the concentration index. Decomposition of the concentration index and Blinder -Oaxaca decomposition were implemented to assess the contribution of the URAC determinants to its inequality and the changes between 1995 and 2014.ResultsDecomposition of inequalities in URAC in 1995 and 2014 showed that social determinants were the main contributors to these inequalities. More than 90% of the inequalities were explained by the living in rural Upper Egypt, women and their husbands secondary and higher education, the household standard of living, and birth order. These same determinants were responsible for more than 76% of the decline in the inequality in URAC between 1995 and 2014. Wide spread of poverty in rural Upper Egypt was found to contribute significantly to the inequality in URAC. Women and their husbands who have secondary or higher education maintained their high odds of URAC.ConclusionSince poverty in rural Upper Egypt, and inequality in education and parity are crucial social determinants of URAC inequality and its change overtime, new policies and interventions need to focus not only on the health system but on social initiatives with an equity lens to tackle the structural causes underlying these factors and their inequalities.

After the Pandemic Disease, Could the Economic World Resume the Sustainability Path?

Is there any chance that the global economy struggling with the pandemic, could be able to recover soon or would the times get longer? Answering this question becomes quite hard because we can’t rely on any precedent. The statistical projections rely on the hypothesis “tomorrow the same as today”, thus showing some uncertainty. However, we cannot forget that the pre-coronavirus world was and still is troubled by a creeping deflation; this is a sign that the economy goes through an unstable condition and has lost the route of the correct relationship with nature. On the other hand, we are witnessing an exceptional exploit in the performance of some Asian countries, in particular China and India. A phenomenon that should be interpreted as the result of a natural correction tending to the resource and culture appropriate distribution between continents. A phenomenon that worked as an accelerator of global development and that has now almost stopped, due to the substantial parity of China with Europe and North America. Then there is the issue of the unequal wealth distribution in the major Nations with an accumulation at the top of society and an increasing poverty spread. A phenomenon that is contrasting the economic development and is causing serious social tensions. The natural correction is entrusted to the subordinate financial cycle which, however, plays to the advantage of the real economy. Any projection of the post-pandemic economic performance should therefore consider the action of the whole series of events. We can say that the lockdown of the global economy has the result of a forced recession that we may consider as actually playing a natural role in reducing the instability inside the economy. And this can give the result of a rising inflation (now too low) and therefore of a potential improvement in the economic climate. Regarding the issue of resource redistribution between continents, we may expect that -after Asia- also Africa and Latin America would be involved in the development acceleration process. This eventuality of the reciprocal interests between competing countries, whether applied with a greater energy, would certainly be a driving force towards the global development. Finally, the issue of great wealth and great poverty will be a valid reason for a substantial attention by the fiscal and monetary policy, because the correction of these anomalies will be a necessary direction in order to avoid economic and social problems that could twist like dangerous snakes.

A Fresh View On Zakah As A Socio-Financial Tool To Promote Ethics, Eliminate Riba And Reduce Poverty

Current statistical data shows that almost all Muslim countries are facing economic and social problems such as the spread of poverty, mounting outstanding external debt due to compound interest and widespread unethical behaviour. Some contemporary scholars relate these problems to the oppression and the crippling policies of former colonial administrations, while others point to the governmental incompetence and corruption that triggered the last Arab spring. However, this paper contends that although the above mentioned issues may have served as catalysts that led to the worsening of socio-economic situation in many countries, the main reason for the overwhelming problems plaguing Muslim countries is their neglect of many Islamic financial and socio-financial duties, including zakah (alms) which is conceived to spread ethical behaviour, eliminate riba (interest), empower the poor and needy and so reduce and may even end poverty. This study aims to demonstrate how zakah, as a socio-financial tool, can help promote sound standards of ethics, generate funds to counter external borrowing endorsed by anti-poverty programmes, empower the poor, and eradicate poverty in Muslim societies. This paper uses a secondary source based meta-analysis of books, articles, journals, annual reports, and websites, besides referring to the Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH) whenever necessary. The findings show it is imperative that zakah to be recognised as an effective socio-financial tool to counter the ills currently plaguing Muslim societies. Adequately managed and distributed zakah can help to promote good ethics, overreliance on external borrowing, empower the poor and end their poverty hence, resulting in a just and a caring society.