Spread Of Nosocomial Infections Research Articles

Clinical and Etiological Exploration of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in the Intensive Care Unit of a Developing Country.

Background Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a critical concern in the intensive care unit(ICU), with significant implications for patient outcomes. This retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of VAP in an ICU of a developing country, identify the predominant etiological factors, assess patient outcomes, and underscore the need for tailored interventions in high-risk patient groups. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study included 589 ICU patients who underwent ventilator-assisted breathing for over 48 hours. Among them, 151 developed VAP. The diagnosis was made on clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings, and tracheal aspirate cultures. Exclusions included pediatric patients, less than 48 hours of ventilation, and pre-existing lung infections. Patient data encompassed gender, age, comorbidities, outcomes, admission reasons, isolated microorganisms, and clinical findings. Results 151 patients out of the 589 developed VAP. The age of the patients ranged between 31 to 69 years and the mean age was 45.43 ± 8.92 years. Clinical diagnoses upon ICU admission varied, including sepsis, trauma, stroke, and metabolic disorders. Chest X-rays commonly revealed atelectasis (19.2%), consolidation (21.9%), pleural effusion (11.9%), and lobar pneumonia (45.7%). Tracheal aspirate cultures predominantly isolated multidrug-resistant gram-negative rods, with methicillin-resistant gram-positive cocci and fungal pneumonia prevalent in neutropenic sepsis cases. Notably, only 54 (35.8%) of patients survived, with significantly poorer outcomes observed in sepsis, neutropenic sepsis, and stroke cases compared to trauma and post-operative admissions. Conclusion Multidrug-resistant organisms and the spread of nosocomial infections are the predominant causes ofVAP in the ICU. This emphasizes the urgent need for multifaceted interventions to prevent and manage VAP effectively. Developing and implementing targeted strategies, considering the unique challenges faced in resource-constrained healthcare settings can aid in decreasing the mortality associated with it.

Alpha-Naphthoflavone as a Novel Scaffold for the Design of Potential Inhibitors of the APH(3')-IIIa Nucleotide-Binding Site of Enterococcus faecalis.

The spread of nosocomial infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus faecalis is one of the major threats to global health at present. While aminoglycosides are often used to combat these infections, their effectiveness is reduced by various resistance mechanisms, including aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, and there are currently no drugs to inhibit these enzymes. To address this issue, this study was conducted to identify potential aminoglycoside adjuvants from a database of 462 flavones. The affinity of these molecules with the nucleotide-binding site (NBS) of aminoglycoside phosphotransferase type IIIa of E. faecalis (EfAPH(3')-IIIa) was evaluated, and the five molecules with the highest binding energies were identified. Of these, four were naphthoflavones, suggesting that their backbone could be useful in designing potential inhibitors. The highest-ranked naphthoflavone, 2-phenyl-4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one, was modified to generate two new derivatives (ANF2OHC and ANF2OHCC) to interact with the NBS similarly to adenine in ATP. These derivatives showed higher binding free energies, better stability in molecular dynamics analysis and superior pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiles compared to the parent molecule. These findings suggest that these alpha-naphthoflavone derivatives are potential inhibitors of EfAPH(3')-IIIa and that this core may be a promising scaffold for developing adjuvants that restore the sensitivity of aminoglycosides.

EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET - C LIGHT IRRADIATION ON THE BIOBURDEN OF HOSPITAL CONTACT SURFACES

Microbial species replicate and propagate on every surface. Contact surfaces have become inevitable in hospitals as they are for convenience of staff and visitors. These hospital contact surfaces are microbial reservoirs, which play a leading role in the spread of nosocomial infections. Cleaning and disinfection of these surfaces deplete its bioburden, however, paucity of fund occasioned by lean healthcare budget has impacted on the continuous Cleaning and disinfection of these surfaces. We used a sterile swab moistened in normal saline to collect 600 samples in duplicate from various contact surfaces of 20 randomly selected hospitals before and after ultraviolet – c light irradiation. Standard microbiological assay were used to identify and characterize the isolated microbes. The mean of the pre-exposure bioburden in cfu/square swabbed surface was significantly higher than that of the post-exposure bioburden in cfu/square swabbed contact surface with (p ˂ 0.005). This result shows that ultraviolet – c light irradiation if effective in depleting the bioburden of hospital contact surfaces, we therefore, suggest the deployment of ultraviolet – c light irradiation in the integrated and continuous hospital contact surfaces disinfection regime

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effects of Nisin/Chitosan Composite on Cotton Fabric Textile

Background: The spread of nosocomial infections may be caused by contact between the patient’s body and textile materials used in medical practices. Therefore, it is necessary to use effective antimicrobial textiles to prevent the transmission of pathogenic bacteria and the occurrence of infections. Methods: In this research, chitosan was utilized to bind nisin to the surface of cotton fabric. The binding properties of nisin on the fabric were explored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The antibacterial effectiveness of fabrics against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis was measured. The durability of the antimicrobial properties of these fabrics was checked after 10 washing cycles. Additionally, the toxicity of this fabric on fibroblast cells was determined using the MTT colorimetry after 7 days. Results: Chitosan-nisin formed a homogeneous and colorless layer on the cotton fabric. Antibacterial results showed that nisin improved the antibacterial effect of coated fabrics against all tested bacteria. The antimicrobial properties of the fabric coated with chitosan-nisin were maintained at approximately 100%, 17.26%, 8.55%, 2.98%, 1.38%, and 17.4% efficacy against B. cereus, S. aureus, E. faecalis, L. monocytogenes, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Furthermore, the chitosan-nisin coating demonstrated no significant toxic effect on fibroblast cells even after 1 week. Conclusion: The results suggest that the chitosan-nisin coating could be utilized in the production of medical textiles and underwear. Moreover, it offers an innovative solution to protect human health and the environment.

Isolation and Characterization of Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Pathogens Present in Hospital Environment within Awka Metropolis

The contamination of hospital environment by bacterial organisms plays a vital role in the spread of nosocomial infections. This study was conducted to determine bacterial contamination, bacterial profiles, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and plasmid profiles of bacterial isolates from hospital air, water and fomite environment within Awka. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Crest Specialist Hospital, Regina Caeli Specialist Hospital and Nnamdi Azikiwe University (UNIZIK) Medical Centre, Awka. Using random sampling techniques (surface, air and water), culturing, Gram staining, antibiotic susceptibility test, biochemical tests and molecular identification, bacterial organisms from surrounding air, water and fomites were isolated and identified. A total of 112 samples were collected from the three hospitals. Of all the samples, 110 (98.2%) showed positive for bacterial growth. A total of 40 bacterial isolates underwent antibiotic sensitivity testing, of which 6 (15%) showed multidrug resistance. Bacterial organisms isolated from Regina Caeli Hospital showed the most resistance to the antibiotic drugs (41.8%), followed by Crest Specialist Hospital (30.9%) and then UNIZIK Medical Centre (27.3%). Interestingly, there was 100% sensitivity of isolates to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, augmentin (amoxicillinclavulanate), rifampicin and septrin. Out of the six multidrug resistant isolates, Staphylococcus hominis strain PCP01, Myroides odoratimimus subsp. xuanwuensis strain M2S3B6 and Bacillus cereus strain DS-2 were identified using DNA sequencing and PCR. The three identified microorganisms are opportunistic pathogens. While S. hominis has no plasmid, both M. odoratimimus and B. cereus showed the presence of plasmids. With proper prevention practices such as; disinfection of hospital surfaces, proper personal hygiene of health care workers, special air handling and ventilation and wearing of facemask within the hospital environment, possibilities of nosocomial infections can be reduced drastically, especially in Africa. Keywords: Isolation, Characterization, Multidrug Resistant and Bacterial

Bacterial Assessment of Stethoscopes Used by Healthcare Workers at a Tertiary Care Government Hospital in Bharatpur, Nepal

The transmission of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) in healthcare settings is a serious challenge in the medical fraternity. Medical devices, such as stethoscopes used by healthcare workers (HCWs), are likely to harbor a considerable number of pathogenic microbes, which may result in the transmission of HCAIs. This study sought to investigate bacterial contamination of stethoscopes used by HCWs at Bharatpur Hospital, Nepal. During the study period of 3 months from December 2019 to February 2020, a total of 87 stethoscopes were examined; bacterial pathogens were isolated and identified by culture and biochemical tests, and their susceptibilities against different antibiotics were determined using standard protocols of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The disc diffusion method was used primarily to screen for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- and metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing isolates, followed by their confirmation using cephalosporin/clavulanate combination discs and the disc potentiation methods, respectively. In addition, molecular detection of blaCTX-M and blaVIM genes was performed using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 87 stethoscopes examined, more than a quarter (28.7%) were colonized with different pathogenic bacteria. Bacterial contamination of stethoscopes was found to be significantly associated with various factors, such as disinfecting routine, method of disinfection, and department of the hospital (p < 0.05). A higher rate of bacterial contamination was observed on the diaphragm of the stethoscope (12.64%) and among HCWs who overlooked hand hygiene practices (45.45%). The prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was 44.44%, and approximately half of the Gram-negative isolates (47%) were multidrug resistant (MDR). Imipenem (81.25%) and chloramphenicol (83.33%) were found to be the most effective antibiotics for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. Phenotypic screening showed that 43.75% of isolates were ESBL producers, and 18.75% were MBL producers, but blaCTX-M and blaVIM genes were detected in only 31.25% and 6.25% of isolates, respectively. The results of the study call for effective stethoscope disinfection practices along with the judicious use of antibiotics by HCWs in order to minimize cross-contamination, emergence of resistance, and spread of nosocomial infections in clinical settings.

Assessment of aerosol persistence in ICUs via low-cost sensor network and zonal models

The COVID-19 pandemic raised public awareness about airborne particulate matter (PM) due to the spread of infectious diseases via the respiratory route. The persistence of potentially infectious aerosols in public spaces and the spread of nosocomial infections in medical settings deserve careful investigation; however, a systematic approach characterizing the fate of aerosols in clinical environments has not been reported. This paper presents a methodology for mapping aerosol propagation using a low-cost PM sensor network in ICU and adjacent environments and the subsequent development of the data-driven zonal model. Mimicking aerosol generation by a patient, we generated trace NaCl aerosols and monitored their propagation in the environment. In positive (closed door) and neutral-pressure (open door) ICUs, up to 6% or 19%, respectively, of all PM escaped through the door gaps; however, the outside sensors did not register an aerosol spike in negative-pressure ICUs. The K-means clustering analysis of temporospatial aerosol concentration data suggests that ICU can be represented by three distinct zones: (1) near the aerosol source, (2) room periphery, and (3) outside the room. The data suggests two-phase plume behavior: dispersion of the original aerosol spike throughout the room, followed by an evacuation phase where "well-mixed" aerosol concentration decayed uniformly. Decay rates were calculated for positive, neutral, and negative pressure operations, with negative-pressure rooms clearing out nearly twice as fast. These decay trends closely followed the air exchange rates. This research demonstrates the methodology for aerosol monitoring in medical settings. This study is limited by a relatively small data set and is specific to single-occupancy ICU rooms. Future work needs to evaluate medical settings with high risks of infectious disease transmission.

Identification and Resistance Testing of Bacteria Causing Nosocomial Infections in Surgery Inpatient Rooms

Background: Nosocomial infections are the most common infections that occur when patients are under medical care in hospitals. The most common pathogenic bacteria that cause nosocomial infections are Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp, and Klebsiella pneumonia. One of the factors causing a nosocomial infection is the environment. The spread of nosocomial infections in dr. Doris Sylvanus can occur in the surgical ward environment. Therefore, it is necessary to study and know the identification of bacteria and knowing the pattern of antibiotic resistance of bacteria that cause nosocomial infections in the surgical inpatient ward of dr. Doris Sylvanus Hospital. Methods: This type of research used an observational method with a descriptive approach. The research at dr Doris Sylvanus Hospital. The population is dahlia room which consisted of floors, sheets, patient beds, tables, and door handles. Results: Bacterial identification was Staphylococcus aureus at 13.4% and Staphylococcus non-coagulase at 10%, also found Gram-negative bacteria suspected Salmonella sp. 3.3% and other bacteria at 73.3% The results of the Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole antibiotic resistance test on S. aureus bacteria had a sensitivity of 50% and Oxacillin had a sensitivity of 75%, while the Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance test results on S. non-coagulase bacteria had a sensitivity of 66.7% and Oxacillin had a sensitivity of 100%. Conclusion: The Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole antibiotic resistance test on S. aureus bacteria has moderate sensitivity and the Oxacillin antibiotic has a fairly high sensitivity while on S. non-coagulase bacteria have a fairly high sensitivity and oxacillin antibiotics have high sensitivity.

Nasopharynx microflora features and its role in the spread of nosocomial infection

Introduction. The threat of the spread of nosocomial infection is exacerbated by a number of factors, among which we should note the increase in the number of multidisciplinary medical institutions of various forms of ownership, the creation of new types of medical instruments, devices, medical drugs, the introduction of new kinds of invasive (instrumental) diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, the increase in the number of patients with suppressed immunity (premature newborns, patients with chronic diseases of various origins, elderly people). The source of nosocomial infection can be patients, medical personnel, visitors, and objects of the hospital environment: tools, linen, furniture, air, and food. The main ways of transmission of nosocomial infections are aerosol (air-droplet, air-dust), contact (through tools, linen, furniture), parenteral (when administering drugs), fecal-oral (dirty hands), alimentary (through food). Aim: to investigate the microflora of the nasopharynx of visitors to medical and preventive care institutions, to reveal the prevalence of carriers of pathogenic strains. The role of visitors to hospital patients in the spread of nosocomial infections is an extremely relevant topic, as it is insufficiently studied and requires in-depth research. Materials and methods. 40 visitors to medical and preventive care institutions (MPCI) who had no signs of respiratory tract diseases and exacerbations of comorbid pathologies were examined. All the studied visitors of MPCI patients were divided into 3 age groups according to WHO recommendations: 1st group (n=15) – young patients (18-44 years old); 2nd group (n=14) – middle-aged patients (44-60 years old); The 3rd group (n=11) – elderly patients (60-75 years old). Compliance of the distribution of clinical trial data with the law of normal distribution was checked using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Arithmetic means to value and standard error (M±m) were used to describe the data. The concentration of bacteria in the sample was presented as a decimal logarithm. The results. Bacteriogram indicators of the mucous membrane of the back wall of the nasopharynx were analyzed in visitors to the MPCI patients in different age groups. Statistically significant differences were found in the concentration of representatives of the studied bacteriogram (p˂0.05), which indicates the influence of age on the composition of the microflora of the mucous membrane of the back wall of the nasopharynx A statistically significant difference was established in the concentration and composition of representatives of the bacteriogram of the mucous membrane of the back wall of the nasopharynx in visitors to the MPCI patients of different age groups (p˂0.05), which indicates the dependence of the composition of the microflora of the nasopharynx on age. A statistically significantly higher concentration of Staphylococcus aureus was found in the group of young patients (p˂0.05), which indicates the release of the most significant amount of this pathogen from the carriers of this group and an increase in the probability of developing infectious complications when in contact with visitors to the hospital, who were included in the added group, in comparison with other studied groups. Conclusion. Asymptomatic carriers of pathogenic strains of bacteria were found in all studied age groups of visitors to the hospital, which suggests the possibility that the studied patients may be a potential source of hospital infection in hospital patients, but this requires further research.

Assessment of Knowledge among Nurses Regarding Spread of Nosocomial Infection

Introduction: Nosocomial infections, also described as healthcare-associated infections (HAI), are illnesses that occur in hospitals or other healthcare settings. Infection obtained while receiving care and was not aware at the moment of hospitalization. Hospital - associated infection occurs when a client is taken to a hospital for a long or short term for particular treatment reasons but has no indication of infection time of admission. Nosocomial infections can always be microbial, prion, highly infectious, or parasitic, but they can be observed with in wind, inside the body, or on surfaces.(1) Objective: To assess the knowledge among nurses regarding spread of nosocomial infection. To identify association between knowledge about nosocomial infection and demographic variables of staff nurses. Place and duration: University Lahore teaching hospital Lahore, Pakistan. This study approximately took in 5 months (September, 2021 to January, 2022). The data is collected in 1 month. Methodology: A cross sectional study design was used in of University Lahore teaching hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Questionnaire distributed among staff nurses and data analyzed by SPSS software (version 21). All male and female Staff nurses having age20-60 years, who have more than one year working experience were included. Sample size of n=159 staff nurses were taken by using convenient sampling. Throughout the study, participants' identities were kept strictly confidential to ensure research participants protection. Results: The results of study show that 23.9% of individuals demonstrated excellent knowledge of nosocomial infection transmission. 46.5 percent of individuals had good knowledge about nosocomial infection spread, whereas 29.6 percent had poor knowledge about nosocomial infection spread. Conclusion: We concluded that nurses had a good knowledge regarding spread of nosocomial infection. Antibiotic resistance in emerging pathogens can be reduced by following sound and health care delivery techniques devised by infection control committees, preventing transmission of these illnesses with suitable antimicrobial usage methods. Keywords: Knowledge, nurses, nosocomial infection

New ways to prevent nosocomial infection (literature review)

The problem of prevention of nosocomial infection is one of the central in the work of medical organizations, and interest in it from clinicians remains high. Nosocomial infection is one of the main causes of death in a hospital setting and significantly increases the risk of death. Nosocomial infections lengthen the time spent in the hospital and increase the material costs of diagnosing and treating the underlying disease. Due to the high prevalence, more and more new methods of prevention of nosocomial infections appear and the existing ones are being improved. The basis of all methods is the observance of the rules of asepsis and antisepsis, but the importance of the socio-economic aspect of the policy of medical organizations and institutions is not excluded. Currently, examples of successful preventive measures are hand hygiene, sterilization and disinfection of medical equipment, prevention of environmental pollution, timely disposal of waste, compliance with precautions for isolation and continuous monitoring of data on the spread of nosocomial infections. However, despite significant progress in the study and application of preventive measures in practice, the problem of nosocomial infection remains unresolved. Difficulty for the development of a trend towards a decrease in the incidence of nosocomial infections is the specificity of pathogens and an increase in their resistance. Research and the search for effective, convenient and cost-effective methods and means of prevention of nosocomial infection must continue, as the implementation of programs for prevention and control of infections in the future can reduce the length of hospital stay and avoid other additional costs.

Transcriptomic Adaptation of Legionella pneumophila to Transient Heat Shock

A natural inhabitant of freshwater microbial ecology, Legionella pneumophila is an opportunistically pathogenic bacteria that has found a niche in hot water distribution systems (HWDS) where it challenges hospitals with the spread of nosocomial infection. Superheat-and-flush is a high-temperature pasteurization which can be temporarily effective, but systems often test positive for contamination soon after pasteurization. Because of the centrality of pasteurization in HWDS sanitation schemes, an understanding of the L. pneumophila intrinsic heat shock response may help improve the strategies used to counter its proliferation and ability to trigger nosocomial outbreaks. We tested a group of strains to assess differences in heat shock tolerance between clinical, laboratory, and environmental strains of different origin. The transcriptome of a model Philadelphia-1 L. pneumophila strain in response to heat shock was determined using microarray as an exploratory analysis of the heat shock response: 401 genes were induced, including genes involved in determining protein fate and ribosome biosynthesis while 43 genes were downregulated. Mutants of 3 individual genes were tested to find their direct effects on heat shock tolerance. Deletions of dksA or rpoS, genes involved in the regulation of life cycle switching and important for surviving long-term nutrient deprivation in freshwater lowered heat shock tolerance, suggesting an overlap in the pathways required to tolerate these stressors. Surprisingly, the deletion of htpG, the 90-kilodalton heat shock protein, was found to increase the ability to survive under transient heat shock. Taken altogether, our results show that L. pneumophila exhibits most components of the conserved bacterial heat shock response. Based on this exploratory transcriptomic study, we have provided data that can act as a platform for the research of L. pneumophila's survival to pasteurization in hot water systems.

Nosocomial Infection in SARS COV-2 Pandemic

In SARS COV-2 pandemic, the healthcare facilities are the most actively functioning setups which are the critical (microbiologically) areas. Due to these facilities patients were benefitted but during this time many health care providers suffered from nosocomial infection and many were complaining about the spread of nosocomial infection. Hospitals and healthcare facilities are easy place for contacting with infection, but the spread of infection should be stopped by taking proper disinfection measures.

KNOWLEDGE OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF SPHYGMOMANOMETERS IN HEALTHCARE FACILITIES IN BENIN CITY

Nosocomial infections are infections that patients acquire while receiving treatment for other health conditions within a healthcare setting or facility. This study aims to determine the level of awareness of healthcare providers on the role sphygmomanometers play in the spread of nosocomial infections and to isolate microorganisms in sphygmomanometer cuffs used in healthcare facilities. A structured, self-administered questionnaire was designed and administered to healthcare practitioners of two tertiary hospitals and community pharmacies in Benin City. Microbial contamination of sphygmomanometer cuffs was investigated following the standard isolation and identification techniques for microorganisms. A total of 217 responded; 27.2% pharmacists, 33.2% doctors and 39.6% nurses. The majority (50.2%) were between the ages of 20 – 30 years. 65.4% were females and 51.6% were single. Ninety-four percent (94%) of the total respondents said that microorganisms are present in the inner cuffs of sphygmomanometers, 76% said microorganisms on the cuffs are sources of nosocomial infections while 80.6% said patients can be infected with the use of sphygmomanometers. A total of 192 swabbed samples were collected from 64 cuffs in the healthcare facilities, 46.5% were bacteria and 53.5% fungi. The most isolated organisms were candida species 42(21%), Staphylococcus aureus 41(20.5% of which 28(68.3%) were methicillin resistant.), Mucor 34(17%), Aspergillus species 23(11.5%). Ninety four percent (94%) of respondents had good knowledge that blood pressure cuffs play a role in the spread of nosocomial infections. The sphygmomanometer cuffs were contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms implicated in nosocomial infections.

Virus matrix interference on assessment of virucidal activity of high-touch surfaces designed to prevent hospital-acquired infections

Objectives/purposeHigh-touch surfaces are a critical reservoir in the spread of nosocomial infections. Although disinfection and infection control protocols are well developed, they lack the ability to passively reduce the pathogenic load of high-touch surfaces. Copper and its alloys have been suggested as a surface that exhibit continuous biocidal effects. Antimicrobial studies on these surfaces are prevalent, while virucidal studies are not as well explored. The goal of this study was to first determine the virucidal activity of a copper–nickel–zinc alloy and to then examine the effect of soiling and virus preparation on virucidal activity.MethodsA baculovirus vector was used as an easily quantifiable model of an infectious enveloped animal cell virus. Droplets containing virus were deposited on surfaces and allowed to stay wet using humidity control or were dried onto the surface. Virus was then recovered from the surface and assayed for infectivity. To examine how the composition of the droplet affected the survival of the virus, 3 different soiling conditions were tested. The first two were recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the third consisted of cell debris resulting from virus amplification.ResultsA copper–nickel–zinc alloy was shown to have strong virucidal effects for an enveloped virus. Copper, nickel, and zinc ions were all shown to leach from the alloy surface and are the likely cause of virucidal activity by this surface. Virucidal activity was achieved under moderate soiling but lost under high soiling generated by routine virus amplification procedures. The surface was able to repeatably inactivate dried virus droplets under moderate soiling conditions, but unable to do so for virus droplets kept wet using high humidity.ConclusionIon leaching was associated with virucidal activity in both wet and dried virus conditions. Soiling protected the virus by quenching metal ions, and not by inhibiting leaching. The composition of the solution containing virus plays a critical role in evaluating the virucidal activity of surfaces and surface coatings.

Factors Related to Nurse Compliance in The Implementation of Universal Precaution in The Inpatient Room One of Private Hospital in Yogyakarta

Transmission of nosocomial infections from person to person must be prevented by always maintaining hand hygiene after carrying out inspection activities and interaction activities in hospitals, one of them by doing hand hygiene. Awareness of the importance of hand hygiene in health workers is needed in efforts to prevent nosocomial infections. The hand hygiene compliance rate obtained at One of Private Hospital in Yogyakarta is 80%. Awareness of the importance of the implementation of hand hygiene does not yet exist or has not emerged in the nurse itself, while it is very important in addition to protecting himself from the transmission of infection and can reduce the risk and spread of nosocomial infections in the hospital. This study uses an observational analytic method with a cross-sectional design. The sampling technique uses proportional random sampling, with the number of samples studied as many as 89 people. The research data were analyzed using the chi-square test. The p-value of 0.040 (p 0.05) indicates that there is a relationship between knowledge and nurse compliance in the implementation of hand hygiene. A p-value of 1.00 (p 0.05) indicates that there is no relationship between attitude and nurse compliance in the implementation of hand hygiene. P-value of 0.425 (p 0.05) indicates that there is no relationship between motivation and nurse compliance in the implementation of hand hygiene

Impact of COVID-19 on Dentistry.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the health-care system drastically, including dental care practice. COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is thought to spread via close contact through respiratory droplets and aerosols. Owing to specific characteristics of dental care such as aerosol generation as well as close proximity to patients, dentistry is thought to be associated with the nosocomial spread of infection. The risk of bidirectional spread of infection between patient and dental care providers makes it critical to take additional precautionary measures to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. It is essential to understand that the guidelines for providing dental treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic will vary across the globe, and dental practices should be in compliance with their regional guidelines. This chapter aims to present an overview of the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission and its impact on dentistry and discuss measures to provide dental care during the time of the COVID-19 outbreak effectively.

Isolation and enumeration of bacteria responsible for nosocomial infections from houseflies and determining their susceptibility to poison bait

Abstract. Haeidari A, Keshavarzi D, Owlia P, Vatandoost H, Rafinejad A, Rafinejad J. 2020. Isolation and enumeration of bacteria responsible for nosocomial infections from houseflies and determining their susceptibility to poison bait. Nusantara Bioscience 13: 24-28. Nosocomial infections represent a serious public health concern in developing countries. Houseflies are one of the most common household pests carrying different pathogenic organisms. The purpose of this study was to isolate and enumerate bacteria species from house flies and to determine their susceptibility to Agita® fly bait. Flies were collected from two hospital environments between July to December 2014, in Yazd Province of Iran. Bacterial species were isolated from the outer surfaces of flies, and Agita® efficacy was evaluated based on lethal time (LT50) after 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 minutes. Three species of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus) responsible for nosocomial infections have been isolated and enumerated from flies. Among the 30 flies collected, 17, 24, and 3 flies were contaminated with E. coli, S. aureus, and Ps. aeruginosa, respectively. The minimum number of isolated bacteria was 3 × 102 CFU/mL, whereas the highest number was 2.4 × 105 CFU/mL. The susceptibility results showed that, despite the existence of a significant effect for heterogeneity in both field and laboratory strains (p-value ˂ 0/05) and an increase in the mortality of houseflies during the time, there was no significant difference between two strains regarding the efficacy of Agita® against houseflies. The findings of the present study revealed and confirmed that houseflies have an important role in the spread of nosocomial infections in hospital environments, and they are susceptible to Agita® fly bait.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION COMPLICATIONS IN A SURGICAL CLINIC

The analysis of the data of literary sources of domestic and foreign researchers on the problem of the occurrence and development of nosocomial infections in general and in the surgical departments in particular is carried out. The relevance of the study is confirmed by the following data: the spread of nosocomial infections in the Russian Federation is 2.5 million annually; the minimum damage inflicted by them in Russia alone is approximately 6-7 million rubles. The data of foreign scientists have been studied, suggesting that infections in the field of hirirurgic intervention were recorded in 13% of cases after performing clean operations, in 16% after and in 29% after . In St. Petersburg, with selective studies, the frequency of infections in the field of surgical intervention revealed 9% of patients among 1,500 operated It was revealed that the number of potential causative agents of nosocomial infections increases every year due to opportunistic bacteria that differ in biological characteristics from hospital strains and have multiple drug antibiotic resistance. A retrospective and prospective analysis of the frequency of occurrence of microorganisms in patients of the surgical department of 2008-2019 was carried out. The microbial spectrum and prevalence of nosocomial infection pathogens in the surgical department were investigated. An epidemiological analysis of the causative agents of nosocomial infection in patients with pneumonia, infections in the surgical field and urinary tract, as well as with generalized infections, was carried out. The analysis of the bacterial flora of the clinical microbiological culture of the wound discharge, sputum, urine and blood was carried out. The following microorganisms were most prevalent in these samples: Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Candida albicans, Klebsiella pneumonia. A tendency to increase the proportion of Candida albicans in patients of the surgical department, as well as a high prevalence of Staphylococcus epidermidis in blood cultures, was revealed.

Мікробний склад повітря кабінетів стоматологічного профілю як фактор поширення внутрішньолікарняних інфекцій

The air environment of medical institutions plays a significant role in the spread of pathogens of a number of nosocomial infections, primarily coagulase-positive staphylococci, as well as respiratory viruses and pathogens of some mycoses. Nowadays, in the epidemiological situation regarding Covid-19, more and more attention is paid to the issues of microbiological assessment of air quality in medical institutions. The constant circulation of pathogenic and opportunistic microflora and the associated potential risk of infection of medical personnel is due to the specifics of the work process in dentistry. The purpose of this study was to conduct a sanitary-microbiological study of the air. Material and methods. Sampling was carried out by sedimentation method in 14 offices of dental clinics. Petri dishes with nutrient media, meat peptone agar and bile salt agar were placed on a horizontal surface at the level of human respiratory organs. The number of microorganisms grown on the nutrient medium was counted after 24 hours of incubation. Results and discussion. The obtained results showed that in the studied premises, the total microbial count varied from 756±0.8 Colony-forming units /1m3 to 6497±3.4 CFU / 1m3. Thus, only in 4 rooms the air was clean according to microbiological criteria, in 3 - questionable and in - 6 polluted. Analysis of the presence of sanitary-indicative microorganisms showed that S. aureus was not detected in 2 rooms in the air, in others - the amount of staphylococcus varied from 2 to 8 CFU / 1m3. Microscopic fungi were not detected in only 4 rooms. In other rooms, the number of microscopic fungi varied from 12 to 345 CFU/m3. Microbial air pollution is the greatest danger in medical institutions, especially infectious, surgical, burn and maternity wards, as it plays a leading role in the spread of nosocomial infections. At the same time, dental institutions pose a special danger in terms of the high prevalence of microorganisms in the air. Formation of aerosols consisting of small drops of oil, saliva, water, dust, manure, blood, microorganisms when working with high-speed turbines, drills, ultrasonic devices. Aerosols can be kept in the breathing zone of the doctor and the patient for up to 30 minutes and spread over a distance of up to 50-80 cm. When using water cooling, the diameter of the aerosol cloud reaches two meters. Conclusion. The systematic assessment of the air environment in dental offices and the development of a system of effective monitoring and measures to prevent aerogenic transmission of infectious diseases is of particular importance. The development of recommendations for the organization of nosocomial infections prevention in dental institutions is a promising task to be solved