Water Spray Research Articles

Exploring the Feasibility of Eu(TTA)3TPPO as Pigment for Fluorescent Paint

We outline the synthesis of rare earth hybrid organic β-diketonate Eu(TTA)3TPPO complex [Eu: Europium, TTA: Thenoyl Trifluoro Acetone, TPPO: Triphenylphosphine oxide] pigment to formulate luminous paints. Epoxy and urea formaldehyde resins were synthesized by catalytic homo polymerization and solution polymerization technique, respectively. The fluorescent pigment was synthesized at ambient temperature by solution technique, maintaining the stoichiometric ratio at pH 7. Nextly, fluorescent paint was developed on glass substrate with epoxy (E) and urea formaldehyde (UF) resins and toluene as solvent with thickness 0.1 mm, respectively. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra and photometric assessment of the complex were carried out to probe its photophysical parameters. The excitation spectra of the synthesized complex depicts a wide-ranging excitation peak at 466 nm with a wide shoulder at 538 nm, while emission spectra discloses an intense peak, recorded at 617 nm which portrays colour in the reddish-orange region of the visible spectrum. The paint compositions were checked for tack-free, hard dry, adhesion, water, salt, alkali and acid spray test to study their resistance against distinct surroundings. The painted panels also portrayed reddish orange emission at a unique wavelength of 617 nm. Amid all the paint compositions, the intensity of the painted panel with urea formaldehyde as a binder was found to be maximum, followed by the painted panel with epoxy as the binder. Photometric evaluation revealed reddish-orange emission from pure pigment as well as painted panels, which portrayed in the visible spectrum. This proposes a way to develop fluorescent paints that find applications in several areas such as flexible displays, glow-in-dark road paints, OLED devices, automotive rare lighting, fluorescent sensors, aircraft cabin and floor lighting, architectural and interior decorations and many more.

DETERMINATION OF THE CLASS B FIRE EXTINGUISHING PARAMETERS USING SPRAYED WATER

Sprayed water is a versatile tool for localising and extinguishing fires of various types. When water evaporates, its volume increases by 1700 times, resulting in the dilution of combustible components with non-combustible water vapour. The study aims to determine the parameters of extinguishing class B fires using sprayed water by obtaining analytical dependencies for these parameters. The paper derives an expression for the extinguishing temperature of class B fires when extinguished with sprayed water, using Semenov’s conditions. The process of liquid combustion is considered as diffusion. The study shows that the extinguishing temperature of this type of fire is a function of the activation energy of the burning liquid and the initial temperature (at the time of sprayed water supply) of the flame. A parameter of this function is the universal gas constant. The authors constructed a graph showing the area of change in the fire extinguishing temperature. The difference between the initial flame temperature and the fire extinguishing temperature belongs to the range of (80÷120) °C. Using the transition function of class B fire, the study derives an expression for its extinguishing time, which depends on the initial flame temperature, activation energy, and the multiplicative component in the form of a fire time constant. For the relative extinguishing time, the authors constructed the area of change in this parameter depending on the activation energy and the initial temperature. It shows that the value of the extinguishing time of such a fire is (0.28÷0.32) of the value of the constant fire time. The paper presents an expression for the minimum value of the intensity of the sprayed water supply, which ensures extinguishing a class B fire. This intensity of the supply of sprayed water, reduced to the value of the fire transmission coefficient, is determined by the initial temperature of the flame and the activation energy of the liquid that burns. The authors constructed the area of change of this fire extinguishing parameter. It shows that the minimum value of the intensity of the supply of sprayed water belongs to the range (3.8÷7.8) per unit of the fire transmission coefficient. Keywords: fire, fire parameters, sprayed water.

Improving the operational durability of tangential-rotary picks for rock cutting with central spraying and hydrodynamic rotation

This article presents a proposal for a new solution of tangential-rotary picks intended for mining, especially hard rocks with roadheaders. The design of these picks is characterized by many innovative solutions aimed at significantly increasing their service life. The method to achieve this goal is to provide effective central spraying of the ring tip picks, crown picks, or similar types of picks while using the spray water to cause the picks to rotate as they contact the rock being mined. An important element of the work is to conduct extensive simulation studies using FEM to determine the stress distribution in the pick shank subjected to external load from cutting. The new design of the tangential-rotary pick is equipped with a reinforcing sleeve, in which a state of compressive stress is induced. This enables a significant improvement in the fatigue strength of the pick shanks. The conducted FEM comparative tests confirm the accuracy of the adopted design assumptions. They also determine the beneficial value of the tension nut torque, which tightens the reinforcing sleeve located on the pick shank.

The Comparative Effectiveness of Using Cold Water Oral Spray and Cold Saline Oral Spray for Thirst Relief in Patients With Endotracheal Intubation in the Intensive Care Unit

Thirst is a common symptom among patients with endotracheal intubation in the intensive care unit (ICU), with an estimated prevalence of 88%. This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of cold saline spray and cold water spray in alleviating thirst, and to explore the maintenance and sustained effects of both groups in relieving thirst among patients with endotracheal intubation in the ICU. Patients with indwelling tracheal tubes in the medical ICU were recruited from one medical center in northern Taiwan and randomly assigned to either the cold saline (n = 18) or cold water (n = 18) group. The cold saline group received three rounds of cold saline spray at a temperature of 2°C - 8°C. Each round consisted of 10 sprays directed toward each of the four surfaces of the oral cavity followed by a 5-minute wait period. This process was repeated three times, with 30-minute intervals between interventions. The cold water group received the same intervention steps using a cold water spray at 2°C - 8°C. Thirst intensity was measured using a numeric rating scale before and after each of the three interventions in both groups. Demographic and relevant physiological data were collected on the participants by reviewing their medical records. Both of the interventions were found to effectively alleviate thirst intensity, with no significant difference between the two groups in terms of thirst intensity reduction after each intervention detected. Only the cold water spray had a maintenance effect, while the two groups had a continuous sustained effect in alleviating thirst intensity. Both of the interventions effectively alleviated thirst, and the cold water spray had both maintenance and sustained effects in alleviating thirst intensity. Based on the results, the cold water spray method may be considered as the priority treatment for thirst alleviation by healthcare providers in the clinical management of patients with tracheal intubation.

Research on the cooling mechanism of low-temperature liquid jet mixing in high-temperature and high-speed airflow

The multi-stage water spray cooling system of the space launch site involves a complex gas–liquid two-phase mixed cooling problem in the process of spraying water onto the rocket engine gas jet. To investigate the complex multiphase flow field of the interaction between the airflow and liquid water jet, the Mixture multiphase flow model is adopted, which is coupled with the vaporization equation and component transport model of liquid water. The computational fluid dynamics method is used to numerically analyze the mixing and cooling mechanism of low-temperature liquid jet in high-temperature and high-speed gas flow. The results show that mixing low-temperature liquid jets in high-temperature and high-speed airflow can cause the exchange of momentum and energy, resulting in pressure loss and temperature reduction in the gas phase flow field. Due to the acceleration of transverse airflow, the diffusion flow range of the jet is significantly increased, and violent vaporization occurs, which further consume a large amount of airflow energy. The mixing cooling effect of transverse airflow and liquid water jet is directly related to the mass flow rate ratio of the jet to airflow. In addition, directly designing liquid water jet orifices on the solid wall of the guiding device can achieve the effect of improving the gas flow field environment. This conclusion can provide theoretical reference for the thermal protection design of ground launch devices in space launch site.

Thiourea improves yield and quality traits of Brassica napus L. by upregulating the antioxidant defense system under high temperature stress

High temperature stress influences plant growth, seed yield, and fatty acid contents by causing oxidative damage. This study investigated the potential of thiourea (TU) to mitigate oxidative stress and restoring seed oil content and quality in canola. The study thoroughly examined three main factors: (i) growth conditions—control and high temperature stress (35 °C); (ii) TU supplementation (1000 mg/L)—including variations like having no TU, water application at the seedling stage, TU application at seedling stage (BBCH Scale-39), water spray at anthesis stage, and TU application at anthesis stage (BBCH Scale-60); (iii) and two canola genotypes, 45S42 and Hiola-401, were studied separately. High temperature stress reduced growth and tissue water content, as plant height and relative water contents were decreased by 26 and 36% in 45S42 and 27 and 42% Hiola-401, respectively, resulting in a substantial decrease in seed yield per plant by 36 and 38% in 45S42 and Hiola-401. Seed oil content and quality parameters were also negatively affected by high temperature stress as seed oil content was reduced by 32 and 35% in 45S42 and Hiola-401. High-temperature stress increased the plant stress indicators like malondialdehyde, H2O2 content, and electrolyte leakage; these indicators were increased in both canola genotypes as compared to control. Interestingly, TU supplementation restored plant performance, enhancing height, relative water content, foliar chlorophyll (SPAD value), and seed yield per plant by 21, 15, 30, and 28% in 45S42; 19, 13, 26, and 21% in Hiola-401, respectively, under high temperature stress as compared to control. In addition, seed quality, seed oil content, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid were improved by 16, 14, and 22% in 45S42, and 16, 11, and 23% in Hiola-401, as compared to control. The most significant improvements in canola seed yield per plant were observed when TU was applied at the anthesis stage. Additionally, the research highlighted that canola genotype 45S42 responded better to TU applications and exhibited greater resilience against high temperature stress compared to genotype Hiola-401. This interesting study revealed that TU supplementation, particularly at the anthesis stage, improved high temperature stress tolerance, seed oil content, and fatty acid profile in two canola genotypes.

Deteksi Pelanggaran pada Zebra Cross dengan Water Spray dan Buzzer berbasis IoT

A zebra crossing is a road marking indicating a crossing path for pedestrians. Zebra crossings are directly used to signal drivers to stop at the line boundaries. Because the zebra crossing functions as a crossing area, pedestrians and motorized vehicle drivers must understand and obey existing traffic signs. According to data from the WHO (World Health Organization), 270,000 pedestrians die every year or around 22% of all victims who die due to road accidents. An ESP32-Cam microcontroller, an E18-D80NK Infrared Proximity Sensor, water spray and buzzer approaches, and the prototype development method were used to design a system for detecting crossing violations at zebra crossings to address this issue. The Infrared Proximity sensor will automatically detect when a crossing violation occurs, then the water spray will spray water, and the buzzer will make a sound as a warning sign to obey traffic. ESP32-Cam functions as an image capturer if a crossing violation has occurred and is automatically sent to the Telegram Bot. The confusion matrix test tested the research results with an accuracy value of 83.33%, a precision value of 83.33%, and a recall value of 88.23%.

Degradation of superhydrophobic aluminium overhead line conductor surfaces

AbstractIt has been shown that noise emissions from HV overhead line conductors can be reduced under rain conditions by making their surfaces superhydrophobic. The working environment makes ensuring the longevity of any treatment a major challenge. The degradation of various superhydrophobic surfaces generated by applying a superhydrophobic coating and patterning microscale channels is assessed under an AC electric field (18 kV/cm) with continuous water spray. By examining the droplet distribution on the surfaces during the degradation and the surface roughness before and after degradation, the authors demonstrate that no water droplets were found on the microscale patterned surface, but droplets were formed on the coated surface after degradation. The surface roughness reduction of the coated surface and microscale patterned surface was 29.8% and 11.3%, respectively, indicating that the microscale patterned surface has better durability than the superhydrophobic coating under the AC electric stress.

Growth Allometry of Sweet Corn as Influenced by Tillage and Seaweed under Tarai Region of Nagaland

A study was carried out at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SAS, Nagaland University, Nagaland, India during kharif (May-September, 2021 and 2022) situated at 25° 45’ 3.68”N latitude and 93° 51’ 29.79” E longitude, to study the influence of tillage and seaweed extract on growth allometry of sweet corn under tarai region of Nagaland. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with two factor treatment and was replicated thrice. Factor one comprised of three tillage practices viz., conventional tillage, minimum tillage and zero tillage in the main plots and factor two included seven treatments consisting of seed priming followed by foliar spray of seaweeds i.e. Kappaphycus alvarezii and Sargassum wightii viz., water spray (control), K-Seaweed sap 5%, K-Seaweed sap 10%, K-Seaweed sap 15%, S-Seaweed sap 5%, S-Seaweed sap 10%, S-Seaweed sap 15%, in the sub-plots at 30, 50 and 70 days after sowing. Results of study revealed that significantly higher stem girth, leaf area, leaf area index, leaf area duration, SPAD meter reading at different intervals were noticed in conventional tillage. When seeds were treated with 10% S-Sap along with 10% S-Sap spray at three different intervals recorded significantly higher stem girth, number of functional leaves plant-1, leaf area, leaf area index, leaf area duration and chlorophyll index readings.

Enhancement of the precooling system performance for aviation engines by volatile liquid injection

Water injection precooling in aviation engines is a promising technique that can enhance performance, improve efficiency, and reduce emissions, especially at high altitudes and Mach numbers. However, its implementation in aviation engines requires careful engineering and design considerations due to the restricted space available for installation and operation, as well as the challenges posed by high inlet air velocities. Therefore, the present study experimentally and numerically evaluates the effectiveness of spray precooling for jet engines and introduces novel insights into optimizing droplet dynamics and nozzle configurations in short, narrow spray ducts under high inlet air temperature and velocity. The impact of water spray cooling on the uniformity of inlet air is also investigated for nonuniform air temperature conditions, which has yet to be mentioned in previous research. An experimental configuration has been devised and implemented to investigate water injection precooling within a rectangular spray duct. The evaporative cooling process through the spray duct and the injected droplet trajectories were predicted using an Eulerian-Lagrangian computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The CFD model was verified using the present experiments, and there is a strong correlation between the experimental data and simulation findings, with an average discrepancy of less than 7%. The effectiveness of the water injection system is investigated at different operating parameters such as nozzle arrangements, coolant type, droplet size, and variable velocities. The results showed that sprays characterized by small mean diameters and high initial droplet velocity significantly enhance spray cooling performance. Changing the nozzle configurations impacts spray cooling performance considerably, with the cross-outside case providing the best results. Notwithstanding its advantageous evaporation rate, introducing methanol via injection does not yield significant enhancements. Water injection is crucial in achieving a more homogeneous temperature distribution by reducing temperature disparities and promoting mixing and evaporation.

FIRE FIGHTING ROBOT WITH ALERT SMS

The Arduino-based Fire Fighting Robot with SMS Alert System is a robotic system designed to detect and extinguish fires in indoor environments. The robot uses flame sensors to detect the presence of a fire. Once a fire is detected, the robot moves towards the source of the fire and sprays water to extinguish the flames. The robot is equipped with a GSM module that can send SMS messages to alert the user when a fire is detected. This allows for prompt action to be taken to minimize damage and save lives. The components of the robot include an Arduino board, motor drivers, sensors, and a GSM module. The software code is written in the Arduino IDE and controls the motors, reads sensor data, and communicates with the GSM module. The robot is tested and debugged to ensure that it functions correctly and safely in different scenarios. Overall, the Arduino-based Fire Fighting Robot with SMS Alert provides a reliable and efficient solution for fire detection and suppression with the added benefit of remote communication and control.

Bio-efficacy of bio-rationals against citrus leaf miner (Phyllocnistis citrella) in acid lime (Citrus aurantiifolia)

The field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) 2020–21 and rainy (kharif) season of 2021–22 at College of Agriculture (University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad), Vijayapura, Karnataka to evaluate efficacy of bio-rationals against citrus leaf miner (Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD) with 8 treatments, viz. bio digester solution (10%); pongamia leaf extract (5%); Prosopis juliflora leaf extract (5%); Beauveria bassiana (2 × 108 conidia/g) (1 kg/ha); Bacillus thuringiensis 8 L (1 L/ha); neem-based insecticide (10000 ppm) (1.5 L/ha); thiamethoxam 25 wg (125 ml/ha) (standard check); and untreated control (water spray), replicated thrice. Among the selected bio-rationals, two application of neem (Azadirachta indica)-based insecticide recorded significantly lesser number of live mines/shoot followed by bio-digester solution (10%) and these treatments were found superior in controlling citrus leaf miner on acid lime [Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle]. The pongamia leaf extract, Bacillus thuringiensis 8 L and Beauveria bassiana were proved to be moderately affective against this pest. The bio-rationals found effective can be used in integrated management of citrus leaf miner on acid lime.

Sorghum drought tolerance is enhanced by cerium oxide nanoparticles via stomatal regulation and osmolyte accumulation

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] yield is limited by the coincidence of drought during its sensitive stages. The use of cerium oxide nanoparticles in agriculture is minimal despite its antioxidant properties. We hypothesize that drought-induced decreases in photosynthetic rate in sorghum may be associated with decreased tissue water content and organelle membrane damage. We aimed to quantify the impact of foliar application of nanoceria on transpiration rate, accumulation of compatible solutes, photosynthetic rate and reproductive success under drought stress in sorghum. In order to ascertain the mechanism by which nanoceria mitigate drought-induced inhibition of photosynthesis and reproductive success, experiments were undertaken in a factorial completely randomized design or split-plot design. Foliar spray of nanoceria under progressive soil drying conserved soil moisture by restricting the transpiration rate than water spray, indicating that nanoceria exerted strong stomatal control. Under drought stress at the seed development stage, foliar application of nanoceria at 25 mg L−1 significantly improved the photosynthetic rate (19%) compared to control by maintaining a higher tissue water content (18%) achieved by accumulating compatible solutes. The nanoceria-sprayed plants exhibited intact chloroplast and thylakoid membranes because of increased heme enzymes [catalase (53%) and peroxidase (45%)] activity, which helped in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide content (74%). Under drought, compared to water spray, nanoceria improved the seed-set percentage (24%) and individual seed mass (27%), eventually causing a higher seed yield. Thus, foliar application of nanoceria at 25 mg L−1 under drought can increase grain yield through increased photosynthesis and reproductive traits.

The Effect of Mannitol and Nano Urea on Terminal Heat Stress on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The present investigation was conducted during Rabi season, 2022-23 & 2023-24 at the student instructional farm (SIF) of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya- 224229 (U.P.). The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications, seven treatments and wheat variety (HD 2967). The treatment was comprised of control distilled water spray, Mannitol 25, 50, 100 ppm and Nano urea 25, 50, 100 ppm respectively, which was foliar sprayed at 30 DAS. The observations have been studied on growth, bio-chemical, yield and yield attributes of wheat. Observations were recorded at 60, 90 DAS and at maturity stages for timely sowing (15 November) and late sowing (15 December). However, yield and yield parameters were taken at the time of harvesting of the crop. Foliar spray of mannitol and nano urea were performed well at 60, 90 DAS and at maturity parameters. Foliar application of nano urea with 25 ppm was recorded superior on plant height (cm), dry weight plant-1 (g), chlorophyll content in leaves (SPAD value), Catalase activity (g-1 fresh weight min-1), Peroxidase activity (mg g-1 fresh weight min-1), Super oxide dismutase activity (mg g-1 fresh weight min-1) However, yield and yield attributes viz length of spike, number of tillers plant-1, number of grains spike-1, grain yield plant-1 It is concluded from the result that foliar spray of nano urea 25 ppm was found most effective to increasing all characters and yield parameters of wheat.

Plant growth promoters boost the photosynthesis related mechanisms and secondary metabolism of late-sown wheat under contrasting saline regimes

There is an imminent risk of higher crop failures owing to weather vagaries for agriculture-based livelihood systems, which are already fragile due to several challenges. The most important challenge is the encounter of crops against multiple environmental stresses under natural field conditions, the combination of these stresses poses complex effects on plant physiological and metabolic activities. To date, the combined effects of salt stress (SS) and late-sown (LS) on physiological and biochemical attributes have not been studied on wheat. A two-year field study was designed to evaluate the effect of plant growth promoters (PGRPs) to alleviate the individual SS, LS and combinations on wheat. The experiment was conducted for three factors, a) late sown and timely sown, b) saline and non-saline conditions and c) PGRPs treatments (thiourea (TU @ 1000 mg L−1), salicylic acid (SA @ 100 mg L−1), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 @ 100 µM), water spray (H2O) and control). Data revealed that under stress conditions, especially under SS+LS stress plants increased the synthesis of secondary metabolites, enhanced heat dissipation, and showed strict control over the stomatal regulation and gas exchange attributes, all these mechanisms were tweaked to deal with all the stresses. In addition, SS+LS stress followed by SS and LS stress severely reduced the flag leaf area (FLA), chlorophyll pigment contents and chlorophyll fluorescence and carboxylation capacity. However, foliar treatments of PGRPs TU, followed by SA, H2O2, H2O and control improved the chlorophyll fluorescence, pigments contents, gas exchange indicators, and relative water content (RWC). Moreover, PGRPs application improved the FLA, pigment biosynthesis and carboxylation capacity that improved the synthesis of metabolites such as anthocyanin, niacin, flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, saponin and riboflavin, which acted as defensive compounds to preserve the photosynthetic capacity irrespective of stress treatments.

Experimental and analytical examinations of a single-glazed solar still desalination with a spray-feeding water system with an artificial neural network

Using solar stills to desalinate salt water effectively provides clean water in remote areas at affordable prices. It is well-established that a crucial factor in enhancing the efficiency of solar desalination systems is increasing brackish water's surface evaporation rate by minimizing surface tension and boosting thermal energy. However, recent studies and proposed ideas indicate a limited and insufficient focus on this aspect. As a response, this research introduces a novel approach to raising the temperature of saline water. This is achieved through a system that involves simultaneous saline water spraying and circulation, affecting all factors and effectively reducing the surface evaporation rate. This approach impacts factors influencing surface evaporation rates and offers advantages such as low thermal inertia, reduced surface tension, and enhanced thermal energy within the desalination system. Therefore, the main goal of this study will be to improve the performance of the solar desalination system through circulating preheated salt water spray and using artificial neural networks and machine learning algorithms to obtain the function of predicting the amount of fresh water produced. The results of this study show that the evaporative heat transfer coefficient of the introduced system is significantly larger than that of the conventional solar still unit, with an average difference of about 43.98%. Also, the results of daily water output in both systems show a significant increase and superiority of 28.75% in freshwater production for the modified system. Also, the efficiency of the improved system is 65.18% higher than that of the passive solar distillation system, and the cost per liter was 0.059 ($/L/m2). The results of this study highlight the effectiveness of the saltwater spraying technique in enhancing the performance of solar desalination systems, making it a valuable prospect for future industrial applications in desalination systems and into energy systems for smart cities as a sagacious strategy towards clean and sustainable process.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПАРАМЕТРЫ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ВИНТОВЫХ ПРУЖИН ПОДВИЖНОГО СОСТАВА ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОГО ТРАНСПОРТА

The issues of ensuring stable quality of coil springs of passenger rolling stock and environmental cleanliness of the heat treatment are considered. As a solution, a new technology of intensive quenching cooling is proposed – volumetric water spraying of spring steels – 60X2HA, 60X2HFA, 51CrV4 using process water instead of oil as a quenching medium. A number of spring samples are experimentally studied, which have passed the proposed version of quenching cooling. It is found out that the quality indicators of the obtained springs meet the basic requirements of regulatory documents for the products. To implement the technological process of quenching cooling by volumetric water spraying, an experimental equipment has been developed that allows proceeding to the development of an industrial quenching cooling system.

Effect of Bee Attractants on the Attraction of Apis dorsata and their Impact on Seed Yield of Niger Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass Crop

The study was conducted at the experimental farm of the PC Unit Sesame and Niger, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (JNKVV), located in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, during the Kharif season of 2021. The primary objective of the experiment was to assess the influence of bee attractants on the attraction of Apis dorsata (giant honey bees) and their subsequent impact on the seed yield of niger crop. The experiment was designed using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with nine treatments and three replications. This experimental setup allows for systematic testing of the effects of different bee attractants on both bee behavior and crop yield while controlling for potential sources of variation. By utilizing this design, researchers can obtain reliable data on the efficacy of various bee attractants in enhancing pollination and improving seed yield in niger crops. The results showed that the both at 10% and 50% flowering stage Apis dorsata visit was numerically the highest with flower extract of Madhuca longifolia 10% with 20.42 and 19.25 Apis dorsata/m2/5min, respectively. This was followed by rose water spray with 19.25 and 15.33 Apis dorsata/m2/5min, respectively. The population of Apis dorsata was received from the controlled condition 4.08 and 6.08 Apis dorsata/m2/5min at 10% and 50% flowering stage, respectively. This was followed by water spray 5.75 and 8.58 Apis dorsata/m2/5min at 10% and 50% flowering stage, respectively. The foliar spray of mahua flower extract and rose water 10% were found significantly superior over others in respect to record higher seed yield and recorded 6.90 q and 6.70 q/ha seed yield, respectively.

Highly transparent and highly hydrophobic coating for outdoor camera window glass: Fabrication, transparency, and hydrophobicity

Highly transparent, superhydrophobic coatings are highly desirable for maintaining long-lasting clarity for outdoor camera windows. In this study, the authors present a simple approach to create a wide–range anti-reflective and highly hydrophobic layer on a glass surface. This is accomplished through a hydrothermal alkali etching process combined with a dip-coating process using 1 H, 1 H, 2 H, 2 H-Perfluorooctyltrimethoxysilane (POTS). The sample, etched for 20 h and modified by POTS, exhibiting an average transmittance of 96.5 %, a water contact angle (WCA) of 140° and a sliding angle (SA) of 40°. The results of the water spray experiment indicate this surface exhibits excellent water repellent performance, preventing water droplets larger than 0.01 mm in size. The relationship between optical transmittance and etching depth was thoroughly studied, revealing that an etched depth ranging from 200 nm to 600 nm yields optimal wide-spectrum anti-reflective properties. Furthermore, the influence of surface roughness on apparent WCA and SA was investigated. It was found that root mean square (RMS) roughness can be an effective factor to predict the apparent WCA of a surface, while both the RMS roughness and morphological structure affect the SA.

Growth of Romaine Lettuce in Eggshell Powder Mixed Alginate Hydrogel in an Aeroponic System for Water Conservation and Vitamin C Biofortification.

Vitamin C is crucial for physical well-being, and its deficiency can lead to severe health consequences. Biofortification has been used to address this deficiency by enhancing vitamin C in plants. Additionally, soilless agriculture has been used to conserve and optimize water use in comparison to conventional agriculture. While hydrogels have been shown to improve water conservation and are used for biofortification in crops, their application has only been explored in soil-based and hydroponic farming. The aeroponics system is a plant-growing method that has shown potential for increasing yields and biomass while conserving water and nutrients. In this paper, we have developed an aeroponic-compatible medium to grow romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with eggshell powder (ESP) mixed with calcium-alginate hydrogel as a substrate and nutrient source aiming to conserve water and incorporate vitamin C through biofortification. Herein, lower water spray time and higher intervals, with varied gel types and ESP concentrations, resulted in healthy lettuce growth. Plants treated with 0.5% ascorbic acid-absorbed ESP-mixed alginate hydrogel for biofortification showed higher levels of vitamin C compared to the traditional method. This study suggests using an alginate hydrogel-ESP-based substrate in aeroponics to reduce water usage and enhance plant biofortification of vitamin C.