Spray Type Research Articles

Flowering Index Intelligent Detection of Spray Rose Cut Flowers Using an Improved YOLOv5s Model

Addressing the current reliance on manual sorting and grading of spray rose cut flowers, this paper proposed an improved YOLOv5s model for intelligent recognition and grading detection of rose color series and flowering index of spray rose cut flowers. By incorporating small-scale anchor boxes and small object feature output, the model enhanced the annotation accuracy and the detection precision for occluded rose flowers. Additionally, a convolutional block attention module attention mechanism was integrated into the original network structure to improve the model’s feature extraction capability. The WIoU loss function was employed in place of the original CIoU loss function to increase the precision of the model’s post-detection processing. Test results indicated that for two types of spray rose cut flowers, Orange Bubbles and Yellow Bubbles, the improved YOLOv5s model achieved an accuracy and recall improvement of 10.2% and 20.0%, respectively. For randomly collected images of spray rose bouquets, the model maintained a detection accuracy of 95% at a confidence threshold of 0.8.

Control of Liquid Hydrocarbon Combustion Parameters in Burners with Superheated Steam Supply

A numerical simulation of reacting mixture flow in a full-scale combustion chamber of a prototype burner with a fuel-sprayed jet of superheated steam and a controlled excess air ratio was performed based on a verified model. The influence of steam jets on the combustion parameters of the created prototype device was analyzed based on the results, and a comparison with data from various atmospheric burners, including evaporative and spray types, direct-flow and vortex types, and those with natural and forced (regulated) air supply, was made. Various schemes for supplying steam to burner devices were discussed. It was shown that the relative steam consumption is a parameter for controlling the emission of toxic combustion products, such as NOx and CO, for all designs. A high burner performance is achieved when superheated steam is supplied at more than 250 °C with a relative steam flow rate of >0.6. The design features of the burner systems and operational parameters that ensure high thermal and environmental efficiency when burning various types of fuel and waste are identified.

Surface Damage by Physical Cleans during Semiconductors Manufacturing

This paper investigates surface damage caused by physical cleaning processes during semiconductor manufacturing. The study focuses on various materials, including FDSOI wafers and polymer films, subjected to high-velocity sprays and cryogenic cleans. Thanks to the supplier process performances and quality control, FDSOI films do not present any specific concern linked with this failure mode. This latter can be observed on whatever films exposed to aggressive physical cleans and the wafers are cleverly used as a test vehicle to evidence surface defects with a revelation method using a wet etchant. It enables the detection of nano-cracks and other damages. Same defects are observed in bulk silicon wafers, and solutions exist to avoid these damages. Different spray types are compared, highlighting the impact of droplet energy distribution on surface integrity. Additionally, a direct characterization method using polymer films is developed to assess physical cleaning damage. The findings emphasize the importance of optimizing cleaning processes to balance defect removal efficiency and surface preservation. Emerging cleaning solutions like polymer coat and peel methods are also discussed for their potential to offer high cleaning performance with minimal surface damage.

Experimental investigation and performance analysis of a spray-type ionic liquid desiccant dehumidifier

Ionic liquid desiccants (ILDs) have vapor pressures similar to lithium chloride and no corrosion and crystallization problems, so they are considered a promising alternative to halide salt desiccant solutions. However, the cost of ILDs is more expensive than conventional halide salts, which limits their practical application. Thus, this study developed a spray-type dehumidifier using an ionic liquid desiccant to increase dehumidification performance and reduce the required amount of ILDs. The presented dehumidifier was tested at various operating conditions. Also, a theoretical model was established to analyze heat and mass transfer coefficients of the dehumidifier. Results indicate that the increase in the flow rate ratio of solution to air benefits absorption performance, and the mass flux of solution is suggested to exceed 170 mL s−1 to avoid the occurrence of air bypass. Moreover, compared with the packed bed type, the spray type can reduce the required solution flow rate by 35 % and save power consumption by 19 % under the same moisture removal rates. The dehumidification effectiveness of the presented dehumidifier was up to 0.64 and comparable to the conventional packed bed dehumidifier using lithium chloride solutions.

Sustainable Solar Powered Multi Nozzle Pesticide Sprayer for Improved Production

In agriculture, automation of spraying has boosted farm productivity. As a result, the labor issue has been resolved. However, the situation is different in a nation like Pakistan. Automation in the agricultural sector is challenging in these arid regions because the most Pakistani farmers are struggling financially. Therefore, the wide use of the manually operated sprayer is still common in majority of the areas of Pakistan. Due to its affordability, design, and versatility, manually lever driven backpack sprayers are much sought after by small-scale farmers. Two types of sprays are utilized in Pakistani farms: fuel-operated pumps and hand-operated ones. The primary disadvantage of a hand-operated spray pump is that its user cannot use it continuously for longer than five to six hours. Due to fatigue, long working hours are impossible without integration of any other energy, but a gasoline-operated spray pump needs fuel, which is costly and difficult to find in remote areas. Therefore, the work represents the integration of renewable energy (solar power) and a manually operated mechanism to achieve sustainability with increased efficiency and reduced human efforts. It is observed from the results that around 2.5 times increased discharge was achieved, and time is reduced by 2.5 times. The proposed idea drives a solar powered multi-nozzle with pump, which sprays pesticide uniformly, along with environmental benefits. In result, pesticide sprayer reduces farmer fatigue and sprays at its highest pace in the shortest amount of time without requiring fuel.

Inhalation exposure to nanosized aerosols of disinfectants for the application of continuous releasing sprayers and fogger

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the airborne exposure to aerosols according to the particle size distribution of three different spray types (nano-nozzled spray gun, low-temperature steam spray, and fogger) and compare the concentrations of inhaled aerosols between children and adults. Airborne aerosols released from three products were observed using size-segregated particle measurements, and particle concentrations deposited in the respiratory tracts of adults and children were estimated using multi-path particle dosimetry lung deposition models. All types of sprayers generated the most nanoparticles (~100 nm). Due to their higher respiratory rate than adults, a larger number of particles <1.0 μm deposited in the children’s respiratory tracts was higher. The sequences of the total number of particles in the respiratory regions after spraying nano-nozzled spray gun and fogger were alveolar (AL)>tracheobronchial (TB)>head airway (HA) in adults and AL>HA>TB in children. Meanwhile, the trend of low-temperature steam spray was AL>TB>HA in adults and AL>TB>HA in children.

Development of spray-dried yogurt with addition of cinnamon extract as a functional drink

The addition of cinnamon extract was done to improve the functional properties of yogurt. The limiting factor of yogurt is the difficulty of maintaining the quality in the distribution process. Spray drying technology is suitable for maintaining the quality of yogurt during distribution. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics and antioxidant activity of yogurt with the addition of cinnamon extract before and after spray drying process. Research was conducted using factorial pattern of complete randomize design 2×3 (levels of extract and type of yogurt). The samples were evaluated for its pH, water activity, viscosity, titratable acidity, total lactic acid bacteria, antioxidant activity by DPPH inhibition, total phenolic compound (TPC), nutrient content and sensory properties. Yogurt powder obtained from spray drying process were analyzed for its visual appearance using scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that pH, viscosity, titratable acidity, viable lactic acid bacteria, protein and ash content were significantly affected by spray drying process, while moisture content and TPC were significantly affected by both spray drying and type of yogurt. Overall, after spray drying process, rehydrated cinnamon-yogurt still had antioxidant capacity and quality that met the requirement according to Indonesian Standard and CODEX.

An Original UV Adhesive Watermelon Grafting Method, the Grafting Device, and Experimental Verification

This study is aimed at traditional vegetable grafting using a large number of plastic clips, which cannot be recycled in time and cause serious pollution within the planting environment. This paper proposes a new grafting method based on a UV adhesive instead of plastic clips. First of all, a UV adhesive spray grafting device was designed. The structure includes seedling adsorption positioning mechanisms, a butt joint mechanism, a handling mechanism, a spray valve, a UV curing lamp, etc., to facilitate the adhesive spraying. For the rootstock and scion, a horizontal, lateral seedling and negative pressure adsorption and positioning method is adopted, with fluid dynamics simulation of the diameter and quantity of the adsorption holes in the rootstock adsorption mechanism carried out using Fluent 2022 R1 software and completion of the optimization of the parameters of the adsorption and positioning mechanism. The fluid volume method is used to simulate the adsorption and positioning mechanism. For optimization, the volume of fluid method (VOF) and the discrete particle method (DPM) are used in a coupled simulation of the UV adhesive spraying process, and the value range of the spraying influencing factors is determined: the selected glue pressure, atomization pressure, and spraying height for three-factor, three-level orthogonal simulation. A grafting test is also verification, deriving the significance ranking of their impact on the success rate of the grafting: atomization pressure &gt; spraying height &gt; glue pressure. Under the condition of a 0.25 Mpa atomization pressure, a 0.15 Mpa glue supply pressure, and a 10 mm spraying height, the grafting success rate for watermelon was 100%, the effective spraying rate was 83.03%, the healing success rate was 94.5%, and the length of the film was 7.86 mm. The results of the study can provide a research basis for the research and development of new types of spraying and grafting robot technology.

Prediction of operating state of hydrocyclones using vibrometry and 1D convolutional neural networks

Due to high processing capacity requirements and constraints on industrial water utilization, operation of hydrocyclones at higher feed solid concentration is often unavoidable. Hydrocyclone operation at such higher feed solid concentrations is accompanied by the risk of onset of rope discharge, adversely affecting both the size separation and thickening performance of the hydrocyclone. Numerous condition monitoring efforts have been reported in the literature regarding the development of online techniques for detection of roping in hydrocyclones. However, detection of roping, post its commencement, only ever allows for corrective maintenance in the form of measures taken for shifting the discharge back to the desired spray profile. This study focuses on the characterization and online detection of a transition discharge state which precedes the onset of roping, thereby making the prevention of onset of roping, possible. The transition discharge state was delineated from the conventional spray and rope discharge types based upon the observed differences in the decay rates of underflow discharge spray angles with increasing feed solid concentrations. A binary classification model (spray – rope) and a ternary classification model (spray – transition – rope) were developed with a 1D Convolutional neural network architecture capable of taking 5 secs of tri-axial (3-channel) vibration signal data as input, and outputting the predicted discharge type labels with an accuracy of 97.31 % and 94.94 %, respectively.

Spray drying encapsulation of essential oils: Insights on various factors affecting the physicochemical properties of the microcapsules

AbstractSpray drying is a process that involves instantaneous conversion of a liquid or slurry into a free‐flowing powder in the presence of hot air or nitrogen gas current in a drying chamber. The technique is usually used to encapsulate active molecules like essential oils, plant extracts, fragrances, flavours and enzymes within a wall material. The encapsulation provides chemical and physical stability to the actives by converting them into free‐flowing powders which prevents their susceptibility to external atmospheric conditions like temperature, humidity, UV exposure and chemical oxidation. Spray drying encapsulation has an edge over other encapsulation techniques because it is fast, simple, efficient and economically feasible. The article focuses on encapsulating various essential oils within natural polymers and emulsifiers by spray drying methods to form stable microcapsules. The review also provides information on different types of spray drying equipment and process parameters like the type of atomiszer and nozzles, inlet–outlet temperature and type of cyclones. All the process parameters and materials are found to influence the physicochemical properties of the microencapsulates of essential oils. The review also discusses the effects of process parameters and materials on the encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, bulk and tapped density, agglomeration properties and thermal stability of the microencapsulates. Thus, the consolidated review will provide an overview of various optimization parameters and governing factors for obtaining microencapsulates of essential oils.

Invisible Threats in Daily Life: Evaluating VOCs, Metals, and Hazards of Household Cleaning Products by Type

Household cleaning products (HCPs) are widely used; however, their airborne emissions and hazards have not been thoroughly studied. This study is aimed at evaluating the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and metals present in HCPs and the hazards associated with them. A total of 23 VOCs and 19 metals from 75 HCPs (four spray types and 14 intended usage categories) were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry/optical emission spectroscopy. The largest number of VOCs (21 of 23 ingredients) were detected in spray‐type and had the highest frequency (176). d‐Limonene was found in almost all products (69 of 75) and had the highest concentration. Benzene, a carcinogen, was detected in six spray‐type products. Only three of the 23 VOCs—d‐limonene, ethyl acetate, and heptane—appeared in three, one, and one product labels, respectively. Eight of 19 metals were primarily detected in spray‐type and spray foam‐type products, with sodium, magnesium, and calcium as the main components. Nickel, another carcinogen, was detected in both spray‐type and trigger‐type products. Caution is required when using spray‐type products, especially sticker/glue/tar/oil removers containing benzene and nickel. The study discovered that the VOCs and metals varied by their spray type and lacked sufficient harmful information.

Classification Proposals for Spray Type and Airborne Fraction Ratio of Consumer Chemical Products

Classification Proposals for Spray Type and Airborne Fraction Ratio of Consumer Chemical Products

The potential of new hybrid Chrysanthemum as germplasm resource

Many new hybrids of chrysanthemums from Indonesia are adapted to tropical areas. The hybrids were growing well with many characteristics such as consumer preferences and the idiotype of chrysanthemums. The goal of the research was to collect, select and categorize new chrysanthemum hybrids to be the parent’s resource for new breeding. They were Puspita Nusantara, Jayani, Cayapati, Sabiya, Swarna Kencana, Trissa, and Tadasita varieties. There were 2 categories, standard and spray types. Each of the varieties had specific novelty characteristics that could be gen resources as parents in chrysanthemum breeding. The specific and novelty characteristics as gen resources were the vase life period, flower shape, colour, number of petals, and the total number of flowers per plant. The standard type dominated white and yellow colour, and the spray type had more colour, shape, and size variations. Chrysanthemum cultivar (cv.) Swarna Kencana showed the highest plant height in a low area 187.6 meters MASL (meters above sea level). It followed cutting flower standards. Puspita Nusantara variety complied as crossing parents for resistance to Puccinia horianna.

Determination of heavy metals and essential elements in nasal sprays and drops (Saline/Sea Water) and evaluation in terms of toxicity.

Heavy metals are toxic to human health and their concentrations in drinking water are sometimes above the limits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition to drinking water, a possible source for the intake of heavy metals is nasal sprays, which are frequently used to combat upper respiratory tract infections, especially in young children. Different types of nasal sprays are sold in pharmacies, such as saline solutions prepared from NaCl, sea water, or ocean water. In this work, Al, Sb, As, B, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Si, and Zn analyzes were performed on 22 saline samples with ICP-MS to determine their toxicity levels. For some samples, the toxic element concentrations were above the drinking water limits. Because nasal sprays are administered to the region close to the brain, the potential risk should be considered more fully. The accuracy of the results was tested by the standard addition method and certified reference material (CRM) analysis, which obtained recovery values for the elements of 83%-115% and 82%-108% for standard addition and CRM analysis, respectively. This is the first study to consider the risk of heavy metals in nasal sprays.

Influence analysis of anti-spatter spray on welding process and weld properties

Based on the accumulation situation of anti-spatter spray in actual manufacturing, butt joints are implemented to analyze the state changes of two types of anti-spatter spray and their effect on arc stability, molten pool fluidity, and weld performance. The results show that the fluidity of water-based anti-spatter spray is significantly better than that of oil-based anti-spatter spray in the welding process, resulting in a large accumulation near the arc suppression position. This causes strong fluctuations in the arc and molten pool, while the oil-based anti-spatter spray can reduce the spreadability of the molten pool near the bevel. In terms of weld performance, oil-based anti-spatter spray reduces the plasticity of the weld, and the average elongation of the tensile specimens of the corresponding joint is 37% lower than that of the joint without anti-spatter spray. The rapid evaporation of the water-based anti-spatter spray leads to faster cooling of the weld, resulting in a narrow range of hardened microstructure in the heat-affected zone. Therefore, an apparent increase in microhardness at the corresponding location.

Simulation of parameters effects on fluid flow behavior in the spraying nozzle: A case study of greenhouse cultivation

The study aims to investigate the effect of nozzle diameter size and pressure on the angle and flow rate of the spray nozzle in greenhouse cultivation. The misting system is a new method that is used to provide humidity and reduce the temperature of the greenhouse environment. The study used a factorial experiment in a randomized completely block design (RCBD) to investigate and compare the effect of pressure at three levels of 20, 40, and 60 bar on three types of fog sprayers (nozzle type of 0.05, 0.04, and 0.03) on the quality of spray pattern and particle distribution. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the treatments of spray type, pressure, and interaction of both treatments had a significant difference at the level of 1%. The highest spray angle of 84.93° is related to the pressure of 60 bar, and the lowest spray angle of 71.27° is related to the pressure of 20 bar. The pressure was directly related to the spray angle, and increasing the pressure increased the spray angle in the nozzle. The study also found that the best pressure in the new nozzle for the frequency distribution contour is 40 bar, and the new nozzle contours show that this type of nozzle has increased the uniformity of spraying. Overall, the findings suggest that controlling humidity and temperature in the greenhouse through the use of misting systems and optimized nozzle design can improve the speed and uniformity of plant growth and increase the quality and quantity of plant production in greenhouse cultivation.

Enhancement of shelf-life of food items via immobilized enzyme nanoparticles on varied supports. A sustainable approach towards food safety and sustainability

This study was designed to extend the shelf life of fruits and vegetables through a novel technique based on utilization of microbially driven enzyme glucose oxidase and casting a fine layer of hydrogen peroxide on the food item that protected the fruit from decay. The produced nanoparticles (ZnO, Ag) were ligated with Glucose Oxidize (GOx) purified from Aspergillus niger. Post ligation studies revealed that ligated enzymes display relatively enhanced activity. Four types of sprays were prepared in order to compare their effectiveness. Glucose oxidase/silver nanoparticles (GOx/AgNPs), glucose oxidase/zinc oxide nanoparticles (GOx/ZnONPs), AgNPs and ZnONPs sprays were applied to guava fruit samples as post-harvest therapeutic agents for a period of 15 days. Fruit quality parameters such as total suspended solids (TSS), pH, weight loss, DPPH free radical capturing performance and firmness confirms that usage of the bioconjugates especially that of GOx/ZnONP was curiously active to maintain the physical appearance of fruit well along with no such deterioration in chemical composition of fruit. Consequently, enzymes ligated on the surface of nanoparticles (ZnONP) are exceptional for extension of post-harvest shelf life of fruits such as guava.

치과 임플란트 표면처리의 경향과 이해

Objectives: Osseointegration is important to success of dental implants, it is influenced by dental implant surface treatment. Recently, it could be classified into the five generations.&#x0D; Methods: Data were collected using electronic journals and books.&#x0D; Results: Machined type surface belongs to the first generation, the second generation of surface treatment includes blasted, acid-etching and titanium plasma spraying type surfaces. The third generation consists of hydroxyapatite coating type surface, the fourth generation is developed anodizing oxidation the surface that using bioactive factors. Finally, the five generation uses recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2).&#x0D; Conclusions: It is thought that more innovative dental implant surface treatment will be developed according to the development of science technology

Graffiti removal on external thermal insulation composite systems through chemical-mechanical methods: A feasible protocol?

External thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS) have been widely adopted for improving the thermal comfort of building facades. Although these systems are commonly subjected to vandalism in urban areas, no protocols for the removal of graffiti on ETICS have been yet systematically defined.In this work, aerosol graffiti sprays (blue and silver) were applied on ETICS with different compositions and then removed through chemical (alkaline graffiti removers) and/or mechanical methods (brushing). The moisture transport properties and the aesthetic features of ETICS specimens were characterized prior and after graffiti removal, aiming at assessing the effectiveness and compatibility of the cleaning action.Results show that the effectiveness of graffiti removal strictly depends on the type of aerosol graffiti spray and of ETICS surface. The use of chemical or mechanical methods can lead to severe damage on systems with EPS-based thermal insulation layer and/or silicate or lime-based finishing coats, with an increase of the water absorption and alteration of the chromatic coordinates.

The COPD Foundation's COPD360Net Initiative Approach to Patient-Centric Drug Development: A Case Study in Using Patient Surveys to Inform New Treatments for Viral Respiratory Infections.

Patient-centric drug development is crucial to creating treatments that address unmet patient needs but is often ignored. The COPD Foundation's COPD360Net® includes a multistakeholder approach for operationalizing patient-centric development of treatments where patients, caregivers, scientists, and clinicians review opportunities based on scientific merit, potential to address an unmet need, and feasibility of adoption. COPD360Net deploys large-scale online community surveys to review profiles of potential therapies based on those criteria. This approach was implemented to inform the development of an intranasal spray to prevent viral respiratory infections (VRIs), a major cause of exacerbations in people with chronic lung diseases. Insights included: Of the 376 respondents with COPD surveyed, frequent exacerbators reported strong interest in a new type of antiviral nasal spray to prevent VRI.Patient survey and advisory committee insights demonstrated that a pan antiviral nasal spray has potential high value to both clinicians and patients and informed the COPD360Net decision to partner on its development.Including patient perspectives from the outset can be conducted efficiently by mobilizing an engaged online patient community.