Spray Technique Research Articles

Erosion wear performance of HVOF sprayed WC-10Co-4Cr + 2% TiO2 coating on SS-409 using slurry jet erosion tester

Erosion is a phenomenon and is the primary cause of failure in numerous slurry transportation equipment such as pump impellers, pipeline fittings, etc. It reduces the working life of the equipment and is thus an essential factor in the design, choice, and operation of any system. Pipeline materials used to convey slurry often experience severe wear from erosive forces. Researchers are interested in minimizing erosion wear using different coatings to increase equipment life. The High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) spray technique was employed to deposit WC-10Co-4cr + 2% TiO2 coating on the SS409. The erosion wear was evaluated using a slurry jet erosion tester of uncoated and coated materials with sand as the erodent. The impact of impingement angle, velocity, time, and other parameters was studied. On the erosion wear of uncoated and coated materials, it was found that the influence of jet velocity was greater than the impact of other parameters. The deteriorated surfaces were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The erosion wear resistance of SS 409 was significantly improved by the WC-10Co-4cr + 2% TiO2 coating. The coating demonstrated a brittle mechanism of erosion wear. Furthermore, image processing software investigated the mechanism of erosion wear.

Study on the performance of GDC electrolytes fabricated by atmospheric plasma spraying and vacuum plasma spraying

For metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells (MS-SOFCs), gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) is one of the most promising electrolyte materials due to its high ionic conductivity. The plasma spraying technique has unique advantages in the preparation of MS-SOFCs, such as high efficiency, low cost, and low thermal impact on the metal support. However, few studies have been conducted on the preparation of dense GDC electrolytes using plasma spraying technology. In addition, it is not clear whether the composition and Ce valence state of GDC change during the plasma spraying process. In order to investigate this issue, GDC electrolytes were fabricated by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) and vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) techniques. It is found that the GDC electrolyte fabricated by VPS is denser and has better electrochemical performance. The open circuit voltage and maximum power density of the VPS-cell at 600 °C are 0.90 V and 175.7 mW/cm2, respectively, while those of the APS-cell are 0.86 V and 124.8 mW/cm2, respectively. Moreover, the valence state of Ce4+ in the GDC electrolyte remains unchanged after plasma spraying, while the composition of Ce/Gd changes. This work successfully fabricates GDC electrolytes with qualified performance and provides a reference for further optimizing spraying parameters to prepare high-performance MS-SOFC.

Slurry sprayed glass-ceramic coating for boiler tubes and its high temperature performance

Industrial boilers operate in extreme environments and are prone to degradation caused by high temperature oxidation, corrosion, and erosion. Protective coatings provide boiler components with protection to prolong their operation lifetime. Thus, a glass-ceramic coating has been developed using a slurry spray technique on carbon steel AS/NZS 3678 substrates. Microstructure, mechanical characteristics, and high temperature performance of the coating were investigated. The coating composed of chemically inert oxide ceramics dispersed in a glassy silicate binder matrix. The adhesion strength of the coating was 10.79 ± 0.86 MPa. Coating mass loss after abrasion test was 0.013 % of the tested specimen. The coating withstood at least 75 air quenched thermal shock cycles from 800 °C to the room temperature without any visible spallation and cracks. The coating mostly remained undamaged after cyclic oxidation at 800 °C for 10 cycles. However, minor iron oxide formation was observed, specifically, in relatively thin sections of the coating. The oxidation resistance of the boiler steel has been improved with the developed coating. The linear oxidation rate constant of the boiler steel has been statistically reduced from 6.90 × 10−4 mg cm−2 s−1 to 1.95 × 10−4 mg cm−2 s−1 for coated steel (p = 0.007). The developed slurry spray glass-ceramic coating is a potential candidate for boiler environments.

Comprehensive investigation on ruthenium doped Sn2S3 thin films for photo sensing applications

This study investigates the deposition of tin trisulfide (Sn2S3) films onto glass substrates through the nebulizer spray technique, employing aqueous solutions of SnCl2 and SC (NH2)2 at a molar ratio of Sn to S of 1:2 under various doping concentrations of ruthenium (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt %). The crystallography, morphology, chemical, optical and photo sensing characteristics of deposited thin films has been comprehensively analysed using an X-ray diffractometer, Field emission scanning electron microscope annexed with energy dispersive X-ray analyser, UV-VIS spectrometer, Photoluminescence spectroscopy and a digital Keithley source meter. The X-ray diffraction investigation clearly establishes the polycrystalline nature of the films possessing orthorhombic crystal structure. The surface morphology was visualized via Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope which confirmed the existence of spherical nano grains at 3 % Ru doping concentration. The energy dispersive X-ray analyser spectrum was used to probe the elements present in the prepared thin film and it supports the presence of Sn, S and Ru. The optical absorption and transmittance spectra were observed in the wavelength range between 450 and 900 nm for all the samples. Enhanced absorption in the visible region is observed from the absorption spectra. Direct allowed band gap values ranging around 2.05 eV–1.92 eV is observed for these Ru doped spray pyrolyzed Sn2S3 thin films. The I–V characteristics of the samples, studied under both light and dark conditions, demonstrate an increase in current values with higher concentrations of Ru doping. The highest value of the photo current (36 μA) was observed for 3 wt % ruthenium doped film. Highest responsivity of 67.6 × 10−2 A/W was observed for 3 % Ru doped Sn2S3 film. The same sample showed a highest detectivity and external quantum efficiency values of 8.70 × 109 Jones and 157 % respectively. The quick response of the detector can be affirmed from the short rise and fall time of 1.22 s and 1.21 s, respectively. Therefore, the Sn2S3 material doped with 3 % ruthenium, produced via the current economical method, emerges as a promising candidate for application in photo-detectors.

Optimization design and performance improvement of ther-mal barrier coating (TBC) system

Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBC) technology has become one of the key technologies to improve the performance and prolong the service life of gas turbine and other high temperature equipment. In this study, the selection of materials, coating methods, the influence of environmental factors on the performance of TBC system and the thermal stress analysis and optimization strategy are discussed, improve the overall performance and stability of TBC system. TBC coatings were efficiently prepared by the use of Nikolay bonding layer and stabilized zirconia as top ceramic materials, combined with electron beam Physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) and plasma spraying (APS) techniques. In addition, the thermal stress model was established by FEA, and the thermal stress distribution of TBC system under extreme operating conditions was analyzed in detail, to reduce thermal stress concentration and improve the thermal barrier effect of the coating. Finally, through the establishment of TBC system life prediction model and in-depth analysis of the failure mechanism, a series of preventive measures and performance improvement strategies are proposed, it provides theoretical basis and practical guidance for coating design of gas turbine and other high temperature equipment.

Study on the construction of durable superhydrophobic coatings using simple spray coating method and their underwater drag reduction performance

Superhydrophobic surfaces have significant applications in industrial and chemical fields. However, their current mechanical stability and underwater durability are insufficient, limiting their widespread application. This study successfully developed a durable superhydrophobic coating suitable for various substrates using a simple one-step spraying technique. By thoroughly investigating the effects of SiO2 concentration and curing temperature on the coating's wettability, underwater durability and mechanical stability, the preparation process was optimized. The prepared superhydrophobic coating achieved a contact angle (CA) of 159.6° and a sliding angle (SA) of less than 1°. In tests of underwater immersion, sandpaper abrasion, repeated water impact, corrosion resistance and ultraviolet (UV) resistance, the coating demonstrated excellent underwater durability, mechanical stability, chemical stability and UV stability. Furthermore, when applied to the steel sphere, the superhydrophobic coating exhibited significant drag reduction effects underwater, reducing the drag coefficient by approximately an order of magnitude and achieving a drag reduction efficiency of 79.1 %. Numerical simulations using STAR-CCM+ showed that the streamlined cavity formed by the superhydrophobic coating effectively suppressed fluid separation, reduced pressure-induced drag, and allowed the superhydrophobic steel sphere to attain a higher terminal velocity. Therefore, the superhydrophobic coating developed in this study has tremendous application potential in underwater drag reduction and is expected to provide effective solutions for energy-saving and drag reduction in fields such as maritime navigation.

Spray technique inspired fabrication of metal-organic framework/aerogel composite for catalytic CO2 cycloaddition

Growing metal–organic framework (MOF) on the appropriate porous matrix can effectively circumvent its poor processability and recyclability owing to its powder state by providing more exposed area and enhanced stability. A feasible and efficient spray technique was applied to prepare five kinds of MOF/aerogel composites by spraying the MOF precursor droplet sequentially onto the aerogel, including carboxylate-based MOF/aerogel composites and azolate-based MOF/aerogel composites. The sprayed precursor droplets render MOF growth concentrated on the aerogel walls with resulting continuous and homogeneous MOF film, and avoid the waste of precursor solution, which is scalable with industrial potential. MOF/aerogel composites integrates the porous nature of aerogels with excellent mass transfer property and MOF film grown on aerogel walls with more active sites, which exhibit excellent catalytic activity and stability in CO2 cycloaddition.

Omniphobic PTFE based Hollow Fiber Membrane with ZnO Nanoparticles Deposition via Universal Spray Technique

This investigation aimed to enhance the hydrophobicity of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hollow fiber membrane, transforming it into an omniphobic surface. This was achieved by coating the membrane with a mixture of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and polyvinylidene fluoride-cohexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) using the universal spray technique. The membrane's morphology and performance were evaluated based on the number of spray cycles, which influenced the coating thickness on the membrane surface. The spraying process was varied up to 4 cycles to determine the membrane with the most effective deposition of ZnO NPs in terms of water contact angle and liquid entry pressure (LEPw). Results indicated that the membrane spray-coated up to 4 cycles, denoted as PTFE-4, exhibited a rough hierarchical re-entrant morphology, imparting omniphobic characteristics. The optimized membrane demonstrated a high water contact angle of 170° and a liquid entry pressure of 2.6 bar. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDX) confirmed the successful chemical integration of ZnO NPs onto the commercial membrane. This research holds significance for the future of membrane distillation in treating wastewater containing low surface tension pollutants.

High performance coating formulation using multifunctional monomers and reinforcing functional fillers for protecting metal substrate

Purpose Effects of corrosion are very dire and mitigation of corrosion holds prime importance. Protective coatings play major role in preventing corrosion of metals and coating application is the most convenient, economical and quick solution. The purpose of the study is development of protective coatings to effectively mitigate corrosion of metal components. Design/methodology/approach A high-performance anticorrosion coating was prepared using multiple monomers and paste of functional and reinforcing fillers with extenders to protect metal components from corrosion in aggressive environmental conditions. The structures of copolymers synthesized with multiple monomers were studied by the NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques. The percentage conversion of different proportions of various monomers was estimated using gas chromatography technique. The functional paste to impart superior anticorrosion properties was prepared using various functional and reinforcing fillers. The final coatings were prepared by mixing these resins with functional paste in various proportions. Findings The prepared anticorrosion coating was tested for high-performance mechanical and chemical properties and it was witnessed that the said coating offered desired performance properties needed for protecting metal components from corrosion. Research limitations/implications As such it is overcoming drawbacks of two pack systems and thus has almost no limitations or implications for application on metal substrate. Practical implications Being formulated as a single pack, it is free from drawbacks otherwise involved in two pack system of conventional paints. The coating system developed is very easy to apply using conventional tools, namely, brush, spray and roller techniques. The formulation is made in such a way that it has fast-drying properties. Makes painting or coating operations cost effective and confirm the performance. Social implications The findings of the research have anticorrosion nature that can enhance the life span of the substrates. It is specially designed for metal substrate and can protect metal substrate from corrosion in most aggressive conditions. Thus, it helps to reduce losses due corrosion and increase safety of metal structures and human being as well. As it is based on conventional material but with new formulation and technology, it has commercial possibilities to explore. Originality/value Unlike conventional protective coating systems, the said coating offered disruptive features like single pack systems and fast drying at ambient temperature along with high-performance properties. The coating formulation was observed to have a great importance in industry for effective corrosion mitigation and to reduce losses due to corrosion.

Evaluation of endophytic colonization and establishment of entomopathogenic fungi against Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in tomato plants.

The tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L., is one of the most important horticultural crops that can be consumed fresh or after being processed worldwide. The tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) is one of the most devastating pest to tomato plants due to its mine-feeding nature in the mesophyll tissue of the plant. Fungal entomopathogens can exist naturally in plants as an asymptote. This study aimed to detect the endophytic colonization of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii within tomato plants via artificial inoculation and their virulence effects on Tuta absoluta. Isolates with the highest percent germination and virulence against T. absoluta were selected for endophytic evaluation within tomato plants by different artificial inoculation techniques. This study revealed that, isolates with the highest percent germination and virulent to Tuta absoluta had the potential to colonize tomato plants. The result showed that, the maximum mortality rate (97.5%) of Tuta absoluta larvae was achieved by Metarhizium robertsii isolate K-61 at a concentration of 1x10 8conidial/ml at 7 days post inoculated. However, the highest cumulative mortality (100%) was recorded by Beauveria bassiana isolate APPRC-27 at 10 days post inoculated through the direct contact method. The highest endophytic colonization was registered by isolate APPRC-27 (76.67%) at 7 days post-inoculated using the leaf spray technique, but it declined to 11.67% after 28 days of inoculated. In the case of the seedling inoculation technique, the highest endophytic colonization was obtained in the root tissues of tomatoes at 28 days of inoculated by isolate K-61. This study revealed that the leaf spray inoculation technique was the most effective method, followed by seedling inoculation, for the deployment of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii endophytes in tomato plant tissues. Therefore, virulent Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii, are promising bioagents for the control of Tuta absoluta if deployed as endophytes.

Atmospheric plasma sprayed Cu coating on Cu–B/diamond composite for electronic packaging application

Although Cu/diamond composites have high thermal conductivity, the limited processibility and weldability of the hard and inert diamond reinforcement limit their applications for electronic packaging. Therefore, there is a necessity for surface metallization of the Cu/diamond composites. Here, a Cu coating with a thickness of 170 μm is sprayed onto a Cu–B/diamond composite using a rapid deposition technique of atmospheric plasma spraying. The adhesion strength between the Cu coating and the composite is measured to be 13.1 MPa. The Cu-coated composite demonstrated a significantly enhanced wettability, as evidenced by the reduction of the contact angle between the solder and the Cu–B/diamond composite from 96° to 10°. Surface roughness and composition determine the wettability between the solder and the substrate. However, the thermal conductivity of the Cu–B/diamond composite is somewhat decreased from 839 to 738 W/mK after depositing the Cu coating, which is ascribed to the low thermal conductivity of Cu coating. The findings provide an effective way for metalizing Cu/diamond composites for the integration of electronic devices in thermal management.

Lunar regolith for plasma spray coatings

On the threshold of the first human residences on the Moon, a key requirement for early colonists will be to become rapidly self-sufficient, as the transportation of supplies and materials will be limited. ISRU (In Situ Resources Utilisation) focuses on this particular aspect and proposes the use of lunar regolith as a possible solution. In this study, we consider using this prime resource to manufacture thick coatings using the plasma spray technique. A lunar regolith simulant was successfully deposited on steel substrates and was found to form very adhering coatings, exhibiting similar properties and chemistry to the raw material, that is, mare basalts. This kind of newly formed coating could play various shielding roles, such as those of a thermal barrier or radiation shield.

Real-time precision spraying application for tobacco plants

This paper introduces a precision agriculture application aimed at mitigating the excessive utilization of agricultural chemicals, including pesticides and fungicides during crop spraying. The prevailing spraying techniques face two principle challenges: first, the indiscriminate dispensation of chemicals irrespective of plant size and requirements and second, the farmer's exposure to health hazards. To tackle these issues, a detection and segmentation model employing both YOLOv5 and YOLOv6 architectures is proposed and a comparative assessment of their accuracies within the same model category is conducted. The training dataset originates from a subset of the TobSet dataset, while the evaluation of the trained models is executed using publicly accessible aerial videos/images from available repository. The best detection accuracy achieved for the tobacco plant model size is observed with YOLOv6s and the YOLOv5-segmentation model, yielding accuracies of 95% and 94.8%, respectively. Additional performance metrics such as precision, recall, area under the PR-curve, inference time, and NMS per image are also compared between the two models. The YOLOv5-segmentation model excels by outperforming the YOLOv6s model in precision, recall score, and area under the PR-curve whereas slightly extended inference time and NMS per image duration are noted for the YOLOv5-segmentation model and the speed performance is comparable for the two models. Subsequently, the evaluation of these two models is conducted on the drone videos, which were recorded during drone traversal at a speed of 2 km/hr. The results demonstrate superiority of YOLOv5-segmentation model over the YOLOv6s model, with detection accuracies of 98.1% and 97.3%, respectively. These findings indicate the potential of integrating YOLOv5 segmentation models in precision spraying applications and contribute in improving the overall agricultural practices.

Optimization of HVOF spraying parameters for enhanced Fe-based amorphous coatings: A taguchi approach

In this work, Fe57Cr15Mo8P10C7B3 amorphous coatings (ACs) were fabricated on 316L stainless steel (316L SS) substrate using high-velocity oxygen-fuel (HVOF) spraying technique. The Taguchi's method guided the design of L16 (43) orthogonal experiments to optimize the process parameters, including spraying distance, oxygen flow rate, and kerosene flow rate. Through statistical analyses, including signal-to-noise ratio analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and response surface methodology (RSM), empirical relationships for evaluating the influence of these parameters on coating quality were established, with porosity as the primary metric. Our findings indicate a pronounced sensitivity of the porosity of the ACs to spraying conditions, in which oxygen flow rate has the most significant effect on the porosity of the ACs, while kerosene flow rate has the smallest impact. Meanwhile, it is predicted that a minimum coating porosity of 0.75 % can be achieved under the optimal deposition conditions of the spraying distance of 330 mm, the kerosene flow rate of 6.0 GPH, and an oxygen flow rate of 1900 SCF. Experimental validation confirmed these conditions, yielding coatings with superior coating quality and performance with a minimum coating porosity of 0.68 %, a microhardness of 826 ± 65 HV0.1, improved corrosion resistance in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution with a high self-corrosion potential of −0.37 V, a low self-corrosion current density of 1.08 × 10−6 A/cm2, and a low passivation current density of 1.16 × 10−5 A/cm2, and enhanced wear performance with a wear volume loss of only 4.00 × 10−5 mm3 N−1 m−1 and a friction coefficient of as low as 0.42 ± 0.022. The present study confirms the reliability of Taguchi's method in determining optimal HVOF processing parameters, evidenced by the consistency between theoretical predictions and experimental results.

An effective utilization of raw fly ash obtained from thermal power plants using thermal spray technique to improve corrosion resistance for marine applications

Marine-grade steel structures in offshore environments often corrode due to the aggressive environmental conditions. Many ceramic materials can cater to this demand. However, as per economic and ecological concerns, fly ash (FA), an industrial waste, can be another strong contender to control corrosion. Therefore, the present study developed composite coatings of fly ash with additives ((50-48) wt.% Al2O3; 0–2 wt% carbon nanotube (CNT)) onto marine-grade steel using a plasma spray technique to improve its corrosion resistance. The microstructure of 1 wt% CNT-reinforced alumina-FA (1CAF) coating was denser than 2 wt% CNT-reinforced alumina-FA (2CAF) coating due to the uniform dispersion of CNT and, thereby, uniform remelting of coating at localized sites. Consequently, the microhardness and adhesion strength of the 1CAF coating were improved by ∼14.66 % and ∼15.96 %, respectively. Further, Rietveld's analysis of coatings showed that quartz, being the primary phase for corrosion control, was 19.23 ± 0.87 %, 16.33 ± 1.04 % and 14.60 ± 1.87 % for alumina-FA (AF), 1CAF, and 2CAF, respectively. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the salt spray corrosion tests showed that 1CAF coating corrosion resistance was improved by ∼11.2 % compared to AF coating, even with a lower quartz phase (∼15.08 %) due to the densification of coating. This densification was due to the remelting by CNT to seal pores in the coating. Furthermore, for the same reason, an increase in coating resistance and charge transfer resistance of 1CAF coating by ∼80.9 % and ∼19.93 %, respectively, were seen in the equivalent circuit analysis, showing great promise in controlling interfacial corrosion. Further post-treatments like plasma or laser treatments can seal the coatings further to improve corrosion resistance. Therefore, such coatings are expected to withstand harsh, corrosive environments and are well-suited for marine applications.

Modern Spraying Techniques For Grape Vineyards: A Review

During crop production, the most crucial techniques are being used for plant protection. Applying pesticides requires much more expertise and understanding than any other agricultural job, regardless of the crop being treated or the tools utilised. This is particularly applied to insect, disease, and mite control sprays in grapevines.

Study of FZO thin films deposited by ultrasonic spray: influence of precursor milling

In this work, the results of the study of ZnO:F (FZO) films deposited on glass substrates using the ultrasonic chemical spray technique are reported. For the preparation of the films, starting solutions were used at a concentration of 0.2 M of zinc acetate dihydrate [Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O]) dissolved in a mixture of deionized water:methanol:acetic acid. The precursor was previously ground in a planetary ball mill at 500 rpm at different times. For the addition of the dopant, a 1.6 M solution of ammonium fluoride in deionized water was prepared NH4F. The atomic ratio of [F]/[F + Zn] remained constant at 30 at%. Structural characterizations by X-ray diffraction, morphological by scanning electron microscopy, optical by UV–Vis spectroscopy, and electrical by Hall effect were performed on all deposited films. From the analysis of results, the hexagonal wurtzite phase was confirmed, and a variation of the morphology was observed depending on the deposit conditions. In general, the films presented high optical transmittance in the visible region and the n-type conductivity was confirmed.

Thermal spray to embed optical fibers for the monitoring and protection of metallic structures

In the framework of using fiber optics (FO) for structural health monitoring, a true challenge is to fix the fiber onto structures guaranteeing both protection for the former and an effective adhesion on the latter. This work proposes a method to obtain such result via thermal spray technique on metallic structures, allowing its use in the most severe conditions of corrosion and wear. Since the transmission medium between the structure and the sensitive part of the optical fiber is represented by the fiber coating, three differently coated fibers were used on C-40 steel substrate: polyacrylate, polyimide and ORMOCER. In addition, the use of a primer to improve the bond on the substrate was evaluated. The adhesion between FO and metallic coating is evaluated through optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electrons microscopy (SEM) analysis. The functionality is also verified with both thermal and mechanical tests to calibrate the measuring accuracy. The results indicate that the best combination is that of the polyimide fiber, a zinc primer and aluminum coating. The proven qualities are the adhesion at the interface between the metallic coating and the fiber optics, and the preservation of the structural integrity of the fiber itself and its coating, and a precise measurement of strain acquired by fiber Bragg grating sensors (FBGs). The use of the thermal spray process is thus proved to be a solution for the optical fiber and substrate interaction, since it preserves the integrity of the optical fiber, due to the low temperature of the process, adding the protection that the metallic coating offers as well.

321 Improvement of Nasal Spray Technique in Patients in an ENT Outpatient Clinic: A Quality Improvement Project

321 Improvement of Nasal Spray Technique in Patients in an ENT Outpatient Clinic: A Quality Improvement Project

Tribocorrosion properties of NdCl3-modified resin-based polymeric coatings in contaminated lubricating oils

To improve the tribological performance and corrosion resistance of engine bearings exposed to contaminated lubricating oil, polymer coatings containing NdCl3 at concentrations of 3.45 wt%, 5.17 wt%, and 6.89 wt% were developed, respectively. These coatings were applied to the surfaces of copper and aluminum alloys using a liquid spraying technique, aiming to assess their corrosion and wear resistance. Electrochemical experiments showed that the coating with a 3.45 wt% NdCl3 concentration exhibited superior corrosion resistance, as evidenced by the highest self-corrosion potential and polarization resistance. Furthermore, friction tests on the corroded samples revealed that the 3.45 wt% NdCl3 coating also demonstrated the lowest coefficients of friction and wear rates. This is due to the addition of an appropriate amount of NdCl3, which densifies the internal structure of the coating and improves the mechanical properties of the coating, thereby significantly improving its corrosion and wear resistance.